包含Mn²⁺离子的钙钛矿材料：合成，发光性质与应用 增强出版

{ "defaultlang": "en", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Perovskites Containing Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Synthesis, Luminescent Properties and Applications" } ] }, { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "包含Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的钙钛矿材料：合成，发光性质与应用" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "黄", "givenname": "大誉", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "HUANG", "givenname": "Dayu", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "Dayu Huang, Male, Guangdong prov‐ince (黄 大 誉 ，1992- ) received his BSdegree (2016) from Shandong University of Technology. He is currently pursu‐ing a PhD degree at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry and Harbin Engineering University, under the supervision of Prof. JunLin. His researchfocuses on the luminescence properties of Mn2+ doped metal halide perovskites and their applications in solid-state lighting and display. Email: dyhuang@ciac.ac.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275287&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275289&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275288&type=", "width": "25.96400070", "height": "31.99699974", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "Dayu Huang" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Male, Guangdong prov‐ince (黄 大 誉 ，1992- ) received his BSdegree (2016) from Shandong University of Technology. He is currently pursu‐ing a PhD degree at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry and Harbin Engineering University, under the supervision of Prof. JunLin. His researchfocuses on the luminescence properties of Mn2+ doped metal halide perovskites and their applications in solid-state lighting and display. Email: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "dyhuang@ciac.ac.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "dyhuang@ciac.ac.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "连", "givenname": "洪洲", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIAN", "givenname": "Hongzhou", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： jlin@ciac.ac.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： jlin@ciac.ac.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "Hongzhou Lian, Male, Jilin province( 连 洪 洲 ，1976- ), professor, his PhD degree from the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), ChineseAcademy of Sciences, in 2005. His research focuses on the Luminescent materials based on rare earths and QDs and their applications in lighteningand display fields.Email: hzlian@ciac.ac.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275290&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275292&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275291&type=", "width": "26.31675720", "height": "32.42892456", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "Hongzhou Lian" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Male, Jilin province( 连 洪 洲 ，1976- ), professor, his PhD degree from the Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), ChineseAcademy of Sciences, in 2005. His research focuses on the Luminescent materials based on rare earths and QDs and their applications in lighteningand display fields.Email: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "hzlian@ciac.ac.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "hzlian@ciac.ac.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "林", "givenname": "君", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIN", "givenname": "Jun", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： jlin@ciac.ac.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： jlin@ciac.ac.cn" } ] } ], "note": [ { "rid": "fna1", "lang": "en", "text": "黄大誉，1992-) received his BS degree (2016) from Shandong University of Technology. He is currently pursuing a PhD degree at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry and Harbin Engineering University, under the supervision of Prof. JunLin. His research focuses on the luminescence properties of Mn2+ doped metal halide perovskites and their applications in solid-state lighting and display. E-mail: dyhuang@ciac.ac.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "黄大誉，1992-) received his BS degree (2016) from Shandong University of Technology. He is currently pursuing a PhD degree at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry and Harbin Engineering University, under the supervision of Prof. JunLin. His research focuses on the luminescence properties of Mn2+ doped metal halide perovskites and their applications in solid-state lighting and display. E-mail: dyhuang@ciac.ac.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "Jun Lin, Male, Jilin province ( 林 君 ，1966- ), professor, his PhD degree fromthe Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 1995. His research focuses on the Luminescent materials based onrare earths and QDs and their applications in lightening and display fields. Multifunctional (luminescent, magnetic, prorous etc) materials for biomedical applications, such ascontrolled drugs re‐lease and targeting, bioimaging etc.Email: jlin@ciac.ac.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275293&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275295&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275294&type=", "width": "23.75295258", "height": "31.73197937", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "Jun Lin" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Male, Jilin province ( 林 君 ，1966- ), professor, his PhD degree fromthe Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 1995. His research focuses on the Luminescent materials based onrare earths and QDs and their applications in lightening and display fields. Multifunctional (luminescent, magnetic, prorous etc) materials for biomedical applications, such ascontrolled drugs re‐lease and targeting, bioimaging etc.Email: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "jlin@ciac.ac.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "jlin@ciac.ac.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": "中国科学院长春应用化学研究所， 稀土资源利用国家重点实验室， 吉林 长春　130022", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "中国科学院长春应用化学研究所， 稀土资源利用国家重点实验室， 吉林 长春　130022" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": "State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization， Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Changchun 130012， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization， Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Changchun 130012， China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is one of the most important activator ions in the family of luminescent materials. Whether as doped ions or raw materials of the host， it can improve the luminescence performance of halide perovskite. However， the driving force of the synthesis has changed， as well as the luminescence stability. This is because the binding energy and formation energy have changed， along with the thermal stability and environmental stability. The luminescence mechanism of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions is relatively distinct. Exciton emission of the host and self-trapped emission （STE） caused by transient photo-induced defects may also participate in the luminescence mechanism. In this review， we will summarize the luminescence of different types of structures of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped halide perovskites or Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " based halide perovskites， focusing on the doping driving force and doping strategy of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions." } ] } ] }, { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "锰离子是发光材料家族中最重要的激活剂离子之一。锰离子无论是作为掺杂离子还是作为基质材料，都可以提高卤化物钙钛矿的发光性能。但是合成的驱动力不同，发光稳定性也不同；由于结合能和形成能的改变，热稳定性和环境稳定性也随之改变。锰离子的发光机理相对清晰明了。基质的激子发射和瞬态光导致晶格缺陷引起的自陷态发射也可能参与锰离子的发光机制。在这篇综述中，我们将分析不同类型结构的锰掺杂卤化物钙钛矿和锰基卤化物钙钛矿的发光机理，重点是锰离子的掺杂驱动力和掺杂策略。" } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "锰离子" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "卤化物钙钛矿" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂驱动力" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂策略" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　Introduction" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The traditional perovskite compound is labeled as ABX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", where the A site ion is usually a monovalent cation, the B site ion is usually a divalent metal ion (Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Cd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Sn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "), and the X site is halogen anion. Although adjusting the halogen ion on the X lattice can change the band gap and luminescence color, it cannot reduce the lead content. The 6s and 6p orbitals of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " contribute greatly to the formation of valence band top and conduction band bottom of CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (X = Cl, Br, I or mixed halogen). The lattice position of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " plays an important role in determining its photoelectric properties. The material with the most excellent optical properties is CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Lead halide perovskite CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted much attention since its first successful synthesis in 2015 due to their excellent optical and optoelectronic properties, broad application prospects and facile preparation process, which are known as star semiconductor optoelectronic materials." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3", "R4" ], "text": "1-4", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Relevant research shows a rapid growth trend and is becoming an emerging frontier in the field of chemistry and materials science." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " As a new semiconductor material in its infancy, the challenges faced for CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals to realize the application are mainly concentrated in the following aspects:" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (1) perovskite materials are unstable in air, and the luminous efficiency decreases significantly. (2) on the premise of ensuring the best performance, the use of toxic lead is less or new lead-free perovskite materials are developed. Some corresponding work has been done to solve the above problems. Such as, coating polymer materials" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " or inorganic protective layers" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " on its outer surface, forming heterostructures" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " or composite structures," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " surface passivation" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " or processing into glass composites," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " conducting anion exchange." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " However, these improvements failed to make the luminescence stability of perovskites meet commercial requirements. The newly created lead-free perovskite materials have a low photoelectric conversion efficiency or luminescence quantum efficiency." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Excellent perovskite luminous materials are continually in demand." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Modification can reveal the material's remarkable photoelectric characteristics. Doping is an effective strategy that reduces the amount of lead, increases its stability, and regulates or improves its performance. At the same time, doping can change the energy band structure of the material." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Therefore, the best way is to dope appropriate metal ions on the B lattice to replace Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". That is, doped metal ions replace part of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " rather than adsorb on the surface of nanocrystals, so as to achieve environmentally friendly and excellent luminescence properties tuning. Usually, the key issues must be considered, such as doped ions, driving force, doping strategy and doping mechanism." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Transition metal ions are excellent dopants. Reasons were as follows: Transition metal ions’ electron configuration is d" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (0 " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": " n " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": " 10), and they have an uncompleted d shell. Based on the interaction of the d electrons with the crystal field, Tanabe and Sugano showed the energy levels resulting from such a configuration. The structure of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+ " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "with 3d" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "is a well-known typical example. The Tanabe-Sugano diagram is given in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The ground level in octahedral coordination is " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The spin and parity forbidden may apply to all optical absorption transitions. In fact, the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ion is essentially colorless. Of course, there are some Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " compounds with color. A large number of spin-sextet to spin-quartet transitions, in agreement with " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Particularly the almost converging " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "E bands are extremely small, while the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " band are somewhat broad. Since the crystal field strength changes throughout the vibration, the Tanabe-Sugano diagrams also forecast the with the ground level." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R16", "R17", "R18", "R19" ], "text": "16-19", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " It is anticipated that a narrow absorption band will occur and that changes in the crystal field have little impact on the transition energy. One should predict a broad absorption band. If the excited level slopes toward the x axis, a change in the crystal field will impact the transition energy. The above information described statements’s physical background. Let us use Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as an example. The one-electron crystal-field configuration for ground level is t" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "e" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The identical combination gives rise to the similar excited " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "E levels. As a result, the transitions " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "E should to manifest in line with experiment. Nevertheless, the levels " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " primarily come from a distinct configuration (t" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "e" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "). This configuration has an equilibrium distance that is different from t" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "e" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ground configuration because the chemical bond using a t" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " orbital differs from an e orbital. Therefore, bands of a specific width should be visible in the spectra for transitions like " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Due to charge transfers from ligand to metal, transition metal ions typically exhibit broad and intense absorption bands in the UV area." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R16", "R17", "R18", "R19" ], "text": "16-19", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The position of the broad band of emission from the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ion largely depends on the host lattice. The emission might range from deep red to bright green. This emission's decay time is on the order of milliseconds. We determine that the emission relates to the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " transition using the Tanabe-Sugano diagram. This explains all of the spectrum characteristics, including the broad band caused by varied energy level slopes, the prolonged decay period caused by the spin selection rule, and the dependence of emission color on host lattice caused by crystal field dependence. While octahedrally coordinated Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (stronger crystal field) typically emits an orange to red light, tetrahedrally coordinated Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (weak crystal field) typically emits a green light. Introducing Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " into the perovskite host will produce new luminescent properties, which will enrich the luminescent properties of the perovskite material system, improve the stability of the material, and reduce the amount of toxic element Pb. Therefore, the preparation of perovskite luminescent materials containing Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " has attracted much attention in recent years. Recently, Pradhan and Xia summarized the synthesis, properties and optoelectronic applications of doped three-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid and all inorganic lead halide perovskites." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " This review lists and categorizes the doping mechanism, doping strategy, and synthesis driving force in addition to summarizing the luminous properties of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in metal halide perovskites as both the host ion and the doped ion (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The energy levels of the d5 configuration as a function of the octahedral crystal field." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275296&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275298&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275297&type=", "width": "59.99000168", "height": "96.80200195", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Different forms of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the metal halide perovskite." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275299&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275301&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275300&type=", "width": "70.00900269", "height": "68.89800262", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　Main doping strategies and mechanisms" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　Effect of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " on optical and photoelectric properties" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In terms of the types of doped metal ions, Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ion with the same charge as Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is the most concerned. The main reasons are: (1) it has the same charge number and similar ion radius as the substituted Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which is conducive to doping (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (2) It is an independent luminous center. Its d orbit is not easily affected by the quantum confinement effect caused by particle size." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The Stokes shift is relatively large, and the self-absorption effect is small." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped nanocrystals have a long fluorescence lifetime (ms level), which is conducive to improve the efficiency of solar cells." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22, 23" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (3) Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can also act as a probe ion or a tracer ion in nanocrystals, which can be used to know whether the doping is successful or not by its emission spectrum (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b). The doping lattice can also be determined by its electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "c)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (4) The energy level from the ground state to the excited state of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " match the band structures of CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals. The energy transfer from host exciton to Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is ensured, which lays the foundation for luminescence tuning (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d and e)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24-27" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " In a different work, the dynamic energy and charge transfer processes in Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped perovskite quantum dots are mainly investigated." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Therefore, Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsPb(ClBr)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals show double emission peaks under UV excitation (band edge luminescence of perovskite and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " transition luminescence of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "). The emission wavelength can be tuned by adjusting the doping amount of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Moreover,excitation peak can also exhibit blue shift by doped Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+ " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "and improve the quantum efficiency of the CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In essence, the luminescence of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is the result of perovskite host sensitization, that is, based on CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (X = Cl, Br)→Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " energy transfer. The increase of energy transfer efficiency can further improve the luminous quantum efficiency of nanocrystals. However, the reported efficiency of energy transfer is very low. In a word, doping an appropriate amount Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions in Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice can indeed reach the purpose of tuning or improving performance, increasing its stability and reducing lead content at the same time. Trap mediation enhances the CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " luminescence thermal stability." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Some reports confirm that not all Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " compounds can enter the Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice. This is closely related to the ligand anions of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". So, the anion doped is another factor affecting effective doping. It was found that MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " could enter CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystalline lattice, but manganese acetate could not." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Liu’s group found that CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals can be obtained by thermal injection with MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and cesium oleate as reactants." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " When manganese acetate, manganese acetylacetonate or oleic acid are used to replace MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " luminescence does not appear in the material, indicating that Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " does not effectively enter the CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice. In addition, neither MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nor Mn(AC)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can be doped into CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice with Mn source, while MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can be successfully doped into CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The above results show that the type of anion of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " source is very critical when Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is doped into CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals. For this problem, when they synthesized Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals by room temperature supersaturated crystallization method with CsBr, PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", and MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as reactants, Zhu group found that the absorption peak shifted blue as the molar ratio of MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " increased from 2.0:1 to 7.5:1." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The blue shift is due to the doping of MnX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (X = Cl, Br) and increase of halogen ion content, which leads to the change of halogen content in the host, thus changing the band gap of the host. The change of band gap indirectly proves the increase of metals and halogens in nanocrystals. So, Zhu group thinks that Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " may enter the host at the same time when Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is introduced into CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals with MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as manganese source." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Another report supports this conclusion. Won Bin Im group reported Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+ " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "doping in CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-(2x+1)" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2x+1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals. It was found that the exciton emission band of the host shifted blue with the increase of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration, indicating that the Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " content increased." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " This verifies that Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and halogen enter the host lattice at the same time when Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is doped in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite. It is also worth noting that unpaired or non-covalent Cl ions are particularly important for Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In short, free Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " promotes Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " into the CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystalline lattice." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35-37" } ] } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：Mn NCs’ energy level diagram." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （b） Mn-doped and undoped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsPb（Cl/Br）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals’ photoluminescence. Photos of the sample after UV stimulation are shown in the insets. （c） Mn-doped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystal EPR spectrum." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （d） The development of CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "： Mn NCs PL energy and intensity during anion exchange. （e） PL spectra of NC samples produced by the reaction of reverse anion exchange with PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （f） Reversible cation exchange between Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in cesium lead chloride perovskite nanocrystals." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275302&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275304&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275303&type=", "width": "156.38844299", "height": "190.11380005", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Another reported experimental phenomenon contradicts this view. Zhao group found that Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " exchanged to form Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals when CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "nanocrystals coexisted in hexane (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "f)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " At this time, there is no free Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the system, so how does Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " enter the CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice? This is obviously inconsistent with the mechanism “free Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " driven Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping” proposed above. This phenomenon cannot be explained clearly. In general, although it has been found that the anion of the dopant also plays an important role in the successful doping, its mechanism of action is still unclear, which needs further experimental and theoretical research." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The photoelectric properties of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped double perovskite materials are similar to those of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Since the decomposition enthalpy of some C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " = Cu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Ag" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Au" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Tl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " = Sb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Bi" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") double perovskite is positive value, Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " double perovskite material have better stability. This is the advantages of such materials. However, there are three problems. (1) The interaction between the capping ligand and the NCs surface is not clear after the synthesis of these double perovskite NCs. (2) The washing process of double perovskite NCs has not been fully understood. (3) Polar solvents will degrade these materials and result in other problems when used to wash these materials. Many research groups are working on these problems. Manna group reported Mn-doped Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " This work demonstrated the colloidal synthesis of the first double perovskite Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs and controlled their size distribution. The bright orange emission comes from Mn doped Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs, and its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is as high as 16±4%. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy also proved that Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions exist in Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs lattice (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a-c). Xia group did similar work, which reported Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "In" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystals (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d-e). The luminescence mechanism of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " introduced into Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "In" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " was studied." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The electronic and optical properties of intense orange red luminescence in this solid solution were calculated by first-principles calculations. It is pointed out that successfully adjusting the band gap of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "In" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystal will expand the practicability of lead-free halide double perovskites in the future. In addition, Woodward group reported Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaBiCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "cubic double perovskite." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The attribution of excitation peak and emission peak was studied in detail. The " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " transition of octahedrally coordinated Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is attributed to a wide emission peak with a center wavelength of 590 nm. Peaks at 294 nm and 354 nm in the excitation spectra are caused by the 6s" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→6s" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "6p" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " excitation of Bi" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions. The emission intensity and emission peak of Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaBiCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " are also compared in order to get the best host. Similar work was reported again in 2018, but no obvious highlights were found." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Chen group reports the first example of doping Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions into NCs, which realized double emission through Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " co-doping Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgBiX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (X = Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Br" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") double perovskites via a hot injection method." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The feasibility of metal-doped lead-free double perovskite nanocrystals with direct energy gap structure has been verified. This strategy can further expand the composition space of lead-free double perovskite, change its photoelectric properties, and lay a foundation for its future application." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Mn-doped Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Nanocrystals in a double perovskite. （b） PL and PLE spectra of dispersion of 1.5% Mn-doped Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs in hexane. （c） ESR spectrum of Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs doped with 1.5% Mn." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （d） PLE and PL spectra of Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "In" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （e） Typical single crystals of Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaBiCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：0.03Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the daylight （up） and UV lamp （middle） and Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NaInCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "in the daylight （below）." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （f） B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-□-... patterns for the " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "111" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "-layered rhombohedral structure with " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "R" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "3̅" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "m" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " symmetry." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （g） Schematic illustration of the Mn–Mn coupling interaction and the PL quenching phenomenon in Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（Cd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystal lattices." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （h） Schematic representation of the relationship between layered " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "111" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "-oriented perovskites and 3D perovskites." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （i） Photograph of Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystals under ambient light （top） and UV light （bottom）." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275305&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275307&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275306&type=", "width": "119.99700165", "height": "200.69500732", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The researchers began to look for another Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " heavily doped halide perovskite host due to the limited solubility of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and double perovskite host. The investigation of optoelectronic materials might benefit from the discovery of novel halide perovskite-type structures. In order to realize the co-doping of bivalent metal ions and trivalent ions, they designed a quadruple perovskite. The quadruple perovskite halides A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "□B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "II" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "III" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (□ = vacancy, A=Cs, B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "II" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Zn, Cd, Mn, Cu, B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "III" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Sb, Bi, X = Cl, Br, I) are designed through replacing each two B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "I" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cations in A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "I" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "III" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " by one □ and one B" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "III" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". For composition engineering, four lattice sites can be adjusted. The vacancy-ordered quadruple perovskite family of materials has generated interest due to its optical and magnetic properties and is expected to have other admirable characteristics. Nevertheless, because of the strict requirements of the Goldschmidt tolerance factor and charge neutrality, novel 3D halide perovskite-type structures have only sometimes been found." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In 2020, Woodward group reported vacancy-ordered perovskite Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "CdBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The two are mixed to form Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystal has a strong emission peak at 605 nm with PLQY of 57% (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "f). The position and width of the emission peak are well suited for a narrow band red emitter. Then, Chen group have reported Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M(II)Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (M=Mn,Cd) NCs, which have yellow and red emission (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "g)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs exhibited strong Mn-Mn interaction due to the high Mn concentration. Strong red light emission needs to reduce Mn-Mn coupling interaction in [MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " octahedral by alloying the material Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". It is noteworthy, an ultra-short Mn photoluminescence decay lifetime of around 10 μs is produced by the Mn-Mn coupling effect of the Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M(II)Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which is about two orders of magnitude faster than the frequently observed Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dopant emission in NCs. The formation of Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " alloyed NCs lowers the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ion concentration, resulting in longer PL lifetimes and better PL quantum yields. A new family of stable lead-free perovskite-type materials with potential for use in a variety of applications is introduced by the work as the first synthetic example of Bi-based colloidal NCs. In 2020, Solis-lbarra group has done similar work. Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "was synthesized by a new method and PLQY reached 79.5%, an increase of 20% over the previously reported material (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "h)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " These materials are extremely stable against temperature, UV irradiation, and humidity, according to stability studies. The outcomes show the promise of this material family and associated layered all-inorganic perovskites for optoelectronic and solid-state lighting applications. Kuang group reported heterometallic Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " perovskite single crystal." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Due to the energy transfer from [BiCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " octahedron to [MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " exhibits yellow light emission and PLQY of up to 25.7%, which is 51 times higher than that of unalloyed CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·2H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "i). Because it is entirely made of inorganic salts, Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " has remarkable stability to moisture, light, and heat. Additionally, Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " exhibits significant soft X-ray attenuation as well as intense radiative luminescence when excited by X-rays. These properties allow for the material's use in medical flat-panel X-ray digital radiography. This research opens up a brand-new path for creating function-directed materials with specific photoelectric characteristics." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　Drive force" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Driving force is another important factor affecting doped except for doping ion. Compared to the doping bulk materials like oxide and fluoride, the successful of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped nanocrystals are particularly challenging. Additional driving forces, such as thermal energy, are required for the entry of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " into the nanocrystalline lattice. As mentioned above, the Liu group discovered that cesium oleate, PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "can be used as reactants to create CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The ability to change the halide composition without affecting the cation sublattice made up of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions presents a unique opportunity for systematic research of interactions between the impurity and semiconductor host as a function of halide concentration. The band gap energy and the rate at which band-edge excitons decay radiatively are two NC features that are controlled by the halide content. They explained the reasons for the successful doping from the perspective of chemical bonds. The dissociation energy of Mn-Cl bond (338 kJ/mol) in the dopant is similar to that of Pb-Cl bond (301 kJ/mol) in the host, which is conducive to the successful doping of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In addition, the dissociation energy of Mn-Br bond (314 kJ/mol) and Pb-Cl bond (301 kJ/mol) are also similar. Therefore, MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can also be successfully doped into CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to obtain CsPb(Cl,Br)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " We note that the dissociation energy of Mn-Cl bond is 338 kJ/mol, and that of Pb-Br bond is 249 kJ/mol. The former is 36% larger than the latter. According to the above principle of “similar bond energy leads to easier doping”, it can be predicted that MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " may not be successfully doped into CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " host. However, many researchers have found the opposite results." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " It can be seen that mining doping drive force is very important for understanding and realizing the effective doping of perovskite. In short, doping drive can be divided into external drive and internal drive. Thermal energy belongs to external drive force. Thermal energy has at least two functions. One is to break some Pb-X bonds in CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice. The second is to promote the inward diffusion of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and eventually occupy some Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice sites." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "At present, the most common external driving for doping Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in perovskite materials is heat." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Nevertheless, Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped perovskite can be carried out at room temperature in addition to high temperature. Microwave, ultrasonication or pressure can be also drive Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ion into perovskite lattice." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Chen group have obtained CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Mn@KCl tablet by ion exchange with MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", pre prepared CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals and KCl powder as starting materials, and cold flow and ultrasonic treatment." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Zhang group obtained CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals by a one-step microwave-assisted approach." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs with controllable emission properties from cations and halide anion, an adjustable reaction rate, and improved stability are created by fine-tuning the microwave-assisted method's production conditions. Obviously, the controllable external driving provides great convenience for exploring the relationship between the driving variables (temperature, microwave, ultrasonic and pressure) and the metal ions entering the lattice, which is helpful for researchers to summarize and study the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping mechanism from these connections." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "These processes nevertheless involve numerous fascinating phenomena, whether the drive is thermal or microwave. Through the synthesis of CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " QDs in colloidal solution using phosphine-free hot injection, the Zhang group illustrates the partial replacement of Pb with Mn. It is discovered that as temperature rises, the amount of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals increases. (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " At the same time, the intensity ratio of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and exciton emission peak increases (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The strength and position of this Mn-related emission are also changeable by altering the experimental parameters, such as the reaction temperature and the Pb-to-Mn input ratio. A light-emitting diode (LED) prototype is further made by using the CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " QDs as color conversion materials on a 365 nm GaN LED chip that is readily available in the market. Additionally, several techniques (such as ultrasonic, microwave, and pressure) make it easy to create perovskite nanocrystals. However, it is still unclear how ultrasonic, microwave and pressure drive affect the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped perovskite materials. The Donega group carried out extensive investigation on internal driving forces. The partial exchange of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cations in CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs, which results in doped CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs, was successfully accomplished through the employment of metal bromide precursors in the cation exchange technique. High activation energies for Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cations will be predominantly driven by the rise in entropy based on by the creation of CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " solid solutions. The exchange of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for smaller M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cations, however, causes the lattice to gradually compress, which puts strain on the NC. To counteract the entropic gain, the strain field grows stronger, eventually becoming powerful enough to stop the cation exchange process. A self-limited cation exchange might be caused by this. In short, The internal driving comes from the halogen vacancy and the entropy gain caused by the formation of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped nanocrystals." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " One direction in the future is to explore their role in Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped perovskite. This provides a library of potential compositions for colloidal CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs, which may have unique and superior optoelectronic properties and be useful in a variety of applications." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） PL emission spectra of the CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " QDs that are prepared by at 150， 170， 190， and 210 °C." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （b） Schematic overview of partial cation exchange in CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals. Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cations are partially replaced by other divalent cations （Sn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， Cd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， and Zn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） by postsynthetic cation exchange reactions." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （c） Sketch of HEDCE via adding MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " into CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （d） Schematic overview of divalent cation and anion cosubstitution exchange between CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.88" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275308&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275310&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275309&type=", "width": "129.99899292", "height": "216.69400024", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3　Doping strategy" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "There are two doping strategies for the lattice of divalent metals: synthesis doping and postsynthetic doping. The former is to add dopant, Cs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " source and divalent cation source to the reaction system," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " which belongs to nucleation doping. The latter is to use dopants and pre-prepare perovskite nanocrystals as starting materials to obtain metal ion doped perovskite nanocrystals, which belongs to growth doping. The nucleation doping under thermal driving can form perovskite nanocrystals within 5s." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " In addition, the process of forming perovskite nanocrystals by postsynthetic doping strategy is slow and easy to control." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Therefore, the latter is more convenient to study the doping mechanism of perovskite nanocrystals. At present, the commonly used strategy is to dope nanocrystals with metal ions during synthesis." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Recently, it has also been reported that perovskite nanocrystals were prepared by postsynthetic doping strategy. For example, de Mello Donega group synthesized CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs (M = Sn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Cd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", and Zn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") by mixing the metal bromide salts and CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs in toluene continuously stirring." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Similarly, Xia group mixed and stirred the hexane dispersion of ZnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs at room temperature to generate Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "z" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Zn" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "z" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")(Cl" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "y" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "y" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The soluble halide precursors could achieve the quick anion exchange, which resulted in anion exchange within a few seconds as evidenced from the evolution of the strong band edge emission. In contrast, the cation exchange typically took at least a few hours. In addition, the dynamics process and exchange mechanism have been assessed. By adjusting the replacement of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " by Zn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " with a longer ion exchange reaction time, the intensity of the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " emission may be further altered. Zhao group found that MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dispersed in 1-octadecene, oleic acid and oleylamine at 150 " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "o" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "C can be mixed with CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs and stirred to form CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " This research demonstrates the viability of a Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " postsynthetic interconversion in cesium lead chloride perovskite nanocrystals, enabling a novel approach to lessen the toxicity and regulate the emissions of CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs. Cui group dip MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in N,N-dimethyformamide into the CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " toluene solution quickly with vigorous stirring to form Mn-doped CsPb(Cl/Br)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Only the molecular form of the dopant can satisfy this method since it needs the same site and time for the cation exchange and halide exchange reactions. Pb may be exchanged inside stiff halide octahedrons thanks to molecular doping, which is very different from conventional ionic exchange. The molecular doping characteristic of this technique is related to a number of odd phenomena, including extended exchange times, mid-state NCs with three emission peaks, and dopant molecule dependent doping processes. Similar work, the Xia group mixed CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs together in hexane solution to obtain homogeneous Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")(Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "y" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-y" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " In situ Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " substitution also significantly increases the emission intensity and quantum yield of the NCs as-obtained, which is found to be related to the bound exciton effect. This in situ ion exchange method avoids the degradation of photoluminescence originating from the additional purification process of the NCs." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "At present, there is still a lack of research on postsynthetic doping under pressure, ultrasonic driving. The Tang group found that a straightforward one-pot ultrasonication technique may dope rare earth ions Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " into CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Acoustic cavitation during ultrasonication could produce bubbles with hot spots that reach temperatures of over 5000 K and pressures over 1000 bar, accumulating intense energy inside. The nucleation barrier is broken by the collapse of these bubbles, and at the same time, the growth of NCs is started. The synthesis of our CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NCs, according to the author, might be powered by ultrasonication, which could also make it easier to incorporate RE dopants into the NC lattices. The CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs and MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " underwent a dual ion exchange reaction employing ultrasonic and cold flow, according to Chen group, to produce CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Cold flow and ultrasonic treatment were employed during ion exchange to aid Mn diffusion. The embedding of the NCs into KCl produced a brilliant emitting tablet that was stable during both the materials fabrication and long-term usage, in contrast to the colloidal CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Mn NCs and CsPb(Br/I)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs. The CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs are prepared using a one-step microwave-assisted method by the Zhang group." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " By providing homogenous heating, the microwave-assisted approach may quickly react and produce high yields, which is an effective strategy to promote improved NC nucleation and development with less time and energy expenditure. This polar-solvent-free microwave-assisted approach can also manage cations in addition to halides, such as when synthesizing Mn-doped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs with a controlled Mn concentration. The CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs with cation-and halide anion-controlled emission characteristics, a controllable reaction rate, and improved stability are created by refining the microwave-assisted approach's preparation conditions." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In order to achieve the successful doping of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions into the metal halide perovskite lattice, it is usually necessary to select compounds containing manganese (MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") as dopants. In fact, it has been found that CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can also be used as a Mn source. Utilizing CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs as the precursor, Chen group demonstrated reverse synthesis of CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " It has been thoroughly addressed the potential process driving the two-step phase transition from hexagonal CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs to rhombohedral Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " PQDs, and lastly to cubic CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " PQDs. In actuality, the Mn-to-Pb feeding ratio and the cation exchange period had a significant impact on the conversion processes. It was important to establish that Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cation's exchange caused the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " content in the PQD host to gradually decrease and that energy transfer from Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", rather than CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", was responsible for the realization of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " luminescence. Metal cation doped perovskite can also be obtained indirectly by using the precursor conversion strategy. For example, according to the Pradhan group, to layer Pb and Mn perovskite precursors, butylammonium and oleylammonium ions were used as spacer organic ligands. After thermal processing in the presence of a Cs precursor, they were changed into Mn-doped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " plateles." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The amount of Mn composition kept in the layered structure was determined the dimension tunability that remained first for CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " platelets at high temperature synthesis. In comparison to Pb, higher Cs concentrations were found to promote doping more. The influence of Mn on the chemical transition was established through the linkage of the Mn compositions from layered perovskites to doped platelet perovskites and the adjusting of emission characteristics. The discussed new physical doping process and the evolution of the dopant emission will undoubtedly help for a better understanding of the doping and its mechanism because doping in perovskites recently opened up a new window of modifying the optical properties for perovskites. The construction of dimension-tunable doped perovskites from layered perovskites gains new fundamental understanding as a result of these discoveries." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.4　Doping mechanism" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "To study the doping mechanism of perovskite, it is natural to associate with the doping problem of nanocrystalline and perovskite materials with size above nanometer. For the II-VI and III-V semiconductors colloidal quantum dots, the doping strategy and mechanism have been clearly understood." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The II-VI and III-V semiconductors nanocrystals are not defect tolerance. However, CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals have high defect tolerance, and the halogen components therein are easy to be replaced and can be formed at lower temperature." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Therefore, the doping mechanism of CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals is likely to be different from that of II-VI and III-V semiconductors nanocrystals." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The following focuses on the research trends of postsynthetic doping mechanism in combination with doping strategies. On the one hand, the synthesis of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " QDs under thermal driving is a thermodynamically controlled process." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The higher the synthesis temperature, the more Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " enters the lattice." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " For example, when the synthesis temperature rises from 150 to 210 " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "o" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "C, the concentration of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " QDs increases from 22% to 46%." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The Mn substitution creates a novel exciton recombination route with the ability to transfer energy from excitons to Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "II" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", allowing thermally active electrons to move from one excited state to another. The new excitons' recombination pathway of the d-d transition of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "II" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions, specifically the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " transition, is shown by the 580 nm emission, which is only experienced by excitons with sufficient thermal activation energy to undergo an intersystem crossing (ISC) process and ultimately emit. The PL intensity is increased by Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "II" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping because the exciton recombination via a radiative pathway is made easier and the energy transfer of the photoinduced excitons from the CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " host to the doped Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "II" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions is facilitated. It is also found that Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "and CsPb(Cl,Br)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals can be obtained even at room temperature by doped Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " metal cations during synthesis." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " At this time, the concentration of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in CsPb(Cl,Br)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals can even reach 37.73%. Even after several months, the as-prepared nanocrystals maintain their optical characteristics. The current technology could lead to new ways to dope other ions in CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " QDs at room temperature, a capacity that is necessary for devices like memristors and other types of devices. From the amount of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+ " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "entering the host, the amount of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped into the lattice at room temperature will be less. The reason for this still unknown, which depends on researcher to reveal the luminescence mechanism of CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals after the introduction of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "65", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R65", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " On the other hand, the formation energy and diffusion activation energy of halogen vacancies is low relative to the Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice in CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice, so it is easy to produce." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " de Mello Donega group first proposed the postsynthetic cation exchange method with complete halogen composition vacancy (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b). By progressively mixing topotactic anion and cation exchanges, the halide perovskite NCs are the only known system in which the entire composition may be postsynthetically adjusted with size and shape preservation. This creates a wide range of compositions that might be used to create colloidal CsPbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs, which may have unique and superior optoelectronic properties and be useful in a variety of applications. The CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs prepared by postsynthetic method. In essence, Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (Sn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Cd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Zn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") cation exchange in CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Firstly, the interaction between CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " lattice and oleyamine (OLAM) molecules forms halogen vacancies on the surface. Next, the halide vacancy is occupied by Br" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "- " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "from an OLAM-MBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " unit. The bound OLAM molecule releases a PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " unit after that, leaving a cation and halide vacancy that is occupied by the bound MBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " species. Finally, a halide vacancy at the surface is left behind for a further cation exchange process to take place as the integrated divalent guest cation diffuses into the perovskite lattice. In addition, we know that MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " reacts with CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals at room temperature to obtain CsPb(ClBr)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Based on the experimental findings, Cui group proposed a halide exchange-driven cation exchange (HEDCE) mechanism (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "c)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The main contents of the mechanism are as follows: (1) MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " molecules diffuse into the lattice of the host. (2) The halogen exchange and cation exchange between MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " molecules CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals are simultaneously carried out in the same lattice. In addition, the luminous mechanism is still explained as that the whole MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " molecules enters the host lattice rather than Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped. In other words, MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " enters the lattice in the form of molecular units." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Xia group proposed the mechanism of postsynthetic cation-anion cosubstitution exchange." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The hexane dispersion of Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals was mixed and stirred to obtain CsPb(ClBr)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " at room temperature. This mechanism emphasizes the simultaneously exchanged between divalent cations (Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") and anions (Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Br" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d). Zhao group proposed a cation exchange doping mechanism based on dynamic equilibrium with surface ligands (Scheme 1)." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals were obtained by added MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " precursor to CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals or added PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " precursor to CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals. According to this process, all inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals produced in the oleic acid and oleylamine system have extremely dynamic ligands on their surfaces. It is simple" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "for these ligands to change from the bound state to the" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Scheme 1. Schematic of the cation exchange routes between Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "dispformula", "data": { "label": [], "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275312&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275311&type=", "width": "72.55933380", "height": "19.89666748", "fontsize": "" } } } ], "id": "DF1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "free state. As shown in Scheme Ia, Cs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " reacts with Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to form CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals under the action of oleic acid and oleylamine to achieve dynamic equilibrium. The newly added Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " will break the balance with the addition of MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". As a result, Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " enters the host lattice to form Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals (Scheme IB). In addition, the mechanism can also be used to explain the reaction CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " with PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to form Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals (Scheme IC-D). The mechanism mainly includes two steps for reverse postsynthetic doping. First. CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " of hexagonal phase was trsanformed into Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " of rhombohedral phase, and then into Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " of cubic phase. The conversion process depends on the ratio of CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and the reaction time of both. It must be noted that the process of forming Cs(Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals is carried out in the presence of surface ligands such as oleic acid and oleylamine." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " This indicates that surface ligands also play an important role in effective doping." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The postsynthetic doping mechanism is based on the synergism of halogen ions. The dynamic equilibrium doping mechanism is based on the participation of surfactants (oleic acid and oleylamine). The reverse postsynthetic doping mechanism emphasizes the simultaneous occurrence of phase transition and ion exchange. The core ideas of these mechanisms are listed in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Tab.1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". They are all thermally driven doping mechanisms. These mechanisms ignore the influence of external driving force, anions in dopants and host structure. In fact, different driving forces, different surface ligands of nanocrystals or different host structure, and even different anions of dopants lead to different doping mechanisms. Therefore, the above exchange doping mechanism may not be applicable to doping under non-thermal driving such as microwave, ultrasonic and pressure. It is necessary to develop or propose new postsynthetic doping mechanisms. In addition, the above mentioned mechanisms are all based on divalent ions doping. At present, the mechanism of heterovalent ion doping has not been proposed. Therefore, the research on the photoelectric properties of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " continues to advance." } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Comparison of various postsynthetic doping mechanisms" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Mechanism" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Core idea" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Halide exchange-driven cation exchange strategy" } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Partial cation exchange of Pb by Mn has a large probability to occur as a concomitant result for opening the rigid halide octahedron structure around Pb during halide exchange" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "A post-synthetic cation-anion cosubstitution exchange strategy" } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Br" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions in the CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs are simultaneously exchanged for the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions in the CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs， resulting in homogeneous Cs（Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）（Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "y" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-y" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Topotactic anion exchange strategy" } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Topotactic cation and anion exchange can be sequentially combined， resulting in compositionally diverse colloidal CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "M" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " perovskite NCs （M = Sn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， Zn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， and Cd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） with size and shape preservation and high PL quantum yields" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "A postsynthetic cation exchange strategy" } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The cation exchange reaction can be controlled to partially and reversibly convert CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " or CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals into the corresponding CsPb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals using Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions， respectively" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Reverse synthesis cation exchange strategy" } ] }, { "align": "justify", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Two-step phase transformation processes from hexagonal CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to rhombohedral Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Pb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and finally to cubic CsPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " are evidenced" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275314&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275313&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "67.21571350", "fontsize": "" } } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　Main structure" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　Manganese as doping ion" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In fact, manganese can also be doped with a kind of organic-inorganic hybrid metal halide. Although monovalent cations are changed in this kind of materials, the divalent metal ions are substituted by Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions, so the luminescent positions of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped materials are mostly at 550-650 nm. In addition, the structure of such materials is characterized by low dimension (0D, 1D, 2D). The research of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+ " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "doped halide perovskite is classified by year, as shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Tab.2", "type": "table", "rid": "T2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In 2017, the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped (C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " perovskites were reported by the Kundu group." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[69[" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Energy is transferred from the strongly bonded excitons of the host material to the d electrons of the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions in the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped 2D perovskite, producing a bright orange-yellow emission that is caused by the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " spin prohibited internal transition. In 2018, Luo group reported Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " With effective energy transfer from the host to the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " transition of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", the CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " exhibit intense red emission at 610 nm. Furthermore, the addition of SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to the PNC surface improves both thermal and air stability. Importantly, the bigger crystal structure of CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " results in a lower energy splitting of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " d-orbitals, hence emitting at a longer wavelength (610 nm) than the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dopant emission (590 nm) in all inorganic CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " systems. By changing the composition of perovskites, one can modify the crystal structure and adjust the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dopant emission. In 2019, S. Kim group reported Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped organic-inorganic halide perovskites." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Water stability results from the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " substitution of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and passivation with low dielectric constant compounds such phenethylamine, benzylamine, and butylamine (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a-c). According to the experimental data reported here, the halide vacancy and its diffusion, which come before the cation exchange (doping) process, are most likely the mechanism of this thermally aided doping process in these 2D systems. Nag group reported Mn-doped" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T2", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as doping ion in halide perovskite and PLQY" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Mn-doped perovskite" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Synthesis highlight" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PLQY" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Year" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CdSe：Mn" }, { "name": 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"rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （d） Optical images of 1.08% Mn-doped BA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystals. （e） SEM image of 1.08% Mn-doped BA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystal showing a layered architecture." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " PLE and PL spectra of different （C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " samples with the monitoring wavelength for the （f） excitation （λ" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " = 610 nm） and （g） emission （λ" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " = 365 nm）. （h） Optical photographs of （C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " samples." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " HPB is an abbreviation， the specific content can be viewed in the literature." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275317&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275319&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275318&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "175.22651672", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "BA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (BA = butylammonium) single crystals." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Dual excitonic emission is present in the Mn-doped BA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystal, and both of these features transmit their energy nonradiatively to the Mn dopants, resulting in Mn d-d emission with a quantum yield of roughly 26%(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d-e). In these single crystals, the Mn emission exhibits a substantial excitation energy dependence that is correlated with the depth to which the excitation light penetrates the single crystals. The Kundu group reported the same material in 2017 and 2019." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " In 2019 article focuses on the effect of temperature on the energy transfer rate, and introduces 2D and 3D perovskites materials for comparison. In 2020, Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped (C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " was reported by Xia group." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The host itself has exciton emission and self-trap exciton (STE) emission, which causes strong orange –red emission after Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Figure 6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Figure 6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "f-h). The extremely effective orange-red emission in Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped 2D halide perovskite is suggested by the excellent trapping of excitons by defects and the low activation energy (∼6.72 meV), which enhance the energy transfer between the trap states and the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " d states. Additionally, the dipolar and exchange interactions between Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " very slightly alter the photoluminescence characteristics. This work offers fresh perspectives on how to regulate effective energy transfer and photoluminescence for light-emitting diode applications by comprehending the doping level and energy states of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " activators in the halide perovskites." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　Manganese ion as part of the host" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "It is worth noting that another material is lead-free manganese based perovskite material. The research of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " based halide perovskite is sorted by year, as shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Tab.3", "type": "table", "rid": "T3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In 1990, Jia et.al reported multiphonon radiative and nonradiative transitions of CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":2H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O. The " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " transition quenching of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is caused by the coupling of OH stretching vibration and the position mode of octahedron around Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " M. Bakr group reported CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The emission peak of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is located at 643 nm, and the PLQY of red light is about 54% and fast radiation decay rate (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a-d). The transient absorption investigations indicate that relaxation of the higher excited states of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to the low-lying excited state takes place in a sub-nanosecond time frame upon excitation with lower pump wavelengths in the region of 450-500 nm. The transient absorption investigations indicate that relaxation of the higher excited states of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to the low-lying excited state takes place in a sub-nanosecond time frame upon excitation with lower pump wavelengths in the region of 450–500 nm. Particularly at shorter excitation wavelengths, the time-resolution PL decay dynamics make this relaxation time clear. In CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystals, the red emission and the picosecond PL duration are also found, indicating that the bulk characteristics rather than surface defects are the source of the ultrafast excited state dynamics. In contrast to the two phases, Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which exhibit well defined band gaps, DFT modeling shows a strong Mn-Mn coupling in the ground state of the CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " phase leading to an electronic band structure that resembles metallic structure. These results pave the way for new lead-free materials that combine high PLQY and ultrafast luminescence. Moreover, all inorganic manganese (II)-based perovskite has also been studied in detail." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " In fact, CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " has luminescence phenomenon after adding crystal water. A novel 1D lead-free CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystal is reported with solvatochromic photoluminescence properties." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The process of CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·(H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystal dehydration from contact N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to obtaining crystal water (Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·(H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") again was studied in detail (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "e-f). From red to brilliant green to red emission again, the luminosity shifts. A test paper containing CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·(H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can be created in order to swiftly detect DMAC and DMF with a response time of under a minute. These findings open up new potential uses for lead-free, low-dimensional perovskites. A new family of light-emitting materials called organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides with zero-dimensional (0D) structure has appeared." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R79", "R80", "R81" ], "text": "79-81", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " We think that the research of high-PLQE hybrid metal halides as fluorescence sensors may broaden the applications for bulk 0D materials in the future. In addition, according to summaries provided by other researchers, the relationship between Mn-Mn distance and PLQY is as follows: the larger the distance, the higher the PLQY, as a result of the decreased Mn-Mn energy transfer efficiency." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "90", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R90", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "90" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "99", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R99", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "99" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T3", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as host component ion and PLQY" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Mn-based metal halides" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Synthesis highlight" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PLQY" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Year" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：2H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The coupling of the OH （OD） vibration to the normal modes of the Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " coordination octahedron" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "No" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1990" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Slow evaporation of hydrobromic acid solution" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "94" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62.2%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2017" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Solution process" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "95" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "98%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2017" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［（CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": 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"MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Evaporative crystallization" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "97" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2019" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Alloying Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " into the lead halide inorganic framework" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "98" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81.08%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2019" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Proposed a design principle" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "90" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "88.75%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2020" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Heterometallic Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " perovskite single crystal" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25.7%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2020" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Modifying a colloidal hot-injection approach" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2021" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Solvent-induced crystal-to-crystal phase transformations" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10-36%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2021" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275321&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275320&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "43.39723206", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Structural characterizations of CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs. （a） Schematic of the CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystal structure presenting the octahedral coordination of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b） Crystal structure along the " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "c" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-axis. （c） XRD pattern of NCs film synthesized in this work （black） and the calculated reference pattern （red）. （d） PL spectrum of CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs upon illumination at 450 nm. Inset： photograph of colloidal CsMnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs before （left） and after excitation with UV light （right）." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （e） Excitation and emission spectrum of CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， respectively. （f） Photographs of test strips loaded with CsMnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " powder after adding DMAC." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275322&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275324&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275323&type=", "width": "155.99800110", "height": "92.39299774", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　Application in Luminescence" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The broad yellow and red emission (octahedron) of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " containing halide perovskite can be used as phosphors." } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.1　Broad emission" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The broad band yellow emission halide perovskite with 460 nm blue chip as single source phosphor have potential in solid-state lighting devices. Moreover, the narrow green emission of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in oxides and fluorides can provide high color purity. In contrast, the broad yellow emission band produces high color rendering index (CRI). So, the object color can be accurately displayed. High precision requires high CRI light source in practical application, because it is pleasing to the eye. The CRI value of halide perovskite white light devices for commercial quality lighting is required to be higher than 80. Using (C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "and (CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", the Zhou group created white light-emitting diodes that had a remarkable CRI of 90.8 at a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 3709 K, as well as CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.3985, 0.3979) and a luminous efficacy of 51.2 lm W" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " This research seeks to explain the connection between Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " coordination units and emission tuning, and it specifically suggests a novel approach to investigating phosphors activated by blue light for white LEDs. White light devices encapsulated by halide perovskite materials can be tuned to produce warm (CCT " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": " 3000 K) and cold (CCT " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": " 5000 K) white light. Adjusting the content ratio of halide anions is a method to directly change the CCT of devices. The halide perovskite has made great progress in white light devices, but compared with traditional yellow emitting phosphors (YAG:Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "), these materials still face challenges. The stability of yellow emission of these materials is obviously lower than that of commercial yellow phosphors. The stability of these materials also needs to be evaluated by incorporating them into solid-state lighting assemblies under realistic operating conditions and evaluating performance while keeping in mind the typical thermal and photochemical decomposition pathways for organic and inorganic metal halides. Finally, there is still a lot of work to be done in this area." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） CIE chromaticity diagram of （C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， （CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， and the fabricated white LED device. （b） Emission spectrum and photograph of the white LED device. （c） Emission spectra of the white LED device under the driving currents ranges from 20 to 300 mA， and the inset showing the CIE chromaticity coordinates change." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275325&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275327&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275326&type=", "width": "157.98028564", "height": "50.85935974", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.2　Other application" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can also emit narrow green light in metal halides. Oxide matrixes have been the main focus of research so far on Mn-based green emitters for display and lighting applications. It is critically necessary to coordinate an effort to reveal the potential Mn(II) in solid-state halides. The Kovalenko group synthesized a variety of fully inorganic Zn halide hosts doped with Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as well as a variety of hybrid organic-inorganic Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " halides." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The choice of the halide as well as minute details of the crystal structure profoundly govern the photoluminescence peak positions (500-550 nm range), emission line widths (40-60 nm), and radiative lifetimes (shorter for iodides). Such phosphors are in high demand for applications in solid-state lighting and displays. Another application of luminescent properties of halide perovskite is scintillator, which can detect ionizing radiation. A stable and effective X-ray scintillator based on 0D (C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " hybrid single crystals is reported." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " The comparison between the sample and Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ge" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (BGO) shows that the sample has low long afterglow, excellent detection limit (288 nGy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") and scintillation yield (32000 photons MeV" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") under X-ray excitation (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "). Hybrids of (C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " that exhibit minimal afterglow, good stability, high scin-tillation yield, and decent detection limits seem to be viable candidates for X-ray detection." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） RL spectra of （C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and BGO single crystal. （b） Scintillation decay profile of （C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystal. （c） afterglow profiles of （C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as well as BGO and CsI：Tl single crystal. （d） varied irradiation dose rate for （C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）MnBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " single crystal." }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275328&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275330&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38275329&type=", "width": "113.89376831", "height": "103.10669708", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5　Conclusion" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The research status of perovskite containing Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " from the perspectives of doping ions, driving force, doping strategy, and doping mechanism is summarized in this study. Analyses of postsynthetic doping methods and processes were conducted. Different systems' fundamental principles are contrasted. Future research on the following topics could help to increase doping effectiveness and create better perovskite nanomaterials containing Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": (1) In contrast to conventional II-VI and III-V semiconductor nanocrystals, which are not defect tolerant, the halogen component in lead halide perovskite materials is simple to replace and has great defect tolerance. In order to develop and improve the doping mechanism of perovskite materials, it is therefore highly beneficial to compare the doping techniques and mechanisms of these two types of semiconductor materials. (2) The postsynthetic doping mechanism can help us understand the doping procedure. Exploring the alteration of the local structure and crystal field environment around Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions occupying Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " sites in lead halide perovskite is highly helpful for adjusting the luminescence of Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". (3) Co-doping additional metal ions, such as Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " or Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", is an option to improve the halide perovskite's ability to transfer energy to Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and produce white light. (4) Despite attempts to inject heterovalent ions and the fact that heterovalent doping frequently results in a variety of crystal defects, the mechanism of heterovalent ion doping has not yet been put forth. (5) In addition to dope ion, Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is also an important monochromatic luminescent material, which is worthy of further study. (6) More research is required to determine whether the anions of dopants have an additional or synergistic function. (7) Postsynthetic doping mechanisms and techniques under non-thermal driving need further exploration from the perspective of the external driving force of doping. (8) The density function theory and quantum chemistry computations provide additional support for the hypothesized doping process. In the near future, it is anticipated to build a fairly comprehensive and predictable universal doping theory, which will offer strong directional guidance for the synthesis of doped perovskite materials." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "References" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "SMITH M D" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "CONNOR B A" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "KARUNADASA H I" }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". " }, { "name": "text", "data": "Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites" }, { "name": "text", "data": " ［J］. " }, { "name": "text", "data": "Chem. 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