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全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定性和光热稳定性研究进展
器件制备及器件物理 | 更新时间：2021-04-23
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全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定性和光热稳定性研究进展
- Research Progress in Humidity Stability and Light-thermal Stability of All-inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
- 发光学报 2021年 42卷 第4期 (2021)
- 作者机构：吉林大学电子科学与工程学院 集成光电子学国家重点实验室,吉林,长春,130012
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：吉林省省校共建项目(SXGJXX20173)
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20200343 中图分类号： TM914.4;TH691.9
纸质出版日期：2021-04-01，
收稿日期：2020-11-10，
修回日期：2021-01-13，
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引用本文
刘鲲鹏, 刘德烨, 刘凤敏. 全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定性和光热稳定性研究进展[J]. 发光学报, 2021, 42(4):486-503.
Kun-peng LIU, De-ye LIU, Feng-min LIU. Research Progress in Humidity Stability and Light-thermal Stability of All-inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence, 2021, 42(4):486-503.
刘鲲鹏, 刘德烨, 刘凤敏. 全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定性和光热稳定性研究进展[J]. 发光学报, 2021, 42(4):486-503. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20200343.
Kun-peng LIU, De-ye LIU, Feng-min LIU. Research Progress in Humidity Stability and Light-thermal Stability of All-inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence, 2021, 42(4):486-503. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20200343.
全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定性和光热稳定性研究进展
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"data": "近年来，钙钛矿太阳能电池因高效率、低成本等特点获得了持续的关注，但是有机成分在稳定性方面始终存在一些问题。相比于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池，全无机钙钛矿材料可以很大程度上避免外界环境的影响，对氧环境要求低，对于湿度环境的容许度也比较大;由于自身结构，在光热稳定性方面，也要优于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿。因此，发展全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池是有效提高钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的方向之一。本文从稳定性方面入手，系统地介绍了全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的最新研究进展。结合全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的影响因素，总结了当前全无机钙钛矿电池稳定性问题的主要解决方案，最后对解决全无机钙钛矿材料的稳定性进行了展望。"
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"data": "近年来，钙钛矿材料由于具有光吸收系数高、载流子迁移率大、发光波长可调等优点，被认为是最有应用前景的光电材料之一，通常是"
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"data": "2009年，日本Kojima等"
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{
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "应用于染料敏化太阳能电池，其光电转化效率为3.8%，打开了钙钛矿太阳能电池研究的大门。2011年，Im等"
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{
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"data": "成功合成了一种钙钛矿量子点，利用TiO"
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{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的介孔结构，将电池效率提高到了6.54%。2012年，由Kim等"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "设计的sprio-OMeTAD空穴传输层，成功地将钙钛矿电池的效率提高至10%。现如今，钙钛矿太阳能电池的效率已经提高到了25.5%"
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"data": [
{
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"data": "尽管钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究取得了非常大的突破，但是它的稳定性问题仍然显著存在，使得产品的商业化进展缓慢"
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"data": "。其中，传统有机-无机杂化钙钛矿的有机部分比如MA"
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"data": "等对高温的耐受力比较弱，因此器件基本都存在缺乏长期稳定性的问题。科学家们在研究中发现，在钙钛矿材料中，有机基团由于存在不稳定的化学键，容易与环境中的水氧等活泼分子发生反应，从而发生分解，对稳定性的影响很大"
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"data": "。有报道称，Cs"
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]
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "的掺杂能大大提高有机-无机杂化钙钛矿的热稳定性"
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。将钙钛矿材料中的有机基团替换为全无机材料可以很大程度上避免外界环境的影响，有效地提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性"
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"data": "全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展历史最早可以追溯到2012年，Chen"
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"data": "及其团队首次报道了基于CsSnI"
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"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "("
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=I,Br,Cl)材料所取代。现今报道的最高效率的无机钙钛矿太阳能电池是CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "基钙钛矿太阳能电池。通过滴加甲基氯化铵(MACl)溶液加速结晶过程，以获得高度均匀且无孔洞的薄膜;然后在空气中使用碘化辛基铵进行表面钝化，效率为20.37%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "24",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R24",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "24"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "无机钙钛矿太阳能电池中常见的无机钙钛矿具有4种晶体结构:立方结构的α相、四方晶体结构的β相、正斜结构的γ相以及正交结构的δ相。其中禁带宽度最小、光学性能最优的是立方结构的α相，在一定湿度的环境影响下，立方结构的α相会发生相变，成为其他相的结构。在无机钙钛矿的稳定性改善方面，科学家们要做的就是研制更为稳定的立方结构的α相，通过钝化等手段来阻止其发生相变。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "无机钙钛矿的研究进展已有关于制备方法、光电性能优化、稳定性优化的总结和介绍"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，本文主要从湿度稳定性和光热稳定性这两个重要指标入手，介绍无机钙钛矿的稳定性研究进展，探讨无机钙钛矿在发展过程中提高各项稳定性的方法。对钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的发展提出了展望，以期推动和促进无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的商业化进程。"
}
]
}
]
},
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2 无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的湿度稳定性发展"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s2"
}
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "已知杂化钙钛矿薄膜暴露在高湿环境中，在水分和氧气的作用下会导致钙钛矿薄膜的分解，其化学反应方程式如下:"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "而无机钙钛矿薄膜由于"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "A"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "位基团为无机阳离子Cs"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，故其受氧气的作用较小，仅发生第一步反应:"
}
]
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{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
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],
"id": "DF5"
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所以无机钙钛矿材料的空气稳定性问题实质上是湿度稳定性问题，与氧气无关。本文将对提高无机钙钛矿湿度稳定性的方法进行介绍。"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.1 利用元素掺杂提高容忍因子"
}
],
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"id": "s2a"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在评价钙钛矿晶格是否稳定的过程中，我们通常采用容忍因子"
},
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "t"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "作为判断的标准。钙钛矿结构中的离子半径匹配应满足下列关系式:"
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]
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "其中"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "R"
}
]
},
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"data": [
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"data": "A"
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"data": "、"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "R"
}
]
},
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"data": [
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"data": "B"
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"data": "、"
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "R"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "分别代表"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "A"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的离子半径，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "t"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=1时为理想的八面体共顶点连接结构。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "由于CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钙钛矿材料结构的容忍因子"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "t"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "约等于0.8，处于一个偏小的值，所以CsPbI"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的立方相晶体结构在室温下具有热力学不稳定的性质。利用元素掺杂策略提高稳定性主要是利用钙钛矿材料的容忍因子特性。研究人员采用离子掺杂可以适当地改善容忍因子"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "t"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使其更接近于1，从而使材料晶格更加稳定。一般会采用半径较小的"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "位卤素阴离子或者原子半径更大的"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "A"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "位阳离子进行掺杂"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "25",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R25",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "25"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "目前已报道的全无机钙钛矿材料中"
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"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "位置的I离子可以被取代，包括F、Br等卤素离子的掺杂均可提高无机钙钛矿的稳定性。"
}
]
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "26",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R26",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "26"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
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"data": "将 F 元素掺杂到钙钛矿中形成 CsPbBr"
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"data": "F"
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"data": ",F元素对钙钛矿的"
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"data": "位进行了替代，提高了钙钛矿晶体的容许因子，在晶体中形成体相异质结构，使器件的稳定性提高。在室温、相对湿度为20%的环境中放置10 d后，光电效率下降了30%。"
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"data": "Sanchez等"
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "27",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R27",
"data": [
{
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"data": "27"
}
]
}
},
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]
},
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"data": "详细讨论了不同比例的Br掺杂对无机钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响。"
},
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"data": {
"text": "图1",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F1",
"data": [
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"data": "图1"
}
]
}
},
{
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"data": "展示了不同溴碘比例的无机钙钛矿材料的吸收光谱以及禁带宽度随时间的变化，可以看到随着溴含量增多，整体的吸收光谱会发生蓝移，在可见光范围内的吸收波段越来越窄。但同时随着溴含量减少，体材料的禁带宽度随时间的变化幅度越来越大，稳定性越来越差，因此寻找溴碘比例的平衡点也是很重要的。当碘含量为60%、溴含量为40%时，无机钙钛矿材料的体材料禁带宽度处于2.0 eV，该参数既能兼顾良好的吸收光谱，也能兼顾合适的稳定性。"
}
]
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"label": [
{
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"data": "图1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)铯-铅-卤化物薄膜的光透射光谱;(b)根据透射率曲线的短波长衰减与波长轴的交点确定的光学透射率测量估计的带隙(虚线)，插图显示了新鲜制备的样品以及在环境条件下存放100 h后的图片;(c)钙钛矿晶体结构随碘/溴比变化的示意图"
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"data": "["
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"data": "27"
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},
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"data": "。"
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]
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}
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Light transmission spectra of cesium lead halide films. (b)Band gap(dashed line) estimated by optical transmittance measurements is determined by the intersection of shortwave attenuation of the transmittance curve with the wavelength axis. The illustration shows freshly prepared samples as well as images after 100 h under environmental conditions. (c)Schematic diagram of perovskite crystal structure changing with Br"
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"name": "text",
"data": "Hu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "28",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R28",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "28"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过在CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "中加入Bi"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "来稳定室温下的α相的合成方法，组成的电池最高效率为13.21%(掺入4%Bi"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。稳定机制和器件的稳定性测试机理如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。将器件暴露在空气条件下168 h之后，器件的效率下降了32%。Li等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜中加入InI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，掺杂InI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "可以阻碍中间相的形成，稳定退火过程中的黑色相，控制其生长速率，得到晶粒大、孔隙少的高质量薄膜。不加封装的掺杂InI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的太阳能电池，在室温、N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "条件下老化860 h后，仍能保持原来效率的77%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F2",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过在前驱体溶液中添加HI或Bi"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "来稳定外圈CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的可能机制"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "28",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R28",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "28"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Possible mechanism for stabilizing the outer ring CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " by adding HI or Bi"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " to the precursor solution"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "28",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R28",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "28"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
"graphics": [
{
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在许多"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "位掺杂的金属离子中，镧系离子具有4f电子结构，在结晶过程中通过改变晶体生长的表面能而改善钙钛矿的结晶，从而提高无机钙钛矿的稳定性。Duan等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "30",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R30",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "30"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过多步自旋涂层方法，将Sm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "离子掺杂到CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "卤化物中，随着晶粒尺寸的增大，钙钛矿薄膜的电荷寿命显著提高，并抑制了复合反应。这些全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池在80%湿度下110 d保持近90%的初始效率、80 ℃温度下60 d保持近80%初始效率。随后，他们再次利用Sm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "改善钙钛矿层与p型无机Cu(Cr,"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "BA"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "基空穴传输层之间的能带搭配关系。优化后，Sm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂PSCs的PCE由10.18%提高到10.79%，并依然表现出良好的湿度和光稳定性"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "31",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R31",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "31"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Xiang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "32",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R32",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "32"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用Eu"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂α-CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br，通过优化掺杂浓度，CsPb"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "0.95"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Eu"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "0.05"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "I"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br基钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转化效率最高可达13.71%，同时由于容忍因子的提高，具有极高的热力学稳定性。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过离子掺杂的方式可以设计更加稳定的晶格结构。增大体材料的容忍因子"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "t"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，晶格结构更接近于立方体，有助于钙钛矿材料在本征稳定能力上得到提高。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.2 改变材料的结构与尺寸增加表面能"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s2b"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "增强材料的表面能也是提高材料相稳定能力的一种思路。如将CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "制备成量子点材料后，相稳定能力有明显的提高。由于量子点的三维尺寸都小于10 nm，在三轴上都会发生量子限域效应，增加直接复合几率，同时提高了材料的表面能。该特性使晶体在空间结构上更稳定，不会轻易发生相变。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Swarnkar等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "制作了在空气环境中可稳定数月的α-CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " QD薄膜，通过制备成量子点的方式缩小晶粒的尺寸至纳米级，从而很好地控制了α-CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的相稳定温度。他们制造的钙钛矿QD光伏电池，开路电压为1.23 V，效率为10.77%。在空气环境下老化1 440 h效率没有下降，展示了CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的湿度稳定潜力。Liu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用氧化石墨烯将量子点交联形成石墨烯/CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜，石墨烯交联限制了量子点的位置，保证量子点的高表面能特性得以发挥，并且石墨烯层在器件结构内起到了对水的阻挡作用，同时较高的迁移率保障了激子的传输。器件在60%的湿度下放置5 h，效率仅下降了初始水平的10%，表现出不错的稳定性。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "最近，2D配合3D的无机钙钛矿结构在稳定性方面表现得非常出色。其主要思路为在3D无机钙钛矿结构表面二次生长一层平面钙钛矿结构，利用2D钙钛矿这种单层结构表面能较高的特点，消除界面缺陷，有效地钝化表面"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Liu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "设计了一种梯度颗粒大小(GGS) CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "双分子层，令ADMA与钙钛矿相互作用，在底部位置得到了大粒度的CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "层，电荷迁移率高，阱态密度低。这种梯度颗粒大小既保证了上层材料表面能较高，又保证了下层材料晶界缺陷较少。器件在室温、相对湿度为20%的环境下稳定运行1 000 h，效率保留了85%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Zheng等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "开发了自发界面修饰(SIM)技术，可以在不使用弱极性溶剂的情况下自发地组织2D/3D钙钛矿顶界面，生成2D/3D多维钙钛矿顶层。如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图3",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，自发形成的超薄2D钙钛矿不仅消除了界面缺陷，也有效地阻碍湿气渗透。最终，CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3-"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "全无机器件获得了显著的效率提升，光电转换效率从13.64%提升到18%，器件寿命也大大延长。器件在空气环境中存储1 000 h仍能保留81%的效率。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F3",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "界面操作处理步骤示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of interface operation processing steps"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "2.3 优化材料制备条件"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s2c"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "研究表明，无机钙钛矿材料从α相向δ相转变的过程是由晶界处开始的。如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，呈现绿色的部分禁带宽度在1.731.77 eV，可以判断为α相钙钛矿材料;而黑色部分的禁带宽度超过1.81 eV，说明已经发生了相变。我们可以观察到大部分的黑色图像皆出自于钙钛矿晶粒的边界，因此可以判断钙钛矿材料的相变是从边界开始向体材料延伸的"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F4",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的扫描电子显微镜图像;(b)CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在5 kV、1 nA下的阴极荧光谱图像;(c)图(a)中1、2和3点的阴极荧光谱"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
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"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
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"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)SEM images of CsPbI3. (b)CL image of CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " at 5 kV and 1 nA. (c)CL spectra at points 1, 2 and 3 in Fig.(a)"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "空气中的水分子会引发晶界处的材料相变，该现象还会从晶界向整个体材料扩展。通过优化材料制备条件、减少钙钛矿体材料表面的缺陷也是提高湿度稳定能力的一个可行思路。现有的无机钙钛矿合成方法有一步法、两步法、双源气相沉积法等。一步法溶液沉积法是目前最成熟的制备方法，将Pb"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和Cs"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "按一定的量比混合，溶解于二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)或二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶液中，得到钙钛矿前驱体溶液进行旋涂制备。其缺点是过程的可变因素多，难以控制结晶过程。两步法一般先沉积Pb"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "层，然后通过旋涂法或浸涂法与Cs"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "反应形成钙钛矿膜，最后通过退火得到所需的晶体结构。其优点是较易控制薄膜结晶的过程，但对该方法的研究还较少。双源气相沉积法是将两种前体材料以气体的形式进行沉积，该方法对环境与设备的要求很高，较为局限。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Chen等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "报道了梯度退火方法同时采用异丙醇(IPA)作为环保的反溶剂，制得的钙钛矿晶体平均粒径为1 μm，光电效率为16.07%，在空气湿度为30%、室温情况下暴露1 000 h，效率保留初始值的60%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "39",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R39",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "39"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "采用热沉积低温法制备CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br薄膜，先将基底加热至55 ℃，之后进行旋涂，退火温度从340 ℃降低至120 ℃，制成器件的效率达到12.5%。这种方法制备的薄膜在空气中相对湿度为60%的情况下可以保持48 h以上。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "FATIMA等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "40",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R40",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "40"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "对钙钛矿材料进行了化学计量微调，Cs离子和Br离子适量过量，改变了前驱体比例，使得器件的稳定性得到提高。如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，XRD测试显示钙钛矿材料结晶度有所提高，优化后的器件在无封装的空气环境下可保持48 h以上稳定。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F5",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br薄膜的X射线衍射谱;(b)化学计量处理和未经化学计量处理的CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br钙钛矿膜空气稳定性比较"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "40",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R40",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "40"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)XRD spectra of CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br film. (b)Comparison of the air stability of CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br perovskite film treated with and without stoichiometry"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "40",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R40",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "40"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "41",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R41",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "41"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "采用乙酸甲酯作为反溶剂处理辅助CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br钙钛矿膜的成核和结晶过程。此外，还设计了SnO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米颗粒/TiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶体结构的双电子输运层，以消除界面的能垒，从而增强电荷转移，减少CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br/ETL界面的电荷复合。CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的功率转换效率达到15.86%。器件在室温相对湿度为20%30%的环境条件下，老化后的器件仍能保持80%以上的初始效率。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wan等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "42",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R42",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "42"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "采用两步法制备了质量更好的CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，晶体尺寸大，晶界减少，陷阱态密度低，载流子寿命长，器件效率达到8.11%。在70 ℃下600 h保留85%的初始效率，相对湿度为85%、480 h保留78%的初始效率。Pei等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "43",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R43",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "43"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "采用多步溶液旋涂法制备了CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜。在制备过程中，在CsBr涂层之前，在PbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜上改性一层BiBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，形成CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，提高了钙钛矿的晶体质量和载流子的提取率。经测试，器件在25 ℃、相对湿度为50%80%环境下1 000 h仍能保持90%以上的效率。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "以上方法都是通过改变合成方法提高结晶质量，减小材料内部缺陷，从而减少晶界，降低发生离子迁移的几率。"
}
]
}
]
},
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{
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.4 添加剂辅助结晶过程"
}
],
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"id": "s2d"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "前驱体制备过程中添加剂可以辅助结晶过程，使钙钛矿获得更高质量的生长。早期研究发现，可以在前驱体溶液中加入适量的氢碘酸，使其相转变温度降低到100 ℃。之后，Luo等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "44",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R44",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "44"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "将制得的CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "浸泡在IPA中，使得晶体的结晶过程中添加了Cs"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "中间相，再由该中间相向α-CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "转变。如"
},
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"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，由这种方法得到的材料制成的电池可以在相对湿度30%的空气中保持72 h的效率。"
}
]
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "(a)CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "样品新涂层并曝光24,72 h的照片;(b)相应的X射线衍射图谱;(c)Cs"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PbI"
},
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "相的实验和模拟X射线衍射图谱"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "44",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R44",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "44"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"label": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.6"
}
],
"title": [
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"data": "(a)CsPbI"
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"name": "text",
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]
},
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"name": "text",
"data": " samples were newly coated and exposed for 24 h and 72 h. (b)XRD pattern of CsPbI"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". (c)Experimental and simulated XRD spectra of Cs"
},
{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
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]
},
{
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"data": "Pb"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "一些长链儿氨离子也可以作为表面配位基抑制 CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "晶粒的生长。Wang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R45",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "45"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "前驱液中加入硫酸甜菜碱两性离子(约1.5%)，实验过程如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。这种两性离子通过与CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "前驱体溶液中的离子和胶体的静电相互作用阻碍CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钙钛矿膜的结晶。得到的钙钛矿晶体晶粒在 30 nm左右，稳定了α相，制得的器件在空气中可维持 720 h的稳定性。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F7",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "硫酸甜菜碱两性离子辅助CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "结晶示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R45",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "45"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.7"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " crystallization assisted by amphoteric ions of betaine sulfate"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R45",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "45"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Zhang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "46",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R46",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "46"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "将聚乙二醇(PEG)引入到无机CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br前驱体溶液中，降低了薄膜的结晶速率，钝化其缺陷密度。改性后的器件在70%的相对湿度下没有明显的分解。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Kim等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "47",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R47",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "47"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "证明了甲基碘化铵(MAI)的加入有效地影响了定制的薄膜形态和精确的晶体生长，从而构建了高质量的CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br薄膜，原理如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图8",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F8",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图8"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。MAI添加剂抑制了无机钙钛矿膜的结晶动力学，使其形成由缺陷密度较低的晶粒组成的高晶型结构。采用MAI添加剂的太阳能电池具有较高的湿度稳定性和热稳定性，在空气环境中老化1 500 h可保持原有PCE的70%。Wang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "48",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R48",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "48"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "前体溶液中加入碘化胍(GAI),GA"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "有3个对称的氨基，有助于形成多个氢键，增加了载体寿命。电池暴露在25 ℃、相对湿度为40%60%的环境下仍能保持200 h以上的稳定性。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F8",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图8"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "MAI添加剂对CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br薄膜形貌的影响示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "47",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R47",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "47"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.8"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Influence of MAI additives on the morphology of CsPb-I"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br thin film"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "47",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R47",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "47"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "以上方法通过在前驱体中加入添加剂辅助结晶过程，使结晶速度减慢、过程更加可控，提高了无机钙钛矿薄膜的质量，从而抑制界面复合，促进电荷迁移，降低陷阱态密度。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.5 利用有机基团钝化晶体表面"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s2e"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "某些有机基团可以与无机钙钛矿材料在表面上以一些化学键或配位键的形式进行连接，通过这种方式可以在晶格表面获得一个应力，通过空间效应阻碍晶格发生相变，同时某些有机基团也可以起到疏水的保护作用。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在前驱液中加入了氢碘酸(HI)和苯基碘化铵(PEAI)添加剂，作用机理如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图9",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F9",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图9"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。PEAI 为优化结晶提供了成核作用，并且通过空间效应阻碍了相变，制成的太阳能电池效率高达15.07%。在空气中放置2个月后效率下降8%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F9",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图9"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "HI和PEAI添加剂辅助CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "结晶示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.9"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "HI and PEAI additives assist CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " crystallization diagram"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
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"data": "["
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在钙钛矿薄膜上包覆了一层三甲基苯基溴化铵(PTABr)，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10(a)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10(a)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。由于PTA材料具有很好的疏水性，薄膜在相对湿度85%、温度35 ℃的情况下仍表现为黑色，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10(b)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10(b)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，显示了优秀的湿度稳定性。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F10",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)PTABr包覆CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜示意图;(b)湿度稳定性X射线衍射图谱"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.10"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)PTABr coted CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " film schematic diagram. (b)XRD test chart of humidity stability"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "51",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R51",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "51"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用了一种表面配体OTG来诱导钙钛矿的相稳定，其原理如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图11",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F11",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图11"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。通过控制表面有机终端基的空间位阻来抑制立方CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "中[PbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "单元的八面体倾斜。这种空间位阻有效地防止了晶格畸变，从而增加了相变的能垒。该结构在35%40%的湿度环境下保存7 d损失了16%的效率。"
}
]
},
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"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F11",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图11"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "OTG诱导CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钙钛矿相稳定机理"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "51",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R51",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "51"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
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"title": [
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"data": "Mechanism of OTG induced stability of CsPbI"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用了一种挥发性添加剂二甲基碘化铵(DMAI)来控制钙钛矿材料的结晶过程，如"
},
{
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"data": {
"text": "图12",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F12",
"data": [
{
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"data": "图12"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。利用DMAI的快速升华现象加快CsPbI"
},
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{
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{
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"data": "钙钛矿结晶，之后通过PTA"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "进行表面钝化，利用它的疏水性加强了器件的湿度稳定性。"
}
]
},
{
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"data": {
"id": "F12",
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}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "DMAI添加剂诱导黑色相CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
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"data": "形成原理图"
},
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"data": "["
},
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"data": {
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"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R52",
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"data": "52"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
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"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.12"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of black phase CsPbI"
},
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"name": "sub",
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{
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}
]
},
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"data": " induced by DMAI additive"
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"data": "CsI+PbI"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+DMAI→Intermediate phase→CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+DMAI↑"
}
]
}
]
}
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"title": [
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"data": "2.6 为空穴传输层增加疏水功能"
}
],
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}
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在正式结构的钙钛矿器件中空穴传输层会包覆材料，为实现整体器件的稳定性可以在空穴传输层上进行改进，通过提高空穴传输层的抗湿能力来优化器件整体的湿度稳定性，以此为突破口进行以下研究。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Ma等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "53",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R53",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "53"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "报道了一种无需氧化的spiro-OMeTAD空穴传输层的应用，这种空穴传输层具有更好的表面疏水性、更平滑的形貌和优化的能级排列。经验证，基于CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br的太阳能电池在2 000 h存储的情况下依然保持了初始功率转换效率(PCE)的14.2%和86.6%。"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图13",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F13",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图13"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "展示了不同种空穴传输层的疏水性和表面平整度。"
}
]
},
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"data": {
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"label": [
{
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"data": "图13"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NO-HTL、TO-HTL和OF-HTL薄膜的接触角度图像，以及各自的表面形状开尔文探针力显微镜图像"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "53",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R53",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "53"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.13"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Contact angle images OF NO-HTL, TO-HTL and OF-HTL films. And their respective surface shape KPFM images"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "53",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R53",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "53"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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"data": "Qiu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "54",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R54",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "54"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "利用制备的NiO膜替代了原有的spiro-OMeTAD空穴传输层，实现了基于全无机空穴传输层的n-i-p结构。在氯苯中制备溶解良好的NiO纳米颗粒，并对钙钛矿上的NiO膜进行氧等离子体处理，以提高空穴电导率。器件在温度(20±5) ℃、相对湿度为38%±5%的室内环境下测试稳定性，200 h后仍能保持91%的原始效率。"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "碳单质可以有效阻挡水分进入钙钛矿层，相比于传统空穴传输材料其成本也更低。基于这两个优点，Liang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "55",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R55",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "55"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "上直接沉积碳作为空穴传输层及电极阳极。该结构的器件在未封装情况下放置在25 ℃、相对湿度95%的空气中3个月后依旧保持其初始效率的6.7%。"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "56",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R56",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "56"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "报道了一种可以打印制作的碳基介孔结构，利用介孔结构作为天然屏障，可以阻碍水分的进入，抑制单斜CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的转化，从而增强湿度和热稳定性。制作过程及球棍模型如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图14",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F14",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图14"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。器件在25 ℃、相对湿度为80%、1 000 h的测试中效率仅下降1%，并能够经受住85~-40 ℃的极限测试。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F14",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图14"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "器件的制作过程示意图和CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在空间细化的三介观支架形成的球棍模型"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "56",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R56",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "56"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.14"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of fabrication process of CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " device and ball and stick model formed by CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " three-mesoscopic support in space refinement"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "56",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R56",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "56"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
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"data": "2.7 湿度稳定性总结"
}
],
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},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "上文介绍了无机钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定性的几种优化方法。总的来说主要分为三种手段:一是通过提升材料晶格结构的稳定性来提升整体材料的稳定性，如采用元素掺杂提高材料容忍因子、改变材料的结构与尺寸增加表面能;二是通过对制备方法进行优化，如改变材料制备条件、使用添加剂辅助结晶过程，提高材料的结晶质量，减少缺陷，从而减少离子迁移现象，提高稳定性;三是从封装的角度，通过采用钝化表面、外部包覆疏水层等方法，隔绝空气中的水分，减少湿度对材料的影响。"
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
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{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3 无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的热稳定性、光稳定性发展"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s3"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "参照商业化硅电池的工作环境，太阳能电池一般工作在有大量阳光直射区域，其地表温度普遍会达到60 ℃以上，所以热稳定性对于钙钛矿太阳能电池的长期稳定性具有重要的意义。热稳定性被视为太阳能电池行业商业化面临的最困难的挑战，主要是因为温度问题是材料的本征问题，在实际应用环节很难通过封装等技术来解决。标准热稳定性测试条件为85 ℃下24 h"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，在此期间薄膜的形貌会发生变化，一般会出现针孔状结构，主要原因是温度促进了薄膜分解的过程。Akbulatov等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "58",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R58",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "58"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "曾详细探究了一系列杂化和无机卤化铅基钙钛矿的热和光化学稳定性。研究表明，热稳定性问题一般归咎于释放挥发性物质，最终会生成Pb"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "X"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ";而光照老化涉及氧化还原反应过程，首先第一步会生成PbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，最后生成I"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和Pb以及其他挥发性降解副产物。全无机钙钛矿不具备挥发性，难以分解，对温度及光照的稳定性有很大提高。但是，考虑到无机CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钙钛矿吸光工作的最佳晶体结构即黑色的α相形成温度在360 ℃，当温度降低到室温的过程中其结构将会转变为β相以及黄色的δ相"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。所以提高无机钙钛矿电池热稳定性的主要着手点是在降低形成α相的退火温度的同时兼顾结晶质量的提高"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "59",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R59",
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}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池当中，光照对钙钛矿太阳能电池光电性能的影响也因材料而异。光照会引起钙钛矿材料中离子的迁移和重新排布"
},
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{
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"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"data": [
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"data": {
"text": "60",
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"rid": "R60",
"data": [
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}
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "62"
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]
}
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},
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]
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "，在光和电子束的照射下，会在晶界处形成富集碘负离子的中间相，同时在薄膜中分离为团簇。相分离产生了高密度的可以移动的离子，离子沿着晶界迁移并在钙钛矿/ETL界面处积累。该现象会使得钙钛矿电池的界面势垒变高阻碍电荷传输，光电性能大幅度缩减。还有一种现象是金属氧化物电子传输层作为催化剂进行光催化作用，导致了钙钛矿材料的分解。光稳定性提高的原因一般都归因于提高本体材料结晶质量、减少境界和缺陷。"
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.1 利用元素掺杂提高容忍因子"
}
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}
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "提高容忍因子可以在材料自身结构的角度获得稳定性的提高，稳定的晶格结构同样也可以使光热稳定性提高。Ye等"
},
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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{
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"data": {
"text": "63",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R63",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "63"
}
]
}
},
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}
]
},
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"data": "在CsPbI"
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"data": "3-"
},
{
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"data": [
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}
]
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "Br"
},
{
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"data": [
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"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "前驱体中加入氯化铅，如"
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图15",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F15",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图15"
}
]
}
},
{
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"data": "所示，通过SEM和XRD可以观察到钙钛矿膜的结晶度显著增强。优化后带隙为1.77 eV的CsPbI"
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"data": "钙钛矿太阳能电池性能优异，最佳"
},
{
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"data": [
{
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"data": "V"
}
]
},
{
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"data": "oc"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "高达1.25 V，效率为18.64%。同时，CsPbI"
},
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "3-"
},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "钙钛矿太阳能电池在1个太阳当量连续光照超过1 000 h的情况下，PCE损失小于6%。"
}
]
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"data": "掺杂不同浓度PbCl"
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}
]
},
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"data": "的CsPbI"
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},
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"data": [
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]
},
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"data": "Br"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
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"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": "薄膜的SEM图像和放大的扫描电子显微镜图像。(a)不掺杂PbCl"
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]
},
{
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}
]
},
{
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"data": ";(c)10%PbCl"
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}
]
},
{
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"data": ";(d)CsPbI"
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{
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"data": [
{
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}
]
},
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"data": "Br"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": "掺杂不同浓度PbCl"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜的X射线衍射图谱"
},
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{
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"data": "["
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"data": {
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"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R63",
"data": [
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"data": "63"
}
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}
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}
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},
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},
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},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "x"
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]
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},
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"data": " films doped with PbCl"
},
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}
]
},
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"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "63",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R63",
"data": [
{
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"data": "63"
}
]
}
},
{
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}
]
},
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"data": ". (a)No doping PbCl"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
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]
},
{
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"data": ". (b)5%PbCl"
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
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},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
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"data": ". (d)X-ray diffraction spectra of CsPbI"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3-"
},
{
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"data": [
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}
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},
{
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"data": [
{
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"data": [
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"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "64",
"type": "bibr",
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"data": [
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"data": "通过使用In"
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]
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"data": "和Cl"
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},
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"data": "共掺杂对CsPb-I"
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}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br钙钛矿进行结构重建的策略，可以实现增强的稳定性。"
},
{
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"data": {
"text": "图16",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F16",
"data": [
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}
},
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}
]
},
{
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"data": "掺杂对CsPbBr"
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{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "单晶的晶体结构影响，可以看到In"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "离子调整了晶格中离子间链接的方位角，对其他晶格起到牵引的作用，该作用增强了晶格的活化能。器件可以实现在湿度50%、温度60 ℃的环境下保存100 h，器件的效率仅下降20%。以上工作帮助改善了钙钛矿的晶格能。"
}
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},
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"name": "text",
"data": "3"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "单晶的晶体结构和空间群的演化"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "64",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R64",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "64"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
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"label": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.16"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Crystal structure and spatial group evolution of InCl"
},
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
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"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " doped CsPbBr"
},
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"data": "3"
}
]
},
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"name": "text",
"data": " single crystal"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "64",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R64",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "64"
}
]
}
},
{
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"data": "3.2 减少钙钛矿体材料内的缺陷提高质量"
}
],
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},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "对于全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池来说，不同于控制湿度稳定性以解决表面缺陷为主，解决钙钛矿光热稳定性问题的主要方法是更好地处理钙钛矿体材料内的缺陷，抑制体内的离子迁移现象。"
}
]
},
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"data": [
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"data": "Chen等"
},
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
]
}
},
{
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用"
},
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"data": {
"text": "图17",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F17",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图17"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示的梯度热退火(GTA)方法来控制α-CsPbI"
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"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br晶体的生长，然后使用环保的反溶剂(ATS)异丙醇进一步优化α-CsPbI"
},
{
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"data": [
{
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"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br膜的形貌。通过这种GTA-ATS效应，控制α-CsPbI"
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"name": "text",
"data": "2"
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]
},
{
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"data": "Br晶体的生长，得到平均晶粒尺寸为1 μm的高质量钙钛矿膜，PCE为16.07%。在100 mW/cm"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "紫外线照射下老化120 h后，可保持90%的初始PCE。"
}
]
},
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"caption": [
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"lang": "zh",
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"name": "text",
"data": "CsPbI"
},
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
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"data": "Br晶体生长的GTA方法"
},
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"data": [
{
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"data": "["
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"data": {
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"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R38",
"data": [
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"data": "38"
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]
}
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"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
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"data": "Fig.17"
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],
"title": [
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"data": "GTA method for crystal growth of CsPbI"
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}
]
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "Br"
},
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "65",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R65",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "65"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用双源热蒸发方法制备CsPbIBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "太阳能电池，光电转换效率为4.7%。采用在手套箱内200 ℃加热的方式测试了薄膜的稳定性，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图18",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F18",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图18"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。12 h后通过XRD测试显示没有杂质峰出现，整体观察没有发生钙钛矿降解的情况。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F18",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图18"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)未经过热处理、在手套箱中200 ℃加热6 h和12 h的CsPbIBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜的X射线衍射图谱;(b)CsPbIBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜样品"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "65",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R65",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "65"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.18"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)XRD patterns of CsPbIBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " films heated at 200 ℃ for 6 h and 12 h in a glove box without overheat treatment. (b)CsPbIBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " film sample"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "65",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R65",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "65"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "Liu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "66",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R66",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "66"
}
]
}
},
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "采用了"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图19",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F19",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图19"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示的多步旋转涂层策略，在碳基钙钛矿太阳能电池的低温处理致密的TiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " ("
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "c"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-TiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")电子传输层(ETL)上制备高质量的CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜，并且在电子传输层上引入SnO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "作为修饰层。未封装的全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池在60 ℃的环境下保存1个月后，效率不会下降，表现出良好的湿度和热稳定性。研究还发现CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的分解极限为467 ℃，远高于其他成分。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F19",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图19"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "碳基CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钙钛矿电池的制备与截面照片"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "66",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R66",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "66"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.19"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Preparation and cross section of CsPbBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " perovskite cell"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "66",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R66",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "66"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "以上工作改变了钙钛矿制备过程中的方法。通过这种优化的合成方法提高体材料的结晶质量，降低缺陷态密度。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.3 表界面钝化抑制钙钛矿与HTL/ETL表面复合"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3c"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表面复合也是钙钛矿在光热稳定性方面不可忽视的问题，钙钛矿材料的表面复合会随着温度升高而提升，减少活跃的激子数目，影响材料的迁移率。减少表面复合主要是通过对表面进行钝化来实现的。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜上旋涂三甲基苯基溴化铵(PTABr)。这项工作中PTABr-CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的热稳定性增强归因于溴离子与表面钙钛矿的碘离子发生交换作用，创造了梯度Br掺杂，同时PTA有机阳离子在外侧起到保护作用，薄膜在温度85 ℃下退火72 h依然没有出现杂质峰，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图20",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F20",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图20"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Tian等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "67",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R67",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "67"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "以氨基功能化聚合物(PN4N)为阴极中间层，以无掺杂空穴运输聚合物(PDCBT)为阳极中间层，进行了协同界面设计，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图21",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F21",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图21"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。结果表明，PN4N和PDCBT可以与钙钛矿晶体发生强相互作用，有效钝化电子表面陷阱态，抑制CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br薄膜的光致卤化物偏析。器件在1个太阳当量连续照射400 h的条件下具有较高的光稳定性，效率下降小于10%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F20",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图20"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PTABr-CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的热稳定性示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.20"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Thermal stability of PTABR-CsPb"
},
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"data": [
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"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图21"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br薄膜表面缺陷;(b)PN4N对薄膜表面缺陷的钝化;(c)PDCBT对薄膜表面缺陷的钝化"
},
{
"name": "sup",
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"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "67",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R67",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "67"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.21"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br film surface defects. (b)Passivation of PN4N to film surface defects. (c)Passivation of thin film surface defects by PDCBT"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "67",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R67",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "67"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Zhou等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "68",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R68",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "68"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在空穴传输层和金属电极之间引入界面层MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图22",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，可实现高效的电荷提取和抑制载流子复合。制得的 CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br钙钛矿器件效率达14.05%。器件的热稳定性优秀，在85 ℃空气环境下210 min后效率降低了34%，在1.5倍太阳光照射下180 min后效率降低了35%，同时器件的长期稳定性达到了60 d，效率仅下降11%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F22",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图22"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "界面层修饰CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br钙钛矿器件示意图及稳定性示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "68",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R68",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "68"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.22"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " interface layer modified CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Br perovskite device schematic diagram and stability diagram"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "68",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R68",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "68"
}
]
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"name": "text",
"data": "]"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Guo等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "69",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R69",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "69"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "采用一种简单的界面工程方法，利用SnCl"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "溶液对SnO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "电子选择层(ESL)表面钝化，成功地降低了高开路电压("
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "V"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "oc"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")输出的能量损失，从而提高了全无机CsPbIBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钙钛矿太阳能电池(钙钛矿太阳能电池)的性能。表面钝化可以有效抑制钙钛矿与SnO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "界面处的复合过程，在没有封装的情况下，SnO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钝化的器件在90 ℃的空气中仍能保持95.5%的初始效率。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过表界面钝化的方法可以很好地抑制无机钙钛矿材料与HTL/ETL发生表面复合，惰性材料的引入抑制了光热稳定性问题中副反应的产生。"
}
]
}
]
},
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"name": "sec",
"data": [
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"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "3.4 光热稳定性总结"
}
],
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"id": "s3d"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "常见的杂化钙钛矿材料(如MAPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")在热和光稳定性方面本质上是不稳定的，因此很难维持真正的太阳能电池运行条件。相反，以铯为基础的全无机复合卤化物显示出非常优越的稳定性，为创造高效和稳定的钙钛矿太阳能电池提供了动力。综合以上对于钙钛矿光热稳定性的研究，首先可以通过增加材料自身的结构稳定性来实现光热稳定性的提高;其次，无机钙钛矿材料作为一种离子半导体，影响光热稳定性的内因是离子迁移，需要在制备过程中优化方法，提高结晶质量，抑制离子迁移现象;此外，还需注意材料的表面复合现象，尽量抑制表面复合现象的产生。"
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
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"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4 结论"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s4"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "目前，在产业发展的进程中，全无机钙钛矿电池的光电转化效率已经超过了20%，因此具有很大的发展潜力。未来在无机钙钛矿太阳能电池发展的问题上，以下几个方向仍然具有研究价值:(1)从钙钛矿组分入手，可以引用半径较小的"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "位离子来替代铅离子，控制整体结构的容忍因子，同时推动无机钙钛矿电池无铅化发展，在环保方面做出贡献。(2)对于钙钛矿薄膜的生长，可以寻找新型添加剂来促进晶粒生长，抑制离子迁移，减少晶体缺陷，从而提高吸光层的稳定性。(3)可以继续开发新型界面修饰材料，通过在钙钛矿薄膜上添加保护层的方式，实现器件内对于钙钛矿材料的封装。(4)从整体的器件结构上来说，可以寻找稳定的空穴传输层和电子传输层，提高器件整体的环境稳定性。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "全无机钙钛矿材料可以很大程度上避免外界环境的影响，相比于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池，在空气稳定性方面，对氧环境没有要求，对于湿度环境的容许度也比较大;由于自身结构，在光热稳定性方面，也要优于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿。因此，发展全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池是有效提高钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性的方向。"
}
]
}
]
}
],
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