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面向器件化的激光照明用荧光材料设计——简评与展望
| 更新时间：2023-01-17
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面向器件化的激光照明用荧光材料设计——简评与展望 增强出版
- Application-oriented design of Phosphors for Laser Lighting——Mini Review and Outlook
- 发光学报 2023年 null卷 第null期 (2023)
- 作者机构：河南理工大学，物理与电子信息学院,河南,焦作,454000
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：国家自然科学基金(51802083);河南省自然科学基金(222300420448)
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20220382 中图分类号：
-
网络出版日期：2023-01-17，
收稿日期：2022，
修回日期：2022，
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引用本文
陈鑫溶,刘丙国,徐坚.面向器件化的激光照明用荧光材料设计[J].发光学报,
CHEN Xin-rong,LIU Bing-guo,XU Jian.Application-oriented design of Phosphors for Laser Lighting ——Mini Review and Outlook[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,
陈鑫溶,刘丙国,徐坚.面向器件化的激光照明用荧光材料设计[J].发光学报, DOI：10.37188/CJL.20220382
CHEN Xin-rong,LIU Bing-guo,XU Jian.Application-oriented design of Phosphors for Laser Lighting ——Mini Review and Outlook[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence, DOI：10.37188/CJL.20220382
面向器件化的激光照明用荧光材料设计——简评与展望 增强出版
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"data": "激光照明用荧光材料已成为固态照明领域的研究热点。随着相关研究的不断深入和细化，科研人员对于荧光材料的认知也在不断提升。然而，现有激光照明用荧光材料的设计和研究思路在很大程度上仍受到wLED产业的影响，在材料器件化的过程中会存在种种问题。本文旨在从工程应用角度出发，探讨激光照明用荧光材料应具备的核心特性。首先简述荧光材料应用于激光照明和大功率wLED场景下的区别；其次指出一些现有荧光材料设计和表征中存在的误区；再次归纳荧光材料在面向激光照明应用时的设计规则及其机理；然后，介绍一些商用荧光材料的设计和封装方案，并探讨几种潜力较好的材料设计和制备方案；最后，展望相关研究的发展趋势。"
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"data": "。与LED不同的是，激光二极管（laser diode, LD）在很大的驱动电流范围内不存在“efficiency droop”问题。该特性意味着LD理论上可实现远高于LED的峰值光输出功率和功率密度。因此，基于蓝光LD激发荧光材料的荧光转换型白光激光二极管（phosphor-converted white laser diode, pc-wLD）技术为实现超高亮度固态光源提供了可能"
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"data": "与pc-wLED类似的是，荧光材料是pc-wLD的核心组件，决定了光源的能量效率和光度/色度性质。pc-wLED与pc-wLD的主流白光生成方案均基于蓝光激发荧光材料，因此二者所用的荧光材料在化合物体系和光谱特性上具有一定的相似性。例如基于Y"
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"data": "（β-SiAlON∶Eu）等化合物体系的荧光材料在两种场景中均被广泛报道和应用"
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"data": "。与pc-wLED不同的是，荧光材料应用于pc-wLD时需额外考虑“光饱和”、“热饱和”以及“光斑扩展”三个问题。光饱和是指在较高密度光子激发下，荧光材料中处于基态的电子会较多的被激发并在一段时间内处于激发态，导致可被入射光激发的基态电子较少，后续入射光无法被有效吸收而影响荧光强度。热饱和是指材料吸收的蓝光能量部分以热的形式释放，加之材料的热猝灭效应，引发热逃逸现象导致荧光强度骤降。“光饱和”与“热饱和”在现象上均会限制材料在激光激发下的峰值荧光强度，因而也被合并称为“荧光饱和”或“发光饱和”。材料处于荧光强度峰值时对应的激光功率或功率密度，称为材料的荧光饱和阈值"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "11",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R11",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11"
}
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],
"rid": [
"R4",
"R5",
"R6",
"R7",
"R8",
"R9",
"R10",
"R11"
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"text": "4-11",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。因此，荧光材料具备较高的饱和阈值，是pc-wLD实现高亮度的必要条件"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "6",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "10",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "10"
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]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R6",
"R7",
"R8",
"R9",
"R10"
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"text": "6-10",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "25",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R25",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "25"
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"rid": [
"R16",
"R17",
"R18",
"R19",
"R20",
"R21",
"R22",
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"text": "16-25",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
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}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。但需要指出的是，荧光材料仅具备高饱和阈值并不足以获得高亮度"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "11",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R11",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11"
}
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "14",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R14",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "14"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R11",
"R12",
"R13",
"R14"
],
"text": "11-14",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，光斑限域对于实现高亮度同等重要。光源的亮度或光亮度（luminance）是指其在给定方向上单位面积的发光强度"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "15",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R15",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "15"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。因此，高亮度光源的发光面积不宜过大。入射激光的光斑可小至微米级，但材料的高透光率和全内反射现象会造成材料内部的荧光难以逃逸出基体，导致实际的荧光光斑显著大于激光光斑"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "11",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R11",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "14",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R14",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "14"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R11",
"R12",
"R13",
"R14"
],
"text": "11-14",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。例如一些基于YAG∶Ce的荧光材料，荧光光斑尺寸可达入射激光光斑的数倍。因此，pc-wLD荧光材料还需考虑其“光斑尺寸限制能力”，即光斑限域。后文将展开讨论通过材料成分调配和微结构设计来应对光饱和、热饱和以及光斑扩展的方法。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3 荧光材料的表征偏差"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s3"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "LD具有优异的方向性和高光输出功率密度，作为激发源与LED存在明显差异。因此，对应的表征手段也需要做出调整。现阶段，pc-wLD用荧光材料的表征很大程度上仍沿用pc-wLED荧光材料的表征手段。该现状造成测试结果并不能直接反应材料在pc-wLD中的性能。主要体现在以下几个方面："
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（1）测试结果无法体现“亮度”。相较于pc-wLED，pc-wLD的核心优势是高亮度。因此，表征材料性能时需要能体现其对亮度（单位面积的发光强度）或者光出射度（单位面积的光通量）的贡献。包括笔者在内的一些研究人员在早期并未意识到这一点，将表征和讨论的重心放在峰值光通量和流明效率上。例如，笔者报道了一种基于LuAG:Ce的玻璃荧光粉（phosphor-in-glass-film, PiGF）涂层，峰值光通量达约5 500 lm。而实际上由于激光光斑较大，其峰值光出射度仅约310 lm/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，并未明显优于当前LED的300 lm/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "8",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R8",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "8"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "9",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R9",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "9"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R8",
"R9"
],
"text": "8-9",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "26",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R26",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "26"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。因此，在荧光材料的表征中需更多的以高亮度或高光出射度为出发点。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（2）样品位置问题。荧光材料应用于pc-wLD有透射和反射两种方案，均为单面发光。因此在材料表征时，单面发光模式可以更加贴近材料的实际应用场景，所得到的流明效率和峰值亮度也更具备指导意义。在一些研究中，材料被置于积分球中部以收集各个方向的发光"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "27",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R27",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "27"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "28",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R28",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "28"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R27",
"R28"
],
"text": "27-28",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。该方案可测得一个相对较高的流明效率和较低的饱和阈值（散热困难）。作为基础研究手段，该方案可用于探索材料转换效率的上限。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（3）反射式样品的测试方案问题。相较于透射式，反射式的样品测试相对比较复杂。反射式最突出的优点是激光辐射点或者发热点靠近热沉，可以较好地散热，获得相对较高的饱和阈值。而在实际的测试中，反射式的测试往往受到样品固定方式的影响。例如，将材料固定在热沉上最简单常用的方式是利用导热胶粘接。但导热胶自身往往会吸光而转变为强热源，导致材料的饱和阈值大幅度降低。解决方案主要有三种：（i）在材料后表面镀全反射膜，避免光辐射到导热胶或者焊接层；（ii）采用高反射的热沉（如镀铝铜热沉），并对样品表面进行精细抛光，利用“光胶”将样品紧密地附着在热沉上；（iii）将薄膜样品直接镀在高反射的陶瓷基板上。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（4）饱和阈值的描述。饱和阈值通常指材料获得峰值光输出时对应的激光功率或功率密度。而在饱和阈值的描述或者对比研究中，往往会存在一些问题。例如，一些光束质量较高的单管LD，聚焦后功率密度可高于100 W/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，但光输出功率实际可能不到1 W"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；而一些多管耦合的LD模组光输出功率可高达100 W，而功率密度却远低于100 W/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "30",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R30",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "30"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。采用上述两种光源做测试得到的饱和阈值并无法直接对比。因此，研究者在描述饱和阈值时需要同时对功率和功率密度进行描述。此外，在光学系统不变的情况下，LD的空间模式会随电流增加向慢轴方向转变，造成激光光斑面积随着电流增加有类对数的变化关系。因此，对功率密度的准确描述要基于对各电流步长所对应光斑面积的精确测量。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（5）忽视光分布。在pc-wLED中，激发源蓝光LED和荧光材料在单面测试条件下均为类朗伯体发射，即各个方向亮度相同，因此pc-wLED白光光源大体上依然为保持类朗伯体发射。而LD具有明显的方向性，激发材料后依然保留一定的方向取向，该特性会大幅降低pc-wLD的出光均匀度，甚至产品的安全性。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4 荧光材料的设计：阶段总结和新思路"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s4"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "pc-wLD荧光材料的化合物体系和光谱特性已有系统的综述报道"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "31",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R31",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "31"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R31",
"R32",
"R33",
"R34"
],
"text": "31-34",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，本文不再赘述。本节将简述应对光饱和以及热饱和的方法，并展开讨论应对光斑扩展的方法和原理。在此基础上，归纳出相对新颖的材料设计思路。"
}
]
},
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"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4.1 阶段总结"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s4a"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "解决光饱和的主要方法是选取荧光寿命较短的发光中心，如荧光寿命为微秒级及以下的Eu"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和Ce"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。解决热饱和的主要方法是从“降低产热”和“提高散热”两方面入手，对应的解决方案分别是提高内量子效率（internal quantum efficiency, IQE）、增加材料的热导率以及开发热猝灭低的材料"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R35",
"R36",
"R37"
],
"text": "35-37",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。其中，提高热导率最直观朴素的思路是提高材料的致密度和与高热导率材料复合（Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、AlN等）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
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}
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"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "39",
"type": "bibr",
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "39"
}
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}
}
],
"rid": [
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"R39"
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"text": "38-39",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。此外，色轮高速旋转可在不增加发光面积的情况下，将热负载分散到一个环带状区域，也是有效缓解热饱和的方法。值得注意的是，对于荧光寿命较长的材料（Mn"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "4+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "）"
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "40",
"type": "bibr",
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"data": "40"
}
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"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "42",
"type": "bibr",
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{
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"data": "，利用合适的激光脉冲频率配合合适的色轮转速，其光饱和也有望得到缓解。"
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"data": "荧光材料对光斑尺寸限制能力的研究仍处于早期探索阶段，相关的研究报道较少"
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"name": "text",
"data": "。比较有代表性的工作包括：厦门大学团队在2019年发现通过引入和控制气孔提高散射系数可有效限制光斑尺寸，且随着气孔引入量的增加，光斑尺寸呈减小趋势"
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"data": "13"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。笔者团队在2020年与丹麦技术大学团队合作搭建了更加完善的光斑测试系统，随后开展了一系列研究工作"
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"data": ","
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"name": "text",
"data": "。利用该系统，团队对多种荧光材料的光斑限制能力展开了系统性的评估，进一步探索了多个微结构参数对材料光斑限制能力与发光效率的影响。基于实验测试信息，与光斑尺寸限制相关的研究存在一个亟待解决的关键机理问题，即为什么引入和控制气孔（或其他散射源）可以限制光斑尺寸？以强散射源气孔为例，笔者系统总结出了其在荧光材料中限制光斑尺寸的作用机理。在多孔YAG:Ce中，当光线与（空气/基质）界面法线夹角"
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"data": "= arcsin（n"
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"data": "/n））时，荧光（"
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"data": " "
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"data": [
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"data": "θ"
}
]
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "时，荧光（"
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"data": "2"
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]
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"data": "）被反射回基体的概率较大，如"
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"data": "（a）。多数荧光材料由于折射率高（如YAG在550 nm折射率高于1.8）导致"
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"data": "较小，大量荧光在基体中发生严重的全内反射（total internal reflection, TIR）而难以逃逸出基体，导致光斑显著变大，如"
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"type": "fig",
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"data": "（b）。因此，限制荧光光斑尺寸的本质是让荧光尽可能多的在激光光斑附近逃逸出基体。笔者发现，荧光材料引入的气孔可分为两类：（i）表面开放气孔，（ii）基体闭合气孔，如"
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"data": "（c）（d）所示。对应的SEM图片如"
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"text": "图1",
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（e）（f）所示。两种形式的气孔分别对应两种作用机理。其中，表面气孔的作用机理可看作是通过表面图形化的方式来抑制TIR，进而提高激光光斑附近"
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{
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"data": "的出光率，实现对荧光光斑尺寸的限制，如"
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"text": "图1",
"type": "fig",
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"data": "除抑制TIR外，荧光材料实现光斑限制还需对横向（水平）传播分量较大（"
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"data": "以及附近角度）的荧光进行约束。依据经典光学传播衰减理论，散射可使原传播方向上的光强减弱，并遵循如下规律："
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]
},
{
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"data": "。基于以上探讨，解耦表面气孔和体气孔分别如何影响荧光的传播和逃逸过程成为该领域的一个研究方向。"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "材料的厚度通过影响材料的吸收、重吸收、散热和光程来影响材料在激光辐射下的流明效率、饱和阈值、峰值光通量以及光斑限域，进而影响pc-wLD的亮度和配光后的光束质量。大量研究表明，在保证蓝光吸收率的前提下，降低材料的厚度可显著提高材料的饱和阈值和流明效率。例如肖特（SCHOTT AG）公司团队报道，YAG:Ce陶瓷厚度从225 μm降低到100 μm后，饱和阈值提高~73%（~11 W → ~19 W），峰值相对强度提高~56%（~430 → ~670）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。厦门大学团队报道，厚度100 μm的YAG:Ce/Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "流明效率比厚度250 μm的对照组高~50%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。此外，笔者团队报道CASN:Eu的PiGF（厚度~30 μm）的流明效率（~81 lm/W）和饱和阈值（10 W/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "）均显著高于类似组分的（厚度"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ">"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "100 μm）陶瓷和PiG块体（低于50 lm/W和5 W/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "6",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "较薄的荧光材料具备优异性能的原因可归纳为：（ⅰ）薄材料发热中心离热沉的距离较小，利于快速散热以缓解热饱和；（ⅱ）薄材料的发光在基体内光路较短，重吸收弱，因此发光效率高，产热少；（ⅲ）薄材料的发光在基体内光路较短，撞击空气/基体界面的概率高，进而逃逸出基体的概率也较高，因此发光效率较高。厚度理论上对光斑扩展也有一定影响，目前相关的报道较少，规律性不明显，有待进一步研究。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "值得注意的是，一些陶瓷和单晶由于自身的脆性，厚度难以加工到100 μm以下。潜在的解决方案是将材料背面金属化后，直接焊接（如金锡共晶）在热沉上。合适的焊接承托可降低脆性材料的加工难度。此外，一些高反射金属化涂层（如Ag）在作为焊接过渡层的同时，也可作为全反射层来提高材料的出光率。值得注意的是一“薄”遮百丑这一规律更多出现在反射模式下"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。北京科技大学团队发现在透射模式下，在0.2 mm到1.2 mm范围内，较厚的陶瓷有着较高的饱和阈值，但材料的效率总体不高（"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "<"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "100 lm/W），色温也随着厚度增加偏离了白光"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "51",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R51",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "51"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。该案例下，热量需要在达到热沉前，在材料中沿着平行于热沉的方向传播一段距离，该方向厚材料拥有更大的散热面积，进而拥有更好的饱和阈值。如何在效率、色温和阈值之间取得平衡有待进一步研究。例如，高厚度低掺杂浓度情况下，是否可在阈值和色温之间取得平衡？"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（2）材料烧结：未必要致密"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "材料致密度高意味着有较高的热导率，使材料在激光辐射下具备更好的散热能力，进而获得更高的饱和阈值。但当致密度达到一定数值时，该策略显示出显著的“边际递减效应”。例如加州大学圣巴巴拉分校团队报道的YAG:Ce/Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "中，相对密度97%的样品并没有表现出比相对密度91%的样品更低的工作温度，但却需要更加冗长复杂的合成条件"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "21",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R21",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "21"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。更重要的是，高致密度往往意味着高透光率，样品往往需要更厚才能获得与低致密度样品等同的光吸收。而厚度的提升很大程度上会降低材料的性能。例如致密的数百微米厚的PiG片材在效率和阈值两方面总体上均大幅低于低致密度的数十微米厚的PiGF。此外，高致密度带来的高透光率同样会在光斑限域和光均匀度两方面降低材料的性能。值得注意的是，材料的致密度过低同样也会大幅降低材料的阈值。因此，通过设计选取合适的致密度，使得材料在阈值、效率、发光均匀度以及工艺难度等方面取得平衡，是该领域的一个重要研究方向。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（3）做足“表面”文章"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "主流的化合物体系中，结晶和缺陷控制良好的荧光材料总体都可将吸收的蓝光高效地转换为其他波段的荧光，但实际的IQE和流明效率却未必达到理想的数值。其中一个主要的原因就是（块体）材料的高折射率，由此产生的TIR降低了光提取（light extraction）效率，导致大量荧光以及未被吸收的激光被反射回基体。该部分光的较大部分将被重吸收或从侧面逃逸出基体而无法被利用，导致实际效率未达预期。通过表面图案化的方式来抑制TIR，进而提高材料在被激发区域附近的出光率，可在提高实际器件效率的同时，有效抑制光斑尺寸，进而显著提高亮度"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "52",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R52",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "52"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "54",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R54",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "54"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R52",
"R53",
"R54"
],
"text": "52-54",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。此外，表面图案化也有望改善由于材料的高透过率而造成的激光和荧光光分布不均匀的情况，使光源光分布更加接近朗伯体发射。江苏师范大学和中科院上硅所团队初步探索了表面抛光对材料发光效率的影响，均发现单面抛光的样品在效率上最优"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "55",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R55",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "55"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "56",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R56",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "56"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R55",
"R56"
],
"text": "55-56",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。上述研究是非常有意义的尝试，下一步需要针对表面形貌开展更加精细的控制和微结构量化，以揭示表面微结构对荧光材料出光效率的影响规律。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在LED领域，基于氮化镓体系的芯片折射率较高（n "
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ">"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " 2.5），同样会导致严重的TIR。基于表面图案化抑制TIR的技术已大规模应用于LED芯片制造领域，相关的成熟经验可指导荧光材料表面微结构的设计。目前，基于锥状、岛状、柱状、倒梯形状等形态的表面图案化研究在LED芯片制造领域已被广泛报道"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "43",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R43",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "43"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R45",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "45"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R43",
"R44",
"R45"
],
"text": "43-45",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "52",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R52",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "52"
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]
}
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "54",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R54",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "54"
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"rid": [
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"R53",
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"type": "bibr"
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},
{
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"data": "]"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。韩国全北国立大学团队报道了一种双层的表面处理方案，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）所示"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "55",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R55",
"data": [
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"data": "55"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。岛状的氧化铟锡（ITO）薄膜可以起到掩膜的作用，通过酸蚀在芯片表面做出类柱状的图案；然后在图案上进一步做出岛状的ITO薄膜，这两步对应的扫描电镜界面图分别如"
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"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）和（c）所示。该双层薄膜的设计方案相较于未表面处理的方案和单层ITO表面处理的方案，电光转换效率（wall-plug efficiency）分别提升了约40%和22%。其光学原理图如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（d）所示。该提升幅度非常可观，相关表面处理技术和理论在荧光材料领域具备较大的研究价值。"
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"data": "双层薄膜的制备原理图（a）及其对应的截面SEM（b、c），（d）为其光提取增强原理图"
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"title": [
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"data": "The preparation schematic diagram of the double-layer film （a） Its cross-section SEM （b， c）， （d） Schematic diagram of its light extraction enhancement"
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"data": "5 商用荧光材料设计与封装案例"
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"type": "fig",
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"data": "（a）为日亚（Nichia）团队2015年报道的pc-wLD模组的结构图和实物照片。该方案采用透射模式。基于YAG:Ce单晶或陶瓷的荧光材料被切割成较小尺寸（直径0.65 mm），并镶嵌在刚玉基板中。刚玉基板附着材料侧面可为材料提供相对较大的散热面积，同时可有效起到光斑限域的作用。该方案最大的优势在于尺寸小（器件直径9.5 mm）、散热较好以及发光面积小（0.33 mm"
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{
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"data": "），光出射度和亮度分别达830 lm/mm"
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"data": "2"
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{
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"data": "和270 cd/mm"
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{
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"data": "2["
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"data": {
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"data": "57"
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"data": "；此外，YAG:Ce发光材料用量较少，物料成本较低。但该方案需要将激光聚焦到较小的区域并准确地激发材料，对LD初始的光束质量、光斑状态、材料加工精度以及器件的装配精度都提出较高的要求，制造成本较高。值得注意的是，由于此方案对LD初始光束质量要求较高，往往只能采用单管LD作为激发源，限制了其输出功率。因此，该方案主要用于汽车远光辅助和手电等小功率器件。"
}
]
},
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"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "日亚商业化白光光源结构示意图（a）和实拍照片（b）"
},
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"data": [
{
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"data": "［"
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"data": {
"text": "57",
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"data": "57"
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"data": "］"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic structure diagram of white light source of Nichia （a） Live photos （b） "
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "［"
},
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"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
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}
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"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
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"data": "."
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]
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "SLD Laser公司发布了一种基于表面组装（Surface Mount Device, SMD）的白光光源芯片，其封装结构如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）所示"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "58",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R58",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "58"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。该方案采用反射式激发，激发模式如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）所示。该方案中，荧光材料和LD芯片被集成化封装在同一块基板上，且材料紧贴芯片，极大地简化了光学结构，使得整个器件的尺寸大幅降低（表面 7 × 7 mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "），实物如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c）所示。据报道，该光源可在300 μm的光斑内发出500 lm的光，亮度超过1000 cd/mm"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。值得注意的是，该方案的亮度远超日亚方案亮度（270 cd/mm"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "），主要原因可能为：（1）反射模式材料封装具备较好的散热以及效率；（2）SMD封装具备更高的集成度和初始光束质量。与日亚方案一致的是，SLD的方案也是基于单管LD激发，虽然具备优良的亮度，但总功率和总光输出较低，多用于小型光源器件。"
}
]
},
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{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "SLD Laser公司的表面组装白光激光光源器件结构图（a）反射式激发示意图（b）以及光源实拍照片（c）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "［"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "58",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R58",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "58"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic structure diagram of surface mounted white laser light source of SLD Laser （a） Reflective excitation diagram （b） Light source live photos （c）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "［"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "58",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R58",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "58"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "肖特公司发布了一种用于大功率光源器件的荧光材料模组，该模组为反射式封装，其实物照片和封装结构如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）和（b）所示。YAG:Ce陶瓷的上表面有抗反射（anti-reflection, AR）涂层以提高蓝光吸收和荧光出光。Ag涂层起到反射层和金属化焊接过渡层的作用，焊接层将样品封接在铜热沉上以保证散热性能。得益于优良的光学和热学设计，当陶瓷片厚度为100 μm时，该方案峰值亮度超过2800 cd/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。在合适的收集孔径下，该光源平均亮度依然可达1200 cd/mm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。值得注意的是，该方案的峰值光通量超过5000 lm，适用于激光电视、舞台灯、广场灯等多种大功率器件"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
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]
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},
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "肖特公司报道的反射式荧光模组实物照片（a）和封装方案结构图（b）"
},
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"data": [
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"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
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"data": "49"
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "The module photos of reflective phosphors of Schott（a） Structure diagram of encapsulation scheme （b）"
},
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"data": [
{
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"data": "［"
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
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]
}
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6 有产业化潜力的设计和制备方案"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s6"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "目前，已产业化的材料主要为陶瓷和PiGF。PiGF可通过丝网印刷技术实现低成本的批量生产。但由于玻璃本身的低热导率（~1 W/m·K），造成PiGF的饱和阈值总体低于陶瓷和单晶。陶瓷形态发光材料的制备往往需要用到高温、高压、高真空度等条件，在量产化和制造成本上面临挑战。本节将着重介绍两种在性能、成本和量产化三方面有潜力取得均衡的材料设计和制备方法。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（1）基于激光悬浮区熔法制备陶瓷片材。"
}
]
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "激光悬浮区熔法（laser-floating-zone-melting, LFZM）是诞生于上世纪60年代的一种晶体生长和定向凝固技术。近年，西北工业大学团队利用LFZM技术展开了一系列基于YAG:Ce/Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "荧光材料的研究。据报道，LFZM利用大功率CO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "激光器将材料预制棒熔化，利用下端抽拉使得熔融区定向凝固，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "59",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R59",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "59"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "60",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R60",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "60"
}
]
}
}
],
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"R60"
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"text": "59-60",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。LFZM制备荧光材料有以下显著的优势：（1）熔融区的氧化物处于液态，表面张力可约束其流动，可不与坩埚接触，从源头上避免了传统陶瓷制备技术中常见的“铁”和“碳”残留造成的样品污染；（2）与真空烧结和热压烧结技术相比，LFZM的加热区域仅为激光光斑附近的一小块区域，大幅降低生产过程能耗；（3）LFZM具备极高的生产效率，制备直径3 mm长度50 mm的YAG:Ce/Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "陶瓷棒的热处理时间可低至20 min（从开始抽真空到取样），样品实物照片如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）；（4）LFZM方法中的温度梯度高达10"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/cm数量级，可在保证高凝固速率的同时，使材料具备精细复杂的空间微结构，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c），进而获得较高的散射调控灵活度，因此理论上具备较强的光斑限制能力。LFZM的缺点是材料的直径被限制在4 mm以下，考虑到实际激发激光的光斑尺寸往往小于1 mm，该缺点在激光照明场景并不严重。此外，基于LFZM方法制备的YAG:Ce/Al"
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"data": "2"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
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"data": [
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"data": "3"
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "本身具备较高的IQE（"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ">"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "90%）和热导率（"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ">"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "20 W/m·K），结合上述在微结构和制备工艺上的显著优势，使其在大功率激光照明领域具备一定的的产业潜力。"
}
]
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "激光悬浮区熔实验原理图和材料反应照片（a）不同激光位移速度下的晶棒照片（b）典型样品的截面SEM照片（c）"
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"data": [
{
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"data": "［"
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"name": "blockXref",
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
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"data": "59"
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"data": "-"
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},
{
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"data": "。"
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"label": [
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of LFZM experiment and photos of material reaction （a） Photos of crystal bars at different laser displacement rates （b） The cross-section SEM of typical sample（c）"
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"type": "bibr",
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},
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"data": "（2）超声喷雾热解法制备陶瓷薄膜。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "超声喷雾热解法（Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis, USP）是一种将前驱体超声雾化后沉积成膜的一种薄膜制备技术。如"
},
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"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "（a）。USP制备氧化物陶瓷荧光薄膜（ceramic-phosphor-film, CPF）无需高压和真空环境，可实现大面积一次成膜。因此，利用USP制备的CPF显示出较好的产业化前景。值得注意的是，USP的生长速度一般低于1 μm/min，慢于LFZM的生长速度。但USP制备CPF可精准地控制厚度，且可大面积一次成膜，简化了后续材料切削加工的流程。结合这一特性，实际上USP与LFZM在量产性上处于同一水平。东北大学团队报道了利用USP制备LuAG:Ce体系陶瓷薄膜。典型样品的厚度、表面形貌以及实物照片如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "61",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R61",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "61"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。该工作验证了该方案可制备致密、均匀和附着力良好的CPF。相较于PiGF，CPF具备更好的散热和稳定性，有潜力应用于较大功率的激光照明器件。"
}
]
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "超声喷雾热解实验装置原理图（a）典型样品的厚度测试数据，插图为典型样品的表面形貌和实拍照片（b）"
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"data": "61"
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"name": "text",
"data": "。"
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"label": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.7"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of ultrasonic spray deposition experimental setup （a） Thickness test data and surface morphology and live photos of typical samples （b）"
},
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"data": [
{
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"data": "［"
},
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"data": {
"text": "61",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R61",
"data": [
{
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"data": "61"
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"data": "."
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "需要指出的是，基于LFZM和USP制备的荧光陶瓷材料虽然理论上具备一定的产业化前景，但其在激光辐射下的发光特性以及微结构设计与优化仍需进一步系统研究。此外，上述方案的初期设备投入较高。考虑其明显产量优势，该两种方案依然具备可观的前景。"
}
]
}
]
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"data": [
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"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "7 总结与展望"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s7"
}
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "7.1 现阶段研究中的机遇与挑战"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s7a"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2015年至2020年期间，激光照明用荧光材料的研究重点主要集中在提高材料的饱和阈值上。随着相关研究的不断深入与细化，人们逐渐发现，具备高饱和阈值的荧光材料并不能确保激光照明器件具备高亮度。因此，今后激光照明用荧光材料的研究重点应能体现材料性能和亮度之间的关系。在此，本文将从实验思路、表征技术以及材料设计策略等方面进行总结。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "实验思路与表征技术："
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（1）激光照明若无法在亮度上大幅高于LED，将无法与其竞争。因此，激光照明的实验设计和表征，应以实现高亮度为最高优先级。因此，实验上需要获得材料激发后的峰值光通量和对应的发光面积。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（2）材料样品的放置应尽量遵循实际器件形态，否则测试性能将明显偏离工程应用。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（3）反射式测试应尽量避免基板、热沉以及导热胶对激光和荧光的吸收。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（4）激光功率、功率密度、光斑尺寸（甚至形状）对材料饱和阈值都有显著的影响，对比饱和阈值时应避免单一指标。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（5）光分布的测试对激光照明较为重要。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "最新的材料设计策略："
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（1）一“薄”遮百丑：在保证吸收率的前提下，反射式材料设计应尽可能的薄，这样材料的发光效率和器件的峰值亮度都将显著提升。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（2）未必要致密：荧光材料引入合适的散射源，可在不牺牲发光效率的前提下，有效地实现光斑限域，同时改善蓝光和荧光的混合均匀度，最终可在亮度和发光均匀度两方面提高器件性能。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（3）做足“表面”文章：通过表面处理提高光提取率已在LED行业被广泛应用，在荧光材料领域将有较大应用潜力。"
}
]
}
]
},
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"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "7.2 研究展望"
}
],
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"id": "s7b"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "立足于实际应用，激光照明用荧光材料的未来研究重点包括但不限于以下方面："
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（1）阐明成分、结构、形貌等基础材料参数与实际亮度之间的关系。例如YAG:Ce中，Ce"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂浓度将直接影响热猝灭、浓度猝灭、热导率、荧光寿命、光斑尺寸等一系列参数，而这些参数又将直接或间接影响到器件的发光效率和亮度。因此，阐明材料基础参数与器件亮度之间的关系对于激光照明的发展具有重要意义。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（2）将材料研究进一步与镀膜技术结合，如抗反膜、全反膜、截止膜等。并将材料研究与焊接技术结合，如金属化后的金锡共晶焊，或者金属陶瓷直接焊接等。此外将材料研究与散热技术结合，如热电材料，或者将材料与半球透镜耦合，实现“发光-聚光-散热”模块的一体化。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（3）对表面形貌进行精确控制和定量研究，阐明形貌对光提取、光斑尺寸以及亮度的影响规律。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（4）研发兼具高热导率、低热猝灭、低荧光寿命的荧光材料，可从根本上解决目前面临的大多数问题。"
}
]
}
]
}
]
}
],
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"text": "CHEN Xin-rong,LIU Bing-guo,XU Jian.Application-oriented design of Phosphors for Laser Lighting ——Mini Review and Outlook[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,DOI:10.37188/CJL.20220382"
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河南理工大学 物理与电子信息学院
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