太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器研究进展

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器研究进展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Research Progress of Solar Directly Pumped Solid-state Laser" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "袁", "givenname": "明星", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "YUAN", "givenname": "Ming-xing", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "袁明星(1996-), 女, 江苏淮安人, 硕士研究生, 2019年于徐州工程学院获得学士学位, 主要从事激光系统设计与实现的研究。E-mail:1750489845@qq.com" ], "graphic": [], "data": [ [ { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "袁明星" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1996-), 女, 江苏淮安人, 硕士研究生, 2019年于徐州工程学院获得学士学位, 主要从事激光系统设计与实现的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "1750489845@qq.com" } ] ] } ], "email": "1750489845@qq.com", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "周", "givenname": "天元", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHOU", "givenname": "Tian-yuan", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "ZHOU Tian-yuan, E-mail:tianyuanzhou@foxmail.com", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ZHOU Tian-yuan, E-mail:tianyuanzhou@foxmail.com" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "周天元(1990-), 男, 江苏徐州人, 博士, 讲师, 2018年于南京工业大学获得博士学位, 主要从事光功能陶瓷材料方面的研究。E-mail:tianyuanzhou@foxmail.com" ], "graphic": [], "data": [ [ { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "周天元" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1990-), 男, 江苏徐州人, 博士, 讲师, 2018年于南京工业大学获得博士学位, 主要从事光功能陶瓷材料方面的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "tianyuanzhou@foxmail.com" } ] ] } ], "email": 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"name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "郗", "givenname": "晓倩", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "XI", "givenname": "Xiao-qian", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "单", "givenname": "迎双", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "SHAN", "givenname": "Ying-shuang", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "马", "givenname": "跃龙", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "MA", "givenname": "Yue-long", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff3", "text": "3" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "张", "givenname": "乐", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHANG", "givenname": "Le", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "陈", "givenname": "浩", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "CHEN", "givenname": "Hao", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "CHEN Hao, E-mail:chenhao@jsnu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CHEN Hao, E-mail:chenhao@jsnu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "陈浩(1976-), 男, 江苏徐州人, 博士, 教授, 硕士研究生导师, 2013年于复旦大学获得博士学位, 主要从事激光技术方面的研究。E-mail:chenhao@jsnu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [], "data": [ [ { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "陈浩" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1976-), 男, 江苏徐州人, 博士, 教授, 硕士研究生导师, 2013年于复旦大学获得博士学位, 主要从事激光技术方面的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "chenhao@jsnu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "chenhao@jsnu.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "江苏师范大学 物理与电子工程学院, 江苏省先进激光材料与器件重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221116", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "江苏师范大学 物理与电子工程学院, 江苏省先进激光材料与器件重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221116" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, School of Physics Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Materials and Devices, School of Physics Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "江苏锡沂高新材料产业技术研究院, 江苏 徐州 221400", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "江苏锡沂高新材料产业技术研究院, 江苏 徐州 221400" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "Jiangsu Xiyi Advanced Materials Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Xuzhou 221400, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Jiangsu Xiyi Advanced Materials Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Xuzhou 221400, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff3", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "3", "text": "江苏大学 机械工程学院, 江苏 镇江 212013", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "江苏大学 机械工程学院, 江苏 镇江 212013" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "3", "text": "School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器相对于传统二极管泵浦激光器具有能耗低、效率高等优势，在大气传感、深空通信及国防安全等重要领域具有极大的应用潜力，战略意义重大。本文综述了太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的阳光收集光学系统、增益介质及泵浦系统设计的国内外研究进展，揭示了其与激光输出质量及光转化效率提升的定向关联。提出在太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器发展中，高汇聚效率及高功率的激光输出是核心研究目标，而高品质增益介质是实现上述目标的关键所在。最后，展望了太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的未来发展趋势。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Solar directly pumped solid-state laser has advantages of energy saving and high efficiency, compared with that of conventional LD pumped laser. It has great application potential in the fields of atmospheric sensing, deep space communication and national defense security, which presents great strategic significance. In this study, the domestic and abroad research progress of sunlight collecting optical system, laser gain medium and pump system design of solar directly pumped solid-state lasers was reviewed. The inter relationship between the improvement of laser quality and optical conversion efficiency was revealed. This study indicated that high convergence efficiency and high-power laser output were the core research objectives in the development of solar directly pumped solid-state laser, and the fabrication of high-quality laser gain medium was the key to realize the above goals. Finally, the development trend of solar directly pumped solid-state laser was prospected." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "太阳光直接泵浦" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "固体激光器" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "阳光收集光学系统" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "增益介质" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "泵浦系统" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "direct solar pumping" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "solid-state laser" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "sunlight collecting optical system" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "gain medium" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "pump system" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "激光技术可实现能量集中、单向传播距离较长、辐射亮度高等功能，是目前最重要的科学技术手段之一，在医疗、环保、半导体和航空航天工业等领域具有广泛的应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。与其他类型激光器相比，固体激光器更易于实现高峰值功率输出，且结构简单，可靠性好，在激光应用领域一直处于主导地位。固体激光器由泵浦源、增益介质和谐振腔组成，其中，泵浦源能够对激光工作物质进行激励并实现粒子数反转，而激光二极管(LD)泵浦具有光转换效率高、光束质量好等优势，是目前最常用的固体激光泵浦方式。然而，LD泵浦以其窄带光输出特性，对材料的波长选择性具有较高要求；且LD泵浦能耗高、价格昂贵、使用寿命短，极大地制约了其实际应用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "相对于LD泵浦，太阳光泵浦固体激光器以太阳光作为泵浦源，能够充分克服LD泵浦的固有缺陷，应用前景广阔" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。根据美国NASA Langley研究中心的报告，太阳光泵浦激光器将是未来空天对抗的首选，因此在军事方面，太阳光泵浦激光器将是是空天激光武器的主要发展方向" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b3", "b4" ], "text": "3-4", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在能源利用方面，太阳光泵浦固体激光器能够通过卫星或空间站向地球输送能量，实现能源绿色化，充分切合了备受人类关注的可持续发展重大战略需求，成为当今太阳能技术发展的热点之一" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b5", "b6" ], "text": "5-6", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，太阳光泵浦固体激光器在空间及海洋探测、通信传感等重要领域均有重大潜在应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。可见，大力发展太阳光泵浦固体激光器能够充分满足固体激光技术战略发展需求，意义十分重大。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "兼具对太阳光的高吸收量和高转换率，是太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器实现高质量激光输出的前提。在太阳光吸收量方面，由于太阳光50%的能量都集中在可见光波段(0.4~0.76 μm)，激光工作物质只有充分吸收可见光能量，才能够达到足够的粒子数反转实现光输出。然而，太阳光的光密度远低于LD泵浦光密度，因此太阳光泵浦固体激光器只有获得对太阳光的高效汇聚，才能够满足上述要求" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在太阳光转化率方面，目前最成熟的光转化方案是通过太阳能电池将太阳能转化成电能，为半导体泵浦源提供能量，然后通过半导体泵浦源激励增益介质，实现激光输出。然而，该方式中较多的中间环节导致其光转化效率最高仅为1.5%，且设备复杂、成本极高，远无法满足发展需求" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。相反，若采用太阳光直接泵浦增益介质的方式实现光-光直接转化，必将有效克服上述缺陷，在大幅提升光转化效率的同时，促进激光系统的集成化，降低成本。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于以上阐述，本文从太阳光收集光学系统、增益介质、泵浦系统设计三个方面，回顾了太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的国内外研究进展，总结并展望了该研究的发展瓶颈和趋势。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的阳光收集光学系统" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "阳光收集光学系统能够通过反射镜或透镜等光学元件收集并汇聚太阳光以提升其光功率密度，进而实现增益介质对太阳光的充分吸收。通常，阳光收集光学系统器件单位表面积的激光功率输出和聚光比是评价太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器性能的重要指标。最初的阳光收集光学系统通常采用卡塞格林望远镜结构，但该系统体积较大，造价昂贵，且系统中像差的存在降低了激光输出性能，使其发展受到限制" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b10", "b11" ], "text": "10-11", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随着材料技术的发展，基于有机玻璃材质的大型菲涅尔透镜阳光收集光学系统以其制造成本低，厚度薄、易于获得大口径等优势获得了极大的关注，并被广泛应用。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "单级菲涅尔透镜成像阳光收集光学系统" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2-1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "单级菲涅尔透镜成像阳光收集光学系统是指仅采用单片菲涅尔透镜作为太阳光收集媒介，并以光收集效率作为其性能评价指标。在收集效率提升方面，东京工业大学Yabe等提出使用1 m×1.5 m的菲涅尔透镜作为阳光收集系统泵浦Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷，当收集的光功率为22 W时观察到微弱的激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在此基础上，Yabe等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用两片菲涅尔透镜实现了振荡器和放大器的双泵浦作用，将收集效率提高至18.7 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，且输出功率达到22.4 W，但由于采用商用菲涅尔透镜，导致收集效率仍不理想。在对菲涅尔透镜的色散问题评估以及对反射和吸收光线数值模拟基础上，通过比较图像与模拟值，进一步证实了菲涅尔透镜作为初级阳光收集光学系统能够使收集的太阳光达到理论汇聚极限。Ohkubo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过对菲涅尔透镜的改进，即透镜由甲基丙烯酸甲酯制成，折射率设计为1.491 7，镜片表面无涂层，同时采用一个锥形腔作为二级聚光系统，最终实现了20 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的收集效率、80 W的激光输出纪录。进一步研究表明，采用" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Y" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Z" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "轴粗调菲涅尔透镜方向能够促进对太阳光的收集" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "我国相关研究团队在理论上深入分析了太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的泵浦系统及工作物质的效能，并取得了丰硕成果" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b8", "b9" ], "text": "8-9", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b16", "b17", "b18" ], "text": "16-18", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。赵长明教授研究团队于2009年直接利用单级菲涅尔透镜成功获得了激光输出，但由于激光器受透镜尺寸、单级收集方式及透镜色散等因素限制，仅观察到微弱的激光振荡" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "尽管单级菲涅尔透镜成像阳光收集光学系统能够在一定程度上实现太阳光收集，但仍难以获得较高的泵浦功率密度。这是因为透镜表面的气泡或划痕会不可避免地造成光散射，在降低收集效率的同时，极易造成光斑尺寸与增益介质尺寸失配。相反，采用多级非成像阳光收集光学系统能够有效克服上述缺陷，提高收集效率，是目前太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器阳光收集光学系统的研究热点" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "多级非成像阳光收集光学系统" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2-2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "多级非成像阳光收集光学系统一般采用大口径菲涅尔透镜作为一级阳光收集器件，以非成像器件作为二级或者三级阳光收集器件" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b20", "b21", "b22" ], "text": "20-22", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。其中，非成像器件本质上是一个光漏斗(聚光腔)，即采用边缘射线法设计的非成像聚光器，其能够进一步将收集的太阳光进行二次或三次汇聚，在实现太阳光功率密度本质提升的同时，避免其与增益介质的尺寸失配，进而提升光束质量。该设计是目前实现太阳光收集和汇聚的最佳方案。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在非成像器件设计方面，常用非成像器件为复合抛物面聚光器(Compound parabolic concentrator, CPC)，主要包括二维复合抛物聚光器(2D-CPC)和三维复合抛物面聚光器(3D-CPC)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在低泵浦密度实验中通常采用2D-CPC作为二级聚光器。以色列Weklser等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用2D-CPC来提升光与介质的耦合能力，当收集太阳光的输入功率为4 kW时，获得超过60 W的激光输出，斜率效率超过2%。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "相对2D-CPC，3D-CPC可进一步提升对太阳光的收集效率，且将2D-CPC与3D-CPC相互结合是目前最广泛使用的多级非成像阳光收集方案。Lando等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 1", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示阳光收集方式，在一级收集透镜面积为6.85 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "情况下，实现功率为46 W的连续激光输出，收集效率为6.7 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同时，作者提出若采用60 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分块式一级透镜设计，可将该输出功率提升至400 W，其详细参数如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表 1", "type": "table", "rid": "Table1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表 1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a) 3D-CPC与2D-CPC剖面图; (b)2D-CPC的放大轮廓。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Profiles of 3D-CPC and 2D-CPC. (b)Enlarged profile of 2D-CPC." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225771&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225771&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225771&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "Table1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "多级非成像收集系统下实现400 W激光输出设计参数" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Table 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Design parameters of the multi-stage non-imaging convergence system with a 400 W laser output" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "style": "class:table_top_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "组成" } ] }, { "style": "class:table_top_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参数/单位" } ] }, { "style": "class:table_top_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "数值" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "rowspan": "4", "style": "class:table_top_border2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "分块式一级透镜" } ] }, { "style": "class:table_top_border2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "直径/m" } ] }, { "style": "class:table_top_border2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11.2" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "块数" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "每块之间的距离/cm" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "118" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "曲率半径/m" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } ], [ { "rowspan": "4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "全内反射3D-CPC" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "折射率" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1.5" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "入口直径/mm" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "290" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "出口直径/mm" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40.8" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "出射半角/(°)" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "全内反射2D-CPC" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "入口孔径/mm" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40.8×40.8" } ] } ], [ { "rowspan": "4", "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "激光棒" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "材料" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Nd:YAG" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "直径/mm" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13.0" } ] } ], [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "长度/mm" } ] }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40.8" } ] } ], [ { "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表面积/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } ] }, { "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16.7" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Krupkin等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了一种千瓦级的太阳能泵浦固体激光器，提出采用660 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的菲涅尔透镜作为一级阳光收集光学系统，能够实现高达0.5 kW的激光输出。然而，该系统仍存在增益介质尺寸难以匹配大尺寸汇聚光斑的问题，不利于提升光转化效率。美国Cooke等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用一个抛物面镜和一个非成像聚光器组成阳光收集光学系统，在太阳光入射强度为900 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时，实现了高达72 W/mm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的收集效率。该收集效率远高于仅采用菲涅尔透镜成像阳光收集光学系统所获得的效率，为高效太阳光收集光学系统的进一步优化提供了可借鉴的方向。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在聚光腔设计方面，葡萄牙Almeida等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b27", "b28", "b29", "b30", "b31", "b32", "b33", "b34" ], "text": "27-34", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出一种光波导设计，即将一根足够长的熔融石英介质置于2D-CPC的光汇聚处，其三维视图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 2", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。该结构设计具有良好的光耦合和聚焦能力，其均匀的光强分布对初级镜聚焦光点的轻微位错并不敏感，可有效实现误差跟踪补偿。与传统2D-CPC相比，其能够充分避免光与介质的尺寸失配，极大地提升太阳光的收集效率，并能有效解决太阳光经二级汇聚后输出功率减小及均匀性变差等问题。同时，该装置较大的接触面积极大地提升了其散热效率，有利于实现稳定的激光输出。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "三维视图下的太阳能激光头与矩形光波导" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3D view of the solar laser head with the rectangular light guide" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225774&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225774&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225774&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随后，该团队采用定日-抛物面反射镜装置(见" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 3", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，实现了激光系统的功率提升及光束质量的优化" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。该系统能够通过调整定日镜的角度，将太阳光定向入射到固定的抛物面镜上，并通过反射将其汇聚成10 mm左右宽的近高斯光源，照射激光头。该激光头由矩形熔融石英光波导、2D-CPC和V形腔组成，其中2D-CPC和V形腔的内壁均设计了具有94%反射率的镀银铝箔。太阳光经石英光波导收集并匀化后，通过2D-CPC将其转换为小输出孔径发射的大角度光线，从而保持泵浦辐射的净浓度，并通过V形腔照射晶体实现激光输出。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a) 定日-抛物面反射镜系统下太阳能收集和集中系统原理图；(b)Nd:YAG激光头。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Schematics of NOVA stationary heliostat-parabolic mirror solar energy collection and concentration system. (b)Nd:YAG laser head." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225778&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225778&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225778&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于该设计，作者采用非对称光学谐振腔设计，实现了收集效率达到2.93 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、基模输出功率为2.3 W、亮度值为1.9 W的激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2016年，该团队进一步通过对晶体棒的加工及腔型优化，将基模输出功率提升至4.5 W，收集效率为4 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，斜效率为2.36%，该效率比使用菲涅尔透镜和抛物面镜作为主阳光收集光学系统获得的激光输出效率分别高3.37倍和2.91倍" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2018年，该团队基于该阳光收集装置进一步实现了收集效率高达32.5 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的太阳光高效收集和汇聚" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2020年，Liang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用有效收集面积为1.0 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的抛物面镜，并利用非球面熔融石英透镜将聚焦区集中的太阳光线耦合到锥形腔内，端面泵浦3个直径3.0 mm、长25 mm的Nd:YAG单晶棒，首次实现同步发射三束连续激光束的设计。实现了18.3 W的多模太阳光激光功率输出，5.1%的激光斜率效率，且每束激光的亮度值达到0.036 W，是收集效率为32.5 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器对应激光亮度值的9倍。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "我国在多级非成像阳光收集光学系统方面也进行了深入研究，北京理工大学设计了一种低阈值太阳光直接泵浦Nd:YAG固体激光器，采用有效面积为1.03 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、焦距为1.2 m的菲涅耳透镜作为一级太阳光收集装置，镀金锥形腔作为二级收集装置，实现了聚光腔的优化，在太阳辐射功率密度为900 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时，实现了475.1 mW的激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同年，该校李金华等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 4", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示的激光器结构图，该设计以菲涅尔透镜作为一级阳光收集器件，液体导光透镜和镀金锥形腔的共同作用作为二级阳光收集器件，最终获得了连续稳定的1 064 nm的激光输出，收集效率为30.58 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，光转换效率为3.2%，聚光比可达10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。该研究对太阳光直接泵浦激光器的光腔结构设计具有重大指导意义。长春理工大学利用菲涅尔透镜和锥形场镜组成的聚光系统，获得了2.8 W的连续激光输出，但由于指标存在不足，光-光转换效率只有0.81%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a) 太阳光泵浦激光器结构简图；(b)分腔水冷型镀金锥形腔结构图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Structure diagram of the solar-pumped laser. (b)Gold-plated conical cavity with a liquid light-guide lens." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225782&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225782&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225782&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，我国在高效太阳光收集光学系统设计方面与国外仍然存在一定差距，激光输出效率普遍较低，主要原因在于国内针对该研究的起步时间较晚。但就目前的趋势来看，国内在光收集效率提升方面已与国外差距显著缩小，有望实现超越。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的激光增益介质" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "增益介质是固体激光器的核心，其决定激光输出波长和光转化效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。如前所述，太阳光的能量主要集中在可见光波段，增益介质只有同时满足对可见光的高匹配度、高吸收量和高转化效率，才能充分提高泵浦效率，实现高质量太阳光泵浦固体激光输出。因此，选择和开发适用于太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的增益介质尤为关键" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器中，玻璃及玻璃光纤、单晶和陶瓷是目前最常用的增益介质。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃及玻璃光纤" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3-1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃介质的优势在于制备工艺简单、易于实现大尺寸制备、掺杂均匀性好及散射损耗低，是太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的常用增益介质。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃介质研究方面，Suzuki等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂的SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-B" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O-Al" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-CaO-ZrO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(SBNACZ)玻璃，通过分析其光学吸收、荧光寿命及量子效率等特性，证实了其能够充分提升太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的可靠性和性价比。但由于SBNACZ玻璃的声子能量较高，使其在太阳光激发下近红外发射量子效率仅为21%。随后，Suzuki等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂ZrF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-BaF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-LaF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "- AlF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-NaF(ZBLAN)氟化物玻璃，将太阳光激发下的近红外发射量子效率提升至70%。该团队进一步研究发现，Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟化物玻璃的量子效率远高于相同Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂浓度下的碲酸盐玻璃及硼硅酸盐玻璃，证实了氟化物玻璃作为太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器增益介质的极大应用潜力" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Shimada等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "系统研究了太阳光泵浦激光器用Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂的Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-B" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-TeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃，发现其相对Nd:YAG陶瓷具有更宽的能带、更强的吸收及更长的荧光寿命。在此基础上，Shimada等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过对比发现，Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共掺杂Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-B" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-TeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃比Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "单掺杂Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-B" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-TeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃具有更高的发射强度，因此更适用于作为太阳光直接泵浦激光器的增益介质。此外，Boetti等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "研究了Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共掺杂的磷酸盐玻璃的光学性能，发现其在390 nm紫外光激发下，Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "与Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子之间的能量传递极易导致Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的浓度依赖性猝灭，不利于提升Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的量子效率。尽管如此，该研究为玻璃基质的掺杂离子选择优化提供了有效参考。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "然而，玻璃介质具有热导率低、热稳定性差、机械性能差等本征缺陷，极大地限制了其在高功率太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器中的应用。而采用先进拉丝技术，将块状玻璃介质制备成具有良好散热性能的增益光纤，不仅能够有效改善激光介质在高功率激光运转过程中因温度过高导致的转换效率降低及光猝灭现象，而且能够充分克服块状玻璃介质的缺陷，在太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器方面应用前景广阔" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在光纤基太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器研究方面，Saiki等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出硅酸盐玻璃基光纤是太阳光泵浦固体激光器最有前途的增益介质之一，并采用色温为5 600 K的闪光灯作为泵浦源，实现了对Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂的D型双包层多模光纤在准太阳光泵浦作用下的激光振荡。当光源在光纤端面处的输入功率为l.1 W时，成功获得输出功率为300 mW的激光输出，光-光转换效率高达27%。Iwata等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过模拟Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂的硅酸盐、碲酸盐、磷酸盐和氟化物基光纤介质在太阳光激发下的光学性能，研究发现Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟化物和硅酸盐光纤具有相对碲酸盐和磷酸盐光纤更高的量子效率，更适用于太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的增益介质。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通常，稀土掺杂的玻璃光纤的非辐射弛豫概率较大，降低了稀土离子的发光效率; 而微晶玻璃光纤能够有效降低该非辐射跃迁概率，成为太阳光泵浦固体激光器的优良介质材料。方再金等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过探究Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共掺杂玻璃光纤和YAG微晶玻璃光纤的光谱性能，并结合理论分析证明了微晶玻璃光纤相对传统玻璃光纤具有更高的太阳光转化效率，应用前景广阔。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上，采用光纤作为太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器增益介质在实现高功率激光输出方面具有极大潜力，并获得了广泛关注。但采用光纤介质在设计方面难度较大，如太阳光泵浦单束光纤需要尽可能追求小汇聚光斑，对太阳光收集系统要求极高。尽管采用组合光纤束方式能够缓解上述问题，但极易造成较大的功率损耗，降低光输出效率。此外，在太阳光直接泵浦光纤介质固体激光器的理论研究及实验模拟方面，鲜有深入分析报道，仍需进一步探索。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "激光晶体" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3-2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "单晶具有散射损耗低、热导率高、热膨胀系数小、机械强度高和化学稳定性好等特性，有利于实现高功率、高效率激光输出，得到了广泛研究" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。其中，Nd:YAG晶体具有熔点高、量子效率高、抗蠕变能力强、透光范围广等优势，其较低的声子能量有利于抑制无辐射跃迁，提高激光输出效率。同时，Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子具有四能级结构，有利于降低激光阈值，且Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子在可见光波段具有丰富的吸收带，能够实现对太阳光的有效吸收。在相同的泵浦功率下，Nd:YAG的激光输出功率相对于CaWO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "单晶高一个数量级。因此，Nd:YAG单晶成为目前最常用的太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器增益介质" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1966年，Young采用直径3 mm、长度30 mm的1% Nd:YAG单晶，首次实现太阳光直接泵浦固体激光输出，但由于晶体尺寸限制、光腔设计的不完善及热透镜效应，使其激光输出功率仅为1 W，光转换效率低至0.57%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，研究人员针对Nd:YAG基太阳光泵浦固体激光器激光输出功率及效率提升方面展开了大量研究，主要体现在晶体形状及尺寸优化、光腔结构优化及Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂浓度等方面，并取得了丰硕的成果" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b52", "b53", "b54", "b55" ], "text": "52-55", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Dinh等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用菲涅尔透镜作为初级收集器件、液体光波导透镜和混合泵浦腔相结合的多级汇聚方式泵浦直径6 mm、长14 mm的激光棒，实现了120 W激光输出功率，斜效率为4.3%。特别是在晶体形状及尺寸优化方面，Liang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "研究发现，表面凹槽加工的Nd:YAG晶体能够有效避免热透镜效应。该方案采用直径4 mm、长34 mm、槽距0.6 mm、槽深0.1 mm的Nd:YAG棒，最终实现激光斜效率为2.36%。李金华等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "进一步研究发现，采用螺纹结构Nd:YAG晶体棒可有效增大其与冷却液的接触面积，相对于未加工的激光棒，采用螺纹结构设计可将热焦距增大12.9%，从而有效降低晶体棒的热透镜效应，最终实现光转换效率为3.2%、斜效率为4.25%的有益效果。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "然而，Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子作为镧系稀土离子，其电子跃迁属于典型的f-f跃迁。由于Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子4f壳层内的电子受到5s" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "5p" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "壳层的屏蔽，使其f-f跃迁受周围晶体场的影响较小，导致了其窄线谱吸收特性，难以实现对宽谱带、非相干特性的太阳光的高效吸收。而Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子在可见光波段有宽范围、强吸收特性，其吸收太阳辐射能力强于Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子，远高于Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。张立伟等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过理论计算证明了在Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Nd:YAG体系中，当Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的掺杂浓度仅为0.1%、Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的掺杂浓度为1.0%时，Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的各个吸收带吸收的太阳光总能量就已经能够达到太阳常数的38.44%。同时，Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的发射带与Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的吸收带高度重合，因此可将吸收的太阳光能量有效传递给Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子，实现Cr敏化太阳光泵浦固体激光输出。Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子间能量传输机制如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 5", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在能量传递效率方面，邓俊勇等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过对比不同可见光激发波长下，YAG基质中各种稀土离子对、过渡金属离子-稀土离子对之间的能量传递效率，证实了在所有离子对中，Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子对之间的能量传递效率最高，其在430 nm波长激发下的能量传递效率高达95.2%。由此可见，太阳光泵浦固体激光增益介质采用Cr-Nd共掺杂方式，是提升光转化效率行之有效的方法。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "与Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子间能量传递示意图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of the energy transfer process between Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225786&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225786&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225786&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除Cr, Nd:YAG晶体外，目前能够实现Cr, Nd共掺杂太阳光泵浦固体激光器增益介质主要有Cr:Nd:GSGG(Gd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Sc" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ga" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")、Cr:Nd:GGG(Gd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ga" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")、Cr:Nd:YSGG(Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Sc" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ga" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然而，虽然Cr:Nd:GSGG、Cr:Nd:GGG、Cr:Nd:YSGG具有比Nd:YAG更高的抗辐射性能，但其发射截面和热导率远低于YAG，不利于连续高功率激光运转" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。尽管镥铝石榴石(LuAG)能够克服上述缺陷，但是LuAG的高熔点导致了其较高的制备难度和成本。因此，Cr、Nd共掺杂的YAG材料成为最佳选择。然而，Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在激光运转过程中易被氧化为Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，而Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在1 μm波段的宽带吸收特性不利于激光性能提升，导致Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂太阳光泵浦增益介质的实际应用受到限制。此外，Ce:Nd:YAG也有相关报道，并在太阳光直接泵浦情况下实现了有效激光输出，证明了其作为有效激光工作物质的可能性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "尽管单晶材料作为目前固体激光器最常用的激光增益介质，有将近60年的发展历史，但依然存在制备成本高、能耗大、制备周期长(可达1个月)、均匀性差、难以实现大尺寸制备及高浓度掺杂等问题，上述问题迄今未能有效解决，极大地限制了其在太阳光泵浦激光器中的实际应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "新一代太阳光直接泵浦激光工作介质——透明激光陶瓷" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3-3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "相对于单晶材料，透明陶瓷作为新一代固体激光增益介质，其仅通过高温烧结原料粉体便能实现材料的致密化，制备温度远低于材料熔点，制备周期仅为1周。同时，陶瓷材料以其多晶态本征特性，易于实现高浓度、均匀化的离子掺杂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。特别地，只有大尺寸的固体激光增益介质才能够真正实现空天太阳光泵浦激光应用，而透明陶瓷的尺寸仅取决于成型模具大小，这是单晶材料远无法比拟的。透明陶瓷是目前固体激光材料研究的热点和重点，与激光光纤一起被称作是“最具有开发潜力的激光材料”，发展前景广阔" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。对于太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器，目前常用的透明陶瓷基增益介质为Cr, Nd:YAG" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b64", "b65", "b66" ], "text": "64-66", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在太阳光直接泵浦Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷的研究中，低密度泵浦Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷的实验中能够观察到很强的小信号增益现象" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b67", "b68" ], "text": "67-68", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在激光输出方面，日本处于全球垄断地位" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b69", "b70", "b71" ], "text": "69-71", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Yabe采用Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷先后获得24.4 W和80 W的激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b12", "b13" ], "text": "12-13", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，并通过模拟实验进一步证明了Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷中的小增益系数比Nd:YAG陶瓷高3~5倍。Saiki" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等采用白光激发的方式，更是将Cr, Nd:YAG透明陶瓷激光输出功率突破千瓦量级，且光转化效率高达63%，其激光装置图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 6", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。葡萄牙Liang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用0.64 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的菲涅耳透镜作为初级收集系统，通过激励直径4 mm、长度25 mm的Nd:YAG单晶棒，实现19.3 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的激光收集效率。随后，Almeida等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "对比了相同尺寸的Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷与单晶的太阳光泵浦激光输出性能，分别获得功率为13.5 W(陶瓷)与12.3 W(单晶)的激光输出，进一步证实了陶瓷材料作为激光增益介质的优势。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "采用白光激发Cr, Nd:YAG透明陶瓷突破千瓦量级输出功率示意图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of white light excited Cr, Nd:YAG transparent ceramics with a kilowatt level laser output" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225790&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225790&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225790&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "相比之下，我国关于太阳光直接泵浦Cr, Nd:YAG透明陶瓷的研究起步较晚。中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所李江教授团队于2008年首次实现Cr, Nd:YAG透明陶瓷制备" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，使我国成为国际上少数掌握Cr, Nd:YAG透明陶瓷制备技术的国家" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，中科院上海光机所" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b76", "b77" ], "text": "76-77", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、哈尔滨工业大学" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、中科院理化所" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等科研单位均在Cr, Nd:YAG透明陶瓷制备及太阳光泵浦激光方面取得了丰硕的成果。北京理工大学深入分析了Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷作为太阳光泵浦材料的可行性，证实Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷是太阳光泵浦激光器工作介质的理想选择" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2019年，中科院上海硅酸研究所对太阳光泵浦Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷透过率及散射损耗系数的分析得出，若通过优化太阳光收集系统使总浓度" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=10 000，侧面泵浦直径6 mm、长80 mm的Cr, Nd:YAG陶瓷，可实现123 W的激光功率输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "实现高质量、适用于太空环境下的陶瓷基增益介质制备，对于突破太阳光直接泵浦激光器长期发展的桎梏、满足我国未来空天战略需求意义重大。但从整体上来看，我国关于陶瓷基太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器增益介质的研究仍在起步阶段，相关激光输出的报道较少，与国外先进水平相比仍有差距。因此，我国仍需进一步加大对透明陶瓷的研发力度，方能满足未来太阳光直接泵浦激光器的实际发展需求，缩小与国外先进水平的差距。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "复合结构增益介质" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3-4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "对于太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器，单一结构单晶或陶瓷介质在激光运转过程中，极易导致其热量分布不均匀，造成热透镜效应，降低激光输出性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。采用键合结构单晶/陶瓷介质可有效改善激光介质在激光运转时的热效应，进而实现稳定的激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "82", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b82", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "82" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "83", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b83", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "83" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b82", "b83" ], "text": "82-83", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。不仅如此，键合结构固体激光材料能够通过多元化结构设计，实现固体激光器的多功能应用，发展潜力巨大。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "北京理工大学采用直径6 mm、长度95 mm、槽距0.6 mm、槽深0.1 mm的Nd:YAG/YAG键合晶体棒(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 7", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)，实现了收集效率为32.1 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、斜效率为5.4%、光转换效率为3.3%的连续激光输出。结果表明，采用键合晶体棒获得的最大输出功率比非键合晶体棒提升22.6%，光束质量因子也从126优化至61" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "84", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b84", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "84" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然而，单晶材料之间的键合结合面强度较弱，极易产生空气间隙造成光散射，降低激光输出性能。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "泵浦腔与Nd:YAG/YAG键合晶体棒结合原理图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of pump cavity and Nd:YAG/YAG bonded crystal rod composition" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225793&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225793&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225793&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "相对于单晶键合技术，透明激光陶瓷能够采用高温烧结技术，通过热扩散方式消除键合面之间的缝隙，其在键合强度方面远高于键合单晶介质，在固体激光应用方面潜力巨大。目前，复合结构透明陶瓷已经成为固体激光增益介质的主要发展方向之一" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b85", "b86", "b87" ], "text": "85-87", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表 2", "type": "table", "rid": "Table2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表 2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了不同结构的复合型Nd:YAG陶瓷的激光输出特性，也充分体现出复合结构透明陶瓷作为激光增益介质的优势。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "Table2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "不同复合结构Nd:YAG透明陶瓷及其激光特性" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Table 2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Nd:YAG ceramics with various structures and their laser characteristics" } ] } ], "note": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "●Very good  ○Good  —As same as conventional" } ] } ] } ], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "left", "style": "class:table_top_border", "data": [] }, { "align": "center", "style": "class:table_top_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "YAG/Nd:YAG/YAG " }, { "name": "text", "data": "" }, { "name": "inlineformula", 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} ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "○" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "●" } ] } ], [ { "align": "left", "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Miniaturization of laser" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "○" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "○" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "○" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "●" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "class:table_bottom_border", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "○" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "复合结构透明陶瓷介质在未来高功率激光输出方面具有无限潜力，其极大程度地缓解了热透镜效应，且相比单晶，复合陶瓷在尺寸形状变化、高掺杂浓度以及极端天气应对方面具有很高的灵活性、均匀性与稳定性，其在未来空天应用的无限潜力毋庸置疑。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "泵浦系统设计" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "激光输出性能是评价太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的重要标准。因此，除了选择高效的汇聚模式和优异的增益介质外，还需要对激光器进行合理的光学结构设计，以提升其激光性能。目前，太阳光泵浦固体激光器常用光学结构设计包括泵浦方式设计和热管理模式设计" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "88", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b88", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "88" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "92", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b92", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "92" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b88", "b89", "b90", "b91", "b92" ], "text": "88-92", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在泵浦方式设计方面，目前太阳光泵浦固体激光器泵浦方式为端面泵浦方式、侧面泵浦方式及端-侧混合泵浦方式。其中，端面泵浦方式有利于获得高太阳光收集效率，是提高激光输出功率、光转换效率有效的泵浦方式。Dinh等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将4 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的菲涅尔透镜和液体导光透镜组合，并端面泵浦Nd:YAG晶体棒，获得了30 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "收集效率。采用光纤作为传输介质端面泵浦固体增益介质方面" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "93", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b93", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "93" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Liang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "94", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b94", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "94" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道了一种由19根光纤组成的柔性光波导，证实了其能够实现高达60 W的传输功率，效率为60%。但由于出射光的角度分布较大，无法准确测量其输出端的光通量，且该设计需要较高的加工精度，导致光纤传输方案实施难度较大，目前鲜有相关报道。并且端面泵浦方式的汇聚能量较为集中，容易造成增益介质上的局部热沉积并形成较大温度梯度，导致热透镜效应，降低光学质量。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "相对于端面泵浦，侧面泵浦方式更有利于实现对太阳光的均匀吸收，可有效缓解局部热沉积效应，是实现功率缩放、提高光束质量及光束稳定性的有效泵浦方案。但是，侧面泵浦方式不利于提升太阳光的收集效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "95", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b95", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "95" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "97", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b97", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "97" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b95", "b96", "b97" ], "text": "95-97", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Almeida等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过面积为2.88 m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的抛物面镜实现了太阳光汇聚，并侧面泵浦直径4 mm、长度30 mm的Nd:YAG单晶棒获得多模激光输出，光束质量因子" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "M" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=8.9，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "M" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "y" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=9.6，但收集效率仅为9.6 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Mehellou等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "88", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b88", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "88" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用侧面泵浦方式，发现在基模情况下输出功率较为稳定，稳定度为1.7%。2020年，Tiburcio等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用侧面泵浦单双棒方案，最终单棒方案获得了42.7 W的激光输出功率，以及27.37 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的收集效率和3.26%的光-光转换效率。对于双棒方案，其激光输出功率达到37.72 W，对应24.20 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的收集效率和2.88%的光-光转换效率。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近期研究发现，侧面泵浦盘绕光纤有望获得低激光阈值" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "98", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b98", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "98" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "99", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b99", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "99" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b98", "b99" ], "text": "98-99", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同时，该盘绕设计不再局限于追求小汇聚光斑，能够在减小汇聚难度的同时提高激光输出功率，发展潜力巨大。Masuda等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "100", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b100", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "100" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将长为40 m的盘绕光纤置于充满敏化剂溶液的环形腔内，最终获得的激光阈值仅为太阳光汇聚密度的15倍，且该阈值相对传统太阳光直接泵浦固体增益介质方式的阈值低两个数量级，意义重大。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近年来，太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的多级汇聚方式容易导致激光工作物质尺寸与汇聚光尺寸不匹配，因此采用端-侧混合泵浦成为优选方式。该方式是将增益介质放置在锥形腔内，使未聚焦到晶体端面上的汇聚光通过锥形腔进一步反射到增益介质上，进而实现对汇聚光的高效利用。该泵浦方式是目前提升太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器光转化效率的最佳选择" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "101", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b101", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "101" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "103", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b103", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "103" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b101", "b102", "b103" ], "text": "101-103", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 8", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "中可以看到，在端-侧混合泵浦方式下，其介质中的增益分布与仅采用端面或侧面泵浦方式下的增益分布显著不同。其中一部分辐射会通过导光管内壁的全反射直接聚焦到晶体棒的端面上，产生激光振荡；另一部分辐射则被引导到锥形腔中并反射至介质上，实现对介质的侧面泵浦，从而实现对泵浦光的高效利用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "101", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b101", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "101" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "带有3D-CPC输出端的锥形熔融石英光波导与锥形泵腔耦合有效泵浦直径为5 mm的Nd:YAG激光棒" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Conical-shaped fused silica light guide with 3D-CPC output end coupled to the conical pump cavity where the 5 mm diameter Nd:YAG laser rod is efficiently pumped" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225796&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225796&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225796&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "然而，相对于端面或侧面泵浦，端-侧混合泵浦在光学结构设计方面要求较高，因此通常需要借助理论设计及软件模拟(通常采用ZEMAX及LASCAD等光学模拟软件)，对光腔及增益介质设计等方面进行统筹优化，以确定最佳泵浦条件及光学参数。Almeida等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "101", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b101", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "101" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "使用ZEMAX软件模拟了太阳光泵浦激光器系统的光线路径，结合Nd:YAG吸收光谱与太阳光光谱之间16%左右的重叠，以及0.27°的半张角，精确获得了介质吸收损失参数，并通过LASCAD软件对ZEMAX分析得到的泵浦通量数据进行处理，实现了激光谐振腔参数优化，并基于优化参数，获得了40 W连续太阳光泵浦激光输出，收集效率为13.9 W/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，斜效率为2.9%。在此基础上，Almeida等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用ZEMAX软件针对录入的Nd:YAG晶体与太阳光光谱匹配的22个吸收峰数值等参数，实现对收集系统光路的模拟，分析得出当汇聚太阳光功率为1 600 W时，最大多模激光输出功率可达61.6 W；并采用端-测混合泵浦直径5 mm、长度25 mm、1% Nd:YAG的晶体，获得了功率为56 W的连续激光输出，收集效率为21.1 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Guan等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "84", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b84", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "84" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用TracePro和LASCAD软件实现了太阳光泵浦固体激光器的结构设计参数，实现了高达32.1 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的多模收集效率。Liang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "103", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b103", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "103" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过ZEMAX软件模拟，将增益介质划分为18 000个区域，并结合增益介质的有效吸收系数获得了其最优化的模式匹配。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 9", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "为优化后介质中心横截面的最大泵浦通量示意图，可见端-侧混合泵浦方式的增益主要集中于介质端面，同时也可以看出通过端-侧泵浦结合方式能够获得更高的增益。最终在基模和多模情况下，获得的光束质量因子分别为1.2和53.5，最高收集效率分别为7.9 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "及31.5 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "采用端-侧混合泵浦方式下Nd:YAG晶体沿中心横截面的泵浦通量情况" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Absorbed pump-flux distributions along central transversal cross-section of the 3.0 mm diameter, 30 mm length Nd:YAG single-crystal rod." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225797&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225797&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225797&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由此可见，上述泵浦方式在激光性能的提升方面存在博弈。因此需要根据实际应用需求，合理选择泵浦方式，获得最佳激光输出方案。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除泵浦方式设计外，合理的光腔的热管理模式设计有利于避免过高的热负荷, 提升光束质量，是获得高性能激光输出的关键。Liang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用一种新型的熔融石英液体光波导透镜以及水冷穿过晶体四周的独特冷却方法(见" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 10", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，该方案能够有效地将来自抛物面镜聚焦区的太阳辐射耦合到锥形泵浦腔内的激光棒中，并通过端面泵浦直径为4.5 mm、长度为35 mm的Cr:Nd:YAG陶瓷棒，最终实现32.5 W 1 064 nm的连续激光输出。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "新型熔融石英液体光波导透镜的水冷方案" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Water cooling scheme of a novel melted quartz based liquid light-guide lens" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225800&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225800&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6225800&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "特别地，对于空天太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器，其只有充分克服宇宙中极端温差导致的不利影响，才能满足实际空天应用、充分满足备受关注的太空轨道卫星安全等重大国防需求。然而，到目前为止，在所有文献和数据库中鲜有针对太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器热管理模式设计的相关报道。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "存在问题" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的重要性已引起极大关注，并取得了较大进展，但仍然存在一些问题：" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(1) 在理论研究方面，目前人们针对太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的研究多集中于实验论证方面，然而，在理论研究方面仍有一些问题有待完善。如增益介质结构缺陷与材料光热损伤之间的联系、掺杂离子在介质中的浓度分布及偏析的影响、不同种类及浓度的离子掺杂对介质固溶度的影响等方面，皆需要建立有效的理论模型。其次，在模拟太阳光泵浦方面，需要基于准确的数据信息才能实现系统设计的最优化，且光学结构设计的复杂性也使得软件模拟需要考虑更多的参数，增大了模拟结果与实验结果的差异性。总的来说，基于太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的理论完善仍然处于初步探索阶段，只有不断完善相关理论体系，并以此进一步指导优化实验，才能从本质上推动太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的长远发展。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(2) 在太阳光收集方面，阳光收集光学系统的选择及设计依旧是泵浦能量密度提升的关键。尽管目前关于太阳光功率密度提升研究方面取得了一定进展，但总体来看，受透镜材质及加工等因素限制，光收集效率仍然较低，特别是环境因素(如大风环境、云彩遮挡等)极易对太阳光收集稳定性造成不利影响，导致软件模拟结果与实际情况存在较大偏差。此外，目前的太阳光泵浦固体激光器的体积远大于LD泵浦固体激光器，导致其难以精确控制光汇聚参数，不利于精确聚焦，且成本高昂。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(3) 在泵浦方式的选择方面，如前所述，端面泵浦容易产生较低的光束质量，侧面泵浦不利于实现激光收集效率提升。尽管端-侧混合泵浦方式能够在一定程度上缓解上述问题，但该泵浦方式容易产生较高的热应力，特别是在高功率激光运转情况下，较高的热应力极易使增益介质产生热透镜效应，使激光束变宽，降低输出功率。因此，为了实现高光束质量、高收集效率及高亮度太阳光泵浦固体激光输出，需要在上述泵浦方式的基础上进一步优化其结构设计，意义重大。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(4) 在激光增益介质方面：①激光单晶是太阳光泵浦固体激光器最常用增益介质，但单晶制备过程复杂且无法实现高浓度均匀掺杂。尽管透明陶瓷能够克服单晶缺陷且易于调控尺寸，但由于受陶瓷制备工艺水平限制，当前陶瓷介质仍存在较大的散射损耗，极大地制约了其实际激光应用。因此，实现增益介质的制备工艺优化，是实现高质量太阳光泵浦固体激光输出的基础。②由于太阳光的能量密度远低于二极管泵浦光，因此实现对太阳光的有效吸收是实现高质量太阳光泵浦固体激光输出的前提。如前所述，Cr离子能够高效吸收可见光能量，但Cr离子的+3价态可控是目前实现Cr离子掺杂增益介质性能优化的最大瓶颈。截至目前，鲜有高浓度Cr离子掺杂增益介质的有效价态调控报道。③能够充分适应严苛的宇宙环境是太阳光泵浦固体激光器实现空天应用的前提。由于宇宙空间中存在大量紫外线及高能射线，其极易导致增益介质产生大量缺陷及色心，不利于激光输出。因此，如何充分调控增益介质制备工艺以实现其有效电荷补偿，或采用多功能复合结构增益介质设计使其对高能射线造成有效屏蔽，进而充分克服高能射线的不利影响，是实现太阳光泵浦固体激光器实际空天应用的重点和难点。④只有制备大尺寸激光增益介质才能充分实现其与汇聚光斑尺寸匹配。由于技术条件限制，单晶难以实现大尺寸制备。尽管透明陶瓷介质的尺寸取决于模具大小，但实现其大尺寸制备仍然存在许多技术难题，主要体现在烧结时受热不均匀，造成烧结收缩不一致甚至开裂。因此需要进一步优化陶瓷粉体流动性及分散性，以增加陶瓷素坯的微观均匀性，提升陶瓷质量。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s6" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着固体激光技术的蓬勃发展，太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器在未来具有不可估量的应用潜力。因此，不断优化太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器收集器件及设计方式、积极探索高效聚光模式以及充分提升增益介质性能，是推进太阳光直接泵浦固体激光技术长远发展的关键。其中，实现增益介质品质的本质提升是重中之重，其对于提升太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器输出功率、提高太阳光转化效率、优化光束质量及光谱调控至关重要。透明陶瓷作为新一代固体激光器增益介质，其在大尺寸制备、掺杂设计及结构设计等方面相对单晶及玻璃介质具有明显优势。可见，实现透明陶瓷介质品质的本质提升，是达成上述目标的关键。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在激光输出功率提升方面，其核心在于采用具有大尺寸、低散射损耗、高热导率的增益介质。如前所述，透明陶瓷的尺寸仅取决于成型模具大小，使其成为高功率固体激光器增益介质的优良选择。然而，大尺寸陶瓷成型时的颗粒分布不均匀容易导致差异烧结，使陶瓷烧结收缩不一致甚至出现裂纹，降低陶瓷质量。因此，采用先进造粒手段进一步优化陶瓷粉体的流动性及均匀性，同时合理调控陶瓷烧结制度以减小陶瓷烧结时产生的热应力，尽可能实现陶瓷的均一致密化，是提升大尺寸透明陶瓷性能的关键。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在太阳光转化效率提升方面，其核心在于尽可能提升太阳辐射能吸收量及能量转化效率，因此需要在掺杂技术上有所突破。透明陶瓷可通过Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等离子掺杂，在光谱调控的同时实现对太阳光的高效率吸收及能量传递。以Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂石榴石基透明陶瓷为例，由于太阳光的能量密度远低于二极管泵浦光，因此只有在宽泛的Cr-Nd离子掺杂浓度下，才能够高效吸收太阳光能量，从而实现其高效能级匹配以促进陶瓷光转化效率提升。单晶受分凝系数的限制难以实现高浓度离子掺杂，而陶瓷中的“晶界效应”能够在一定程度上释放不对称晶格取代产生的应力，有利于提高离子掺杂浓度从而提升陶瓷对太阳光的吸收量。尽管高浓度Cr离子掺杂有利于充分吸收太阳光，但过高离子掺杂浓度也将不可避免地导致浓度猝灭甚至晶界偏析，降低光转化效率及陶瓷光学质量。因此，对于透明陶瓷介质，需要从晶界效应、浓度猝灭到其中的相互作用机理等方面展开多层次、多角度的深入研究，建立组分掺杂与太阳光能量的吸收量-转化效率之间的规律和关联性，最终实现其光转化效率的本质提升。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在光束质量提升及光谱调控方面，其核心在于在材料结构上有所突破。透明陶瓷可充分利用其制备工艺灵活的优势，实现波导、包芯、长条以及碟片等结构设计，充分缓解单一块体结构介质在激光运转中产生的受热不均现象，有利于在极端环境下实现稳定激光输出，这是单晶及玻璃介质均无法比拟的。因此，下一步工作需要在实现高质量单一结构陶瓷制备的基础上，积极探索复合结构透明陶瓷成型工艺，实现接触面高强度契合的复合结构透明陶瓷制备。其重点在于探索透明陶瓷在烧结过程中的各种机制，充分消除气孔和缺陷等各种散射源，制备出光学性能和物理性能优异的复合结构透明陶瓷，进而提升太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器激光光束质量。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，我国在太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器的研究方面与国际先进领域虽然存在较大差距，但随着我国在该方面研究的投入不断加大，科研工作不断深入，我们有理由相信，我国在太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器实现高质量激光输出方面必将取得重大突破，使其在军民应用中造福人类的愿景成为现实。" } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "b1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "SUN Q, LEE T, BERESNA M, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".. 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