柔性钙钛矿光伏：研究进展、商业化进程和展望 增强出版

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "柔性钙钛矿光伏：研究进展、商业化进程和展望" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaics: Progress, commercialization, and Prospects" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "李", "givenname": "曼亚", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LI", "givenname": "Man-ya", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "李曼亚（1998 — ），女，天津人，博士研究生，2021 年于南京大学获得学士学位，主要从事柔性宽带隙钙矿太阳能电池的研究。E-mail: DZ21340023@smail.nju.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597052&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597052&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597052&type=", "width": "15.99814987", "height": "22.47849274", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "李曼亚" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1998 — ），女，天津人，博士研究生，2021 年于南京大学获得学士学位，主要从事柔性宽带隙钙矿太阳能电池的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "DZ21340023@smail.nju.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "DZ21340023@smail.nju.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "李", "givenname": "禄东", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LI", "givenname": "Lu-dong", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "刘", "givenname": "洲", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIU", "givenname": "Zhou", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "谭", "givenname": "海仁", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "TAN", "givenname": "Hai-ren", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "corresp", "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： hairentan@nju.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： hairentan@nju.edu.cn" } ] }, { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "hairentan@nju.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hairentan@nju.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "谭海仁（1986 — ），男，江西赣州人，博士，教授，博士生导师，2015年于荷兰代尔夫特理工大学获得电子工程博士学位，主要从事全钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池与晶硅钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池的研究。E-mail：hairentan@nju.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597053&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597055&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597054&type=", "width": "15.99814987", "height": "22.47849274", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "谭海仁" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1986 — ），男，江西赣州人，博士，教授，博士生导师，2015年于荷兰代尔夫特理工大学获得电子工程博士学位，主要从事全钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池与晶硅钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池的研究。E-mail：" }, { "name": "text", "data": "hairentan@nju.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "hairentan@nju.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": "南京大学 现代工程与应用科学学院，江苏 南京 210000", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "南京大学 现代工程与应用科学学院，江苏 南京 210000" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": "School of Engineering and Applied Sciences， Nanjing University， Nanjing 210000， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "School of Engineering and Applied Sciences， Nanjing University， Nanjing 210000， China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，推动能源产业向高效、清洁、灵活的体系转型已成为解决世界环境问题的关键。与此同时，随着技术革命和物联网的发展，将太阳能电池和设备集成到一个部件中从而在更多元化的应用场景中采集能量成为了人们的新需求。以聚苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯（PEN）等柔性聚合物为基底的柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池（FPSCs）具有高能量转换效率、高柔韧性和灵活性、低制备成本和一定的便携性，在近十年的发展时间里成为了第三代太阳能电池中的后起之秀。此外，它对环境友好和经济效益良好的卷对卷制造技术具有的天然亲和力使它在柔性自供电电子产品、大型建筑集成光伏（BIPV）和空间航空航天的发展中发挥关键作用。本文着重讨论了柔性透明导电衬底、低温加工电荷传输层和机械弹性钙钛矿膜在单结和叠层FPSCs中的重要作用，并简要总结了其最新进展。最后，结合FPSCs的大规模制造技术，对封装的可靠性和操作稳定性提出了一些见解，并展望了在大面积组件等方面的潜在实际应用。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "At present， promoting the transition of the energy industry to a system that is effective， clean， and flexible has currently emerged as the key to tackling the world's environmental issues. The progress of the Internet of Things and the technology revolution have created a new demand to combine solar equipment and cells into a single component in order to collect energy in a wider range of application situations. Flexible perovskite solar cells （FPSCs） based on flexible polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate （PET） and polyethylene naphthalate （PEN） has emerged as a rising star in the third generation of solar cells in the past decade due to their high energy conversion efficiency， high flexibility， low preparation cost and certain portability. In addition， it has a natural affinity for environmentally friendly and economically beneficial roll-to-roll manufacturing technology which will enable it to play a key role in the development of flexible self-powered electronic products， large-scale building integrated photovoltaic （BIPV） and space aerospace. In this review， we emphatically discuss the critical role and briefly summarize the most recent developments of the flexible transparent conductive substrate， low-temperature processed charge transporting layer， and mechanically resilient perovskite film in single and tandem FPSCs. Finally， combined with the large-scale manufacturing technology of FPSCs， we offer some insight into the reliability and operational stability of the package and discuss potential practical applications in large-area modules and so forth." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "柔性" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿太阳能电池" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "柔性钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "光伏组件" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "flexible" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "perovskite solar cell" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "flexible perovskite tandem solar cell" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "photovoltaic module" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引 言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "当前，化石燃料的燃烧依然是电力的主要来源。截止2019年，世界总电力供应的38%仍旧依赖燃煤这一发电方式。随着环境危机加重，推动能源结构向高效、清洁、多元化发展已成必然。与此同时，能源部门提出的“去碳化”和“碳减排”也是国际可再生能源机构（IRENA）的能源转型路线图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的核心。一直以来，阳光被认为是最有希望的可持续清洁能源，因此太阳能电池在过去几十年中得到了积极研究。截止2021年底，全球累计光伏装机容量被预计达到942 GW以上。因此，作为一个高速发展的领域，在某种程度上，光伏产业在价值链上的技术创新将有力推动能源转型的进程" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由于技术革命和高耗能便携式设备的进步，将设备和太阳能电池集成到一个部件中从而在多元化的应用场景中采集能量成为了人们新的需求。2019年，华为和三星相继推出了柔性可折叠屏手机，这也标志着2019年成为了柔性电子产品普及应用元年。此外。随着新能源汽车在市场上的进一步普及，在车顶集成太阳能电池板作为电力补充的新来源也催生了对轻质灵活且抗机械冲击能力强的光伏模块的需求。因此，由薄膜电池制备的柔性光伏也为许多户外产品提供了具有吸引力的解决方案。此外，航空航天应用除了需要轻质灵活等特质以外，对抗击高能入射辐射" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R3", "R4", "R5", "R6", "R7" ], "text": "3-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、在极端温度循环" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下的性能保持以及对等离子体、真空或极低压力中的弹性等都有一定的要求。因此可见，柔性PV设备将成为开发整体柔性自供电电子产品、大型光伏一体化建筑（BIPV）、可穿戴光伏、车用光伏以及空间航天应用的关键。目前，光伏发电领域迎来了黄金时期，拥有各个国家人力物力的全方位加持，但同时也面临诸多挑战。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "具有ABX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " 晶体结构（A = CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", CH（NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Cs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等，B = Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Sn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等，X = Cl" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Br" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", I" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等）的钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）被认为是未来半导体光伏电池非常有前途的候选产品，因为它们具有第三代光伏需要的理想特性：优良的光吸收和电传导能力，成本低廉、制备简便且带隙灵活可调。从2009年到 2022年，十年左右的时间，单结PSCs的能量转换效率从3.8%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "飙升至25.7%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，薄膜电池中的最高值已逼近单晶硅最高效率27.6%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，与玻璃等材料为基底的等刚性器件相比，以PET等柔性高分子聚合物为基底的柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池（FPSCs）更具便携性和柔韧性，一定的灵活性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、可折叠性，更重要的是，即使在太空中也具有低温加工兼容性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R12", "R13", "R14", "R15" ], "text": "12-15", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。自2013年第首次报道以来，截至目前，其单结PCE也已经达到了22%以上" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，柔性设备的大规模制造技术天然适配于可持续和经济高效的卷对卷加工工艺，有助于进一步拓宽应用场景并降低经济成本，为商业应用铺平了道路。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文中，我们首先评估了柔性衬底与沉积于其上的透明导电电极（TCEs）对提升柔性器件性能方面的关键作用。然后讨论了高质量钙钛矿光吸收层、电荷传输层等主要功能层的最新进展。另一方面，讲述了提高柔性光伏效率的关键技术及研究进展并着重总结了基于钙钛矿材料的柔性叠层技术的发展现状。在此之后，结合大规模制造技术面向产业化的进程，阐述发展FPSCs可扩展沉积工艺的多种潜在策略，同时就商业应用中的实际挑战，例如封装可靠性以及运行稳定性方面提出了一些见解。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　FPSCs的导电衬底选择和研究进展" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　柔性基板的选择要求和研究进展" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在FPSCs的制造中主要采用聚合物基板和金属箔两种类型的柔性基板，此外还有可生物降解基板和柔性玻璃等选择空间。柔性聚合物衬底主要是PET或PEN基材，主要优势在于成本低，弯曲性好，光学透明度高，化学稳定等。但是，其耐热性不够的特性决定了在加工过程中将受到诸多限制。且聚合物衬底的性能和刚性基材相比，透射率上有明显差异，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示。金属基材主要是钛、铜箔和不锈钢箔" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，其加工温度的窗口较塑料基材更大，但是表面的粗糙度会造成后续溅射的电极覆盖度不高，从而产生严重的漏电。相比而言，钛箔的平整度较好，可以将分流电流降至更低" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，此外，金属箔的不透光性决定了器件将有别于传统薄膜电池结构，在效率上半透明结构电池目前还有很大的进步空间。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）PET/ITO和玻璃/ITO相比较的透射光谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）柔性基板和玻璃基板在不同温度下热处理30分钟后的薄层电阻" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）热处理后PET/ITO箔的照片" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池的器件结构示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（e）沉积在柳木玻璃上的几种TCOs的透射光谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（f）甲壳质纳米纤维纸与其他聚合物相比的透射光谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（g）PSC中广泛使用的功能层的热膨胀系数" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Transmission spectra of PET/ITO compared to glass/ITO" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（b）Sheet resistances of flexible substrates and glass substrates after thermal treatment for 30 min at different temperatures" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Photos of PET/ITO foils after thermal treatment" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d）Schematic representation of device architecture for the flexible perovskite solar cells" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（e）transmission spectra of several TCEs deposited on Willow Glass" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（f）Transmittance spectra of the chitin nanofiber paper compared to other polymers" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （g）thermal expansion coefficients of widely-used functional layers in PSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597056&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597058&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597057&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "84.65035248", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "简要列出对柔性聚合物基板的几个要求：" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（1） 光学特性：为了使器件实现尽可能高的光伏性能，就要保证光子尽可能多的透过基底到达钙钛矿层从而被吸收，尤其是光响应区（约300-1200 nm左右的可见光和近红外区域）的光透射率应尽可能超过90%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（2） 化学性质：制造器件过程中，衬底存在暴露于多种气体或化学溶剂的机会，因此对于制备过程中的耐溶剂性也是衬底选择的重要指标之一。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（3） 耐温性：PSCs作为典型的多层薄膜结构，其功能层的制备质量在很多情况下与沉积温度有直接关系。另一方面，常用的柔性聚合物衬底在高于玻璃转变温度（T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "g" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）的高温下会发生变形和薄层电阻的增加，这将直接导致器件退化甚至失效" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）、（c））。如，高度结晶的ITO常常需要使基板保持在300℃~ 400℃时进行直流磁控溅射，考虑到柔性聚合物衬底的耐温性常常处于150℃以下，故而沉积的ITO常是非晶态的，存在大量的缺陷和电荷陷阱。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（4） 机械稳定性。柔性器件在使用场景中多会处于受到外应力存在的变形状态，柔性衬底和脆性涂层之间由于存在模量差异，会导致各层间剪切力不均，进而导致微裂纹甚至贯穿纹的产生，造成效率的不同程度的衰减。故而衬底的形变恢复性、有效释放应变等能力也十分重要。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（5） 阻隔性能：钙钛矿材料易在氧气和湿气的影响下产生退化，出于对长期运行稳定性的考量，衬底应充当封装和阻挡层以避免氧气和水分对材料的侵蚀和避免含铅等环境有害物质的泄露。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "常用的聚合物衬底性能如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。其中提到的衬底原料种类包括PET、PEN、聚酰亚胺（PI）、聚碳酸酯（PC）、聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）和热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "常用的柔性聚合物衬底的性能参数" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab. 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Common Property Parameters for Polymer Substrate" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "衬底种类" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PEN" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PET" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PI" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PC" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PDMS" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TPU" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "g" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （℃）" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "120 ~ 155" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70 ~ 110" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "155 ~ 270" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "145" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-125" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Melting temperature（T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "m" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） （℃）" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "269" } ] }, { "align": "center", 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[ { "name": "text", "data": "Modulus （MPa）" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.1 ~ 0.5×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2 ~ 4.1 ×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.5×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.0 ~ 2.6×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Work temp （℃）" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "~155" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-50 ~ 150" } ] }, { "align": 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"text", "data": "0.4 ~ 0.6" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1.3 ~ 3.0" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.16 ~ 0.35" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "＞0.1" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.2" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Solvent resistance" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Good" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Good" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Good" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Poor" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Poor" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Good" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Dimensional stability" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": 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"2.2　基于几种柔性透明导电衬底的器件研究进展" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，PET、PEN等柔性聚合物由于低成本、高透光率、耐溶剂性等优点常被选作基底材料应用，并在表面沉积氧化铟锡（ITO）或氧化铟锌（IZO）等透明导电氧化物（TCOs）作为TCEs。也就是说，对于基材的选择要求应该分为两个部分，一方面是基材本身的透光性、耐化学溶剂性和阻隔性能，这对于后续的工艺和器件的长期稳定性来说都很重要；另一个方面是耐温性和机械稳定性，其中，耐温性是实现后续功能层制备，尤其是沉积高质量TCOs层的保证，而透明电极的高性能正是制备高性能器件的首要保证。目前，效率最高的柔性单结电池和柔性组件也是采用PEN衬底制备的，效率分别为23.6%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和18.4%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。而效率最高的柔性叠层电池则是采用PET衬底制备的，其效率为24.7%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "另一方面，从基材的性能上看，兼具柔性和高透的柳木玻璃引起了人们的关注（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d））。这种柔性玻璃具有低膨胀系数和低表面粗糙度、良好的气密性和极低的水汽透过率，耐温高达700 ℃" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。从制备工艺来看，50 ~ 200 μm的厚度使得这种玻璃可以兼容诸多卷对卷工艺；在25 ~ 50 千次弯折后，ITO/PET衬底的薄层电阻增加了其自身的50% ~ 100%，而柔性玻璃的电阻没有明显变化，显示了强大的机械稳定性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Dou等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在2017年制备了以柳木玻璃为基底的柔性器件，效率达到了18.1%，展示了这种基材衬底的令人满意的性能优势（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）、（e））。然而，该材质的弯曲半径仅为厘米级且成本更高，考虑到薄层玻璃在加工过程中的工损率较大，目前这种材料的应用场景也限制了其商业化的进程。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "考虑到塑料基材的环境污染问题，关于可生物降解和生物相容的新型柔性衬底的研发也在同步进行中。例如，Jin等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了同时具有机械坚固和生物友好特性的甲壳质纳米纤维纸质基板，这种纳米纤维纸在整个可见光下都具有优异的透射性（550 nm, 91.7%, " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（f））和良好的热稳定性，170 ℃下没有明显热分解，同时，兼具热膨胀系数（177 ppm/K）小和弹性模量大（4.3 GPa）的优点。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "事实上，对于具有可穿戴电子设备等特定轻质应用场景的超薄超轻FPSCs的研发也极其依赖于衬底的特性。高功率重量比作为评估器件的重要指标，减轻衬底重量（超薄柔性基板）以最大限度的减少多余能耗成为了重要考量点。目前来看，超薄基板在效率上和普通柔性基板在效率上仍存在一定差距，这限制了这类器件的进一步发展。最近，Wu等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过化学气相沉积（CVD）3 μm厚且光滑的聚对二甲苯超薄衬底，器件PCE可达20.2%，实现了30.3W·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的出色的重量功率比。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "既然衬底的固有特性会影响后续功能层的沉积，我们在这一节中首要讨论的是衬底及其上沉积的TCOs。目前来看，常用的TCOs柔性聚合物衬底还存在一些固有弊端。一方面，TCOs的易碎特性使其可能会在反复弯曲的应用过程中产生微裂纹，并因此增加基板的内电阻；另一方面，基板在制备过程中的热退火工艺会引发一定的外应力产生稳定性隐患。通过调研，可以发现薄膜器件的各功能层之间的热膨胀系数（CTE）存在较大差异" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）），引起各层的热膨胀形变不同，导致晶界等位置在制备过程中出现缺陷和微裂纹；宏观上看，这种各层材料在力学属性上的衰减会使得沉积的上下层传输层之间或传输层与钙钛矿之间的直接接触，引起电子空穴的复合，造成光电效率的不理想。另一方面。柔性聚合物在加工容许温度以上会产生明显变形（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e）），这是由于柔性衬底上的ITO导电膜是低温沉积的，存在残余应力。PET衬底在150 ℃以上薄层电阻将产生明显增加，且温度继续升高后电阻甚至呈直线上升；PEN以萘替换PET中的苯后耐高温性能有一定提高" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。由此可见，开发高质量的低加工工艺的功能层性能或者提高衬底耐高温属性是十分有必要的。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "还需要强调的是，基于目前高性能器件中常用的ITO材料本身的抗弯折能力相对较差，开发无ITO器件（即用高度柔性的材料兼顾ITO作用，如聚3，4-乙烯二氧噻吩：聚苯乙烯磺酸盐（PEDOT：PSS））、用纳米碳基材料或金属网格电极等取代ITO的作用都是目前实现高柔性透明导电衬底的备选可能。目前而言，这些可能的实现方案对应的器件性能还和ITO器件存在较大差距，优化工作任重道远。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　低温制备的高性能柔性太阳能电池" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　基于低温制备的电子传输层（ETL）" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然FPSCs设备在最近几年取得了重大进展，但冠军PCE仍然远远落后于刚性设备。除了柔性导电基底之外，包括吸收层、电子传输层（ETL）、空穴传输层（HTL）和柔性界面在内的功能层对于改善器件性能也起着不可或缺的作用。钙钛矿太阳能电池的常见器件结构按照光的入射方向可分为正式n-i-p和反式p-i-n结构。n-i-p平面钙钛矿太阳能电池的基本结构是TCEs/ ETL/钙钛矿光吸收层（PVK）/空穴传输层（HTL）/金属对电极，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示，反式结构与正式结构相反，空穴传输层先于钙钛矿层和电子传输层制备（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）正式结构（n-i-p）FPSCs的设备架构示意图；（b）反式结构（p-i-n）FPSCs设备架构示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Schematic of the device architecture of normal structured（n-i-p）FPSCs. （b）device architecture schematic of inverted structured（p-i-n）FPSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597061&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597063&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597062&type=", "width": "59.07300186", "height": "33.51399994", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通常钙钛矿作为本征半导体i层夹在n型电子传输层和p型空穴传输层中间，在吸收光子和随后的激子离解之后，在钙钛矿层中产生自由电荷载流子。这些自由电荷载流子通过漂移或扩散被传输到相应的电极，这是由电荷传输材料和钙钛矿层之间产生的固有电场触发的。在正式结构中，光生电子在光入射端流动并被收集，光生空穴向金属电极流动并被收集。与此同时，在扩散/漂移过程中，由于体复合或界面复合，一部分电荷将会损失掉，剩余的自由电荷载流子将通过外部负载进行发电。因此，消除电荷扩散过程中的损耗是制造高性能PSC的关键因素。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "高质量的电荷传输层可以有效地从界面提取电子和空穴，并将它们传输到相应的电极，这与电荷传输层的能带结构、形态和载流子迁移率高度相关" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。作为一个关键功能层，电子传输层（ETL）需要在太阳光谱范围内高度透明，同时提供良好的电子提取能力、低载流子传输电阻，以及与钙钛矿的导带相匹配的适当能级" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由于高透明度、宽带隙以及与钙钛矿相匹配的有利费米能级，TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在高性能器件中常被选用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R32", "R33" ], "text": "32-33", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，具有低温可加工性的其他透明金属氧化物（TMOs），如二氧化锡（SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R34", "R35" ], "text": "34-35", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、 氧化锌（ZnO）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R36", "R37" ], "text": "36-37", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和锡酸锌（Zn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " , ZSO）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R38", "R39" ], "text": "38-39", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "也迅速发展以用于柔性PSC。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在无机ETL材料中，需要高温后处理（＞ 450℃）的介孔TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "由于良好的能级匹配和较高的稳定性从而可以实现大于22%的PCE。同时，为了配合柔性聚合物衬底的低加工特性，开发了例如等离子体增强原子层沉积（PEALD）的低温TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "沉积工艺。Kim等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在2015年采用PEALD方法在85℃下制备了20 nm厚、低杂质、非晶TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "层，并展示了高效（12.2%）且明显弯曲耐用的钙钛矿太阳能电池，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）。随着对于更多的低温ETL的研究进一步探索，ZnO由于适合多种低温制备方法（例如旋涂、溅射和热蒸发等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "也成为了ETL材料的候选材料，但是，ZnO悬浮液中残留的羟基和乙酸配体会加速钙钛矿分解" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这阻碍了它们在FPSCs中的进一步应用。最近，SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "由于其高电导率和电子迁移率、与钙钛矿层更好的能级匹配、更宽的带隙（＞3.6 eV），以及低温加工的可能性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "成为了研究的重点。通过水热处理" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，低压辅助溶液法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，原子层沉积" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等方法制备SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的FPSCs的平均效率都在17%以上。2022年，Li等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "开发了真空辅助与低温退火结合的SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "层的制备方法，表面上氧空位密度的增加也导致了SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "更高的导电率，实现了FPSCs中20.14%的PCE。此外，低温热处理会导致ITO和SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "之间的界面结合强度非常低，更容易造成机械损伤和高界面电荷传递电阻，基于此，Min等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过向SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "胶体溶液中添加一定量的TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米溶胶（作为无机粘合剂）制备了SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "混合电极，提供了强附着力并改善了能级排列，实现了21.02%的高效率。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）无机-有机卤化物钙钛矿平面异质结柔性太阳能电池的扫描电镜图和柔性器件结构示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，比例尺：200nm；（b）刮刀涂布法制备NiO 薄膜的示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）椎骨和PSCs的仿生机制" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d，e）控制钙钛矿的水分降解和易碎性质的示意图，以及由于晶界的胶结和钝化而提高的耐水性和耐弯曲性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（f，g）自聚合甲基丙烯酸甲酯（ sMMA ）的作用机理" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（h）带有自愈合聚氨酯的器件结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Cross-sectional SEM image of the inorganic–organic halide perovskite planar heterojunction flexible solar cell and schematic of the flexible device structure. Scale bar： 200 nm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（b）Schematic of NiO films fabricated by blade coating" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（c）Biomimetic mechanisms of the vertebrae and PSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d， e）Schematic diagram of the moisture degradation and fragile nature for the control perovskite， and the enhanced of water resistance with flexural endurance due to cementation and passivation of the grain boundaries" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （f， g）Operational mechanism of self-polymerized methyl methacrylate （sMMA）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（h） Device configuration with the self-healing PU" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597064&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597066&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597065&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "114.59487152", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "与无机ETMs相比，有机ETMs可以更容易地通过改变结构来定制，并且它们通常具有更高的防潮性和高柔韧性。例如，掺杂后的PC" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "BM" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的导电性可以得到增强，富勒烯与可交联的硅烷分子结合（C60-SAM）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以提高器件耐水性。然而，因为大多数有机ETM的导电性相对较差，所以有机ETM的厚度应该足够薄以确保有效的电子传输。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　实现高器件性能的空穴传输层（HTL）" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "和ETL材料相对，对HTL材料的要求除了传输空穴，还需要阻止电子向错误的方向漂移。同时，HTL材料应具有和钙钛矿良好匹配的价带最大值（VBM或最高占据分子轨道（HOMO））并具有高空穴注入效率。此外，还需要有较高的水汽阻隔率、较高的抗弯折机械强度、较低的制备温度等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "无机空穴传输材料由于其匹配的能级、高迁移率、低制造成本和良好的化学稳定性，被用于替代反式结构中的PEDOT:PSS，成为柔性PSC的HTL。NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜是由预先合成的NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米粒子溶液旋涂而成的，低温沉积工艺使其天然适用于柔性器件，同时还可以兼容大面积可扩展沉积工艺，无需任何其他后处理。初步尝试的NiO基柔性PSCs在ITO/PEN衬底上获得了13.43%的PCE" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2021年，Zhang等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过聚合物的溶胶-凝胶法在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "粉末的合成过程中加入了离子液体添加剂，缓解了NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米粒子固有的易团聚现象，从而改善了在粗糙柔性衬底表面被放大了的器件界面接触不良的问题，通过刮刀涂布的沉积手段实现了19.17%的PCE，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PEDOT: PSS作为一种常用的HTL材料，在ITO和钙钛矿之间的界面提供了一个光滑的表面。除以上优点外，其不可忽视的弊端在于吸湿性和酸性（pH " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": " 1）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。当PEDOT: PSS层和钙钛矿层接触时，溶液的酸度会腐蚀ITO电极和钙钛矿，从而限制了有机和钙钛矿光电器件的稳定性和性能。与此同时，由于溶解PEDOT: PSS的溶剂是与钙钛矿不相容的水，PEDOT:PSS只能用于倒置的器件结构。和有机ETL类似，Poorkazem等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "应用改良后的PSS（HC-PEDOT:PSS）作为电极来替代ITO，在FPSCs中实现了约6%的PCEs。受椎骨的生物结晶和柔性结构的启发并基于有机HTL的柔韧性，Meng等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在ITO和钙钛矿层之间采用了非润湿和胶合聚合物PEDOT:EVA HTL层，作为中间粘合剂的同时促进了钙钛矿的定向结晶并增强整个器件的柔性。因此，FPSCs器件在1.01和31.2 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的有效面积下分别实现了19.87%和17.55%的高效率，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）。2021年，Xue等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将PEDOT: PSS与氧化石墨烯结合，开发了具有高粘附性和高导电性的PEDOT:GO凝胶层可以有效地改善PSCs的结晶度和电荷传输。同时，通过有效地减少层间分离和颗粒破碎，有助于显著提高机械稳定性。该方法更加适配大面积制备，刮刀法涂覆的1.01 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "柔性器件PCE为19.7%，25 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "柔性组件的PCE超过 10%。除了PEDOT：PSS外，还有一些有机物被广泛用作HTL材料，如共轭聚合物P3HT" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、PTAA" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、spiro-OMeTAD等" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　更稳定的高质量光吸收层" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然FPSCs在近几年取得了重大进展，但PCE记录仍远落后于刚性设备。具有全覆盖、高结晶度和均匀性的高质量钙钛矿膜对于高效FPSCs的发展是相当关键的。柔性衬底上沉积的钙钛矿结晶质量直接影响PSC器件的综合性能，不良的结晶质量往往会产生大量的晶界，从性能上说，晶界处存在大量的缺陷，缺陷引起的非辐射复合、离子迁移、载流子俘获和散射是影响器件性能的主要来源，从机械稳定性上说，这些晶界是弯曲状态下钙钛矿薄膜应力和应变裂纹最严重的位置，也是不稳定的主要来源。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "添加剂工程是提升钙钛矿层的光伏性能和机械稳定性的常用手段。2018年，Feng等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将二甲基硫醚（DS）掺入钙钛矿前驱液作为体相添加剂，该化合物中含有的路易斯碱基团磺酸基可以与Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "配位形成螯合中间体，吉布斯自由能降低并延缓结晶速度，形成大晶粒和高结晶度，其体缺陷密度较对照组下降了1个数量级，柔性器件的PCE达到了18.40%，是当时的最高值。2020年，Human等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用磺化氧化石墨烯（s-GO）和[PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "相互作用，合成s-GO-[PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "配合物来钝化碘空位缺陷，同时，该配合物构建了“水泥”型晶界，使器件表现出超强的防水性和柔韧性，1.01 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的器件PCE达到了20.56%，在3 mm弯曲半径下，10000次弯曲循环后仍可保持效率的80%，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）、" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e）。Chen等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将自聚合的甲基丙烯酸甲酯（sMMA）引入到PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "中，通过将前驱体限制在支架网络中并提供更多的成核位点来促进钙钛矿结晶。此外，由sMMA低聚物形成的这种交联网络能够通过钝化晶界来释放机械应力并延长操作稳定性。因此，在半径为8 mm的情况下，经过5000次弯曲循环后，柔性装置仍能保持72%的原始效率。原始PCE也可以达到20%以上，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（f）、" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（g）。一些研究还考虑了添加剂的自修复功能在柔性光伏中的作用。Meng等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将一种具有自修复作用的聚氨酯（s-PU）作为支架引入了膜层，同时起到了钝化晶界和对器件的自封装作用，其稳定效率达到了19%以上。拉伸时，优先断裂的是位于晶界处的s-PU，它还可以在100℃左右热退火状态下自修复，使得器件恢复原始性能的34%~88%。此外，原位自聚合分子也可以形成交联网络，以在弯曲过程中释放机械应力，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（h）。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　柔性钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.1　叠层太阳能电池简介" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "迄今为止，柔性单结钙钛矿电池的最高效率为23.6%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，刚性单结钙钛矿的PCE为25.7%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。事实上，电池本身的性能上限一直受到单结太阳能电池的Shockley-Queisser理论极限的（S-Q极限，33%）限制。然而，两端 （2-T） 钙钛矿叠层电池的理论PCE为43%。因此，通过叠层电池的开发来实现性能的进一步攀升一直以来被看作是突破S-Q极限的有利方案。我们将最新报道的单结、叠层和组件最高效率（包括刚性和柔性两类器件）汇总如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。所谓叠层电池，即通过集成不同带隙的子电池来依次吸收不同波段的光子，从而在不减少光谱吸收范围的同时有效降低高能光子吸收带来的热弛豫损失，实现对太阳光谱利用率的显著提高。当两个子电池独立制造并以机械堆叠的方式配置时为四端叠层 （4-T）；相对应的，通过隧穿结构以先后顺序依次沉积宽、窄带隙器件即为两端配置 （2-T）。Radha等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在2020年模拟两种配置下取得最高效率的子电池带隙最佳串联匹配图（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b））。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "单结、叠层和组件的最高效率（a）刚性钙钛矿太阳能电池" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和（b）柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R22", "R23" ], "text": "22-23", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Highest efficiency of single junction， Tandem， and Modules（a）Rigid PSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and（b）Flexible PSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R22", "R23" ], "text": "22-23", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597067&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597069&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597068&type=", "width": "145.34399414", "height": "98.03700256", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）4-T串联" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和（b）2-T串联的柔性叠层太阳能电池的结构和模拟效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）2-T钙钛矿-有机叠层太阳能电池的能级图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）孔径面积为0.049 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的冠军柔性串联电池的J-V曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（e）全钙钛矿叠层电池的器件结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（f）柔性全钙钛矿电池的器件结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［2328］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（g）桥联分子的分子结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Structure and simulated efficiency of flexible tandem solar cells of（a）4-T tandems" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and（b）2-T tandems" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Energy level diagram of 2T perovskite-organic tandem solar cell" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（d）J–V curves of the champion flexible tandem cell with an aperture area of 0.049 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e）Device structure of all-perovskite tandem solar cells" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（f）Device structure of flexible all-perovskite tandem solar cells" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（g）Molecular structures of bridging molecules" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597070&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597072&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597071&type=", "width": "144.44500732", "height": "126.66500092", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "另一方面，基于Heo" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "65", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R65", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等人在2019年所作的预测，以目前最常用的材料和最常选择的材料品牌而言，材料成本已经占到了总成本的70%，尽管实际生产制造过程中采取分销成本或可能低于这一估计值，但是材料成本的占比仍不容小觑。而在柔性电池中，昂贵的衬底在总材料成本中占据很大的比例，2-T结构由于组成元件和结构更简单，在系统平衡 （BOS）的状态下，更容易获得更低的总成本和更低的平准化能源发电成本（LCOE）。因此，出于对于未来商业化应用的考量，基于2-T叠层配置提高柔性太阳能电池的能量转换效率也是降低光伏（PV）系统的 LCOE的最理想最直接的方式。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "柔性叠层电池中，可以通过调整纯铅钙钛矿中X位的碘（I）溴（Br）比实现钙钛矿带隙在1.58 ~ 2.2 eV范围连续可调" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，从而获得2-T串联结构中符合顶电池需求的近红外端透明的宽带隙子电池。而窄带隙子电池部分，根据近年来的诸多报道，可以有钙钛矿、CIGS（铜铟镓硒）、OSCs（有机聚合物）等多种选择，都取得了一定显著的成果。这主要是由于柔性CIGS电池和OSCs也是近年来比较先进的柔性薄膜电池，且其吸收边波长分别接近1100 nm和950 nm；而通过锡代替部分铅，可以使钙钛矿的吸收边波长拓宽到1000 nm左右" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R67", "R68" ], "text": "67-68", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，符合2-T串联电池中对于窄带隙子电池的需求。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.2　钙钛矿-有机叠层柔性太阳能电池" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿-有机光伏叠层电池（PSC-OSC）由于有与其他叠层太阳能电池具有相似的加工特征和结构特征引起了许多科研工作者的注意。同时，钙钛矿和有机聚合物制备过程中采用的正交溶剂系统理论上可以有效避免制备过程中溶剂侵蚀的可能性。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在2015年，Chen等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道了具有10.2% PCE的钙钛矿叠层太阳能电池，使用宽禁带PBSeDTEG8: PCBM层作为顶部子电池，CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）钙钛矿层作为底部子电池。此时受限的PCE归因于随后的溶剂侵蚀以及钙钛矿的高温处理对有机光伏层的损害。2016年，Liu等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了效率为16.0%的钙钛矿聚合物叠层太阳能电池。但是他们的器件配置的一个问题是顶部和底部子电池具有重叠的光吸收光谱，并且所使用的光伏材料共享相似的带隙。此后，PSC-OSC叠层电池进一步发展，2020年，Alex团队的Li等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "使用1.3 eV带隙的有机活性层PBDB-T:SN6IC-4F作为底部子电池，配合近红外透明的宽带隙钙钛矿子电池实现了PCE为15.13%的刚性叠层电池，并基于低温制造工艺的优点和所有界面、钙钛矿、有机块状异质结和互连层的柔性特性，同时实现了柔性叠层太阳能电池，获得了13.61%的PCE。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.3　钙钛矿-铜铟镓锡柔性叠层太阳能电池" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在叠层电FPSCs的研究进程中，使用CIGS作为窄带隙子电池的器件在2017年由Pisoni等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次提出，这也是首个有关于柔性钙钛矿叠层电池的报道，该4T叠层实现了18.2%的PCE。2019年底，4-T结构FPSC-CIGS串联电池实现了23%的当时世界最高效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。CIGS做串联子电池的优势在于其属于传统的薄膜技术之一，具有可以灵活兼容其他柔性电池技术的可能性；且柔性单结CIGS电池的PCE可以达到20.8%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，截止目前，4-T叠层FPSC-CIGS的PCE为26.5%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，2-T叠层FPSC-CIGS的PCE为13.2%，主要受限于钙钛矿子电池较低的光电流（16.3mA/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）和较低的填充因子（46.4%）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.4　全钙钛矿柔性叠层太阳能电池" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前来看，柔性全钙钛矿叠层电池的最高效率为24.7%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，柔性模组的世界记录为18.4% （48.9 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，与此同时，刚性全钙钛矿叠层电池的最高效率为28.0%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，刚性钙钛矿组件的世界记录为22.7% （23.9 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，由此可见，叠层FPSCs的研究和开发仍处于十分初期的阶段。截至目前，叠层FPSCs的初步尝试依然取得了一些有代表性的研究成果。2019年底，由国家可再生能源实验室 （NREL）首次报告了2-T柔性全钙钛矿叠层电池的研究成果" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。通过原子层沉积（ALD）设计了具有低电导率的铝锌氧化物（AZO）成核层来有效组合两个不同带隙的钙钛矿子电池，并通过宽带隙子电池中的阳离子来调节带隙从而获得更高开路电压，将PCE提高到21.3%，比当时的最佳单结FPSCs的PCE高了两个百分点以上" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，其中开路电压（V" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）为1.88 V。今年6月份，谭海仁团队的报导的全钙钛矿2-T柔性电池打破了保持了三年的效率记录，实现了24.6%的重大突破（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）），这也是迄今为止所有柔性叠层的最高效率，同时实现了约1 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "器件的23.5%的效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同时，该团队也是刚性叠层全钙钛矿电池的世界最高效率的保持者（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e））。在柔性叠层电池的工作中，团队利用了具有咔唑核和膦酸锚定基团的两种空穴选择性分子的混合物组成的自组装单分子层修饰氧化镍纳米晶空穴传输层，形成分子桥-氧化镍（MB-NiO）层，显著降低了钙钛矿和氧化镍之间的接触界面缺陷，实现了近红外透明的宽带隙电池的16.2%的能量转换效率，结合组分为FA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Pb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Sn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，带隙为 1.22 eV的 Pb-Sn窄带隙钙钛矿电池，实现了全钙钛矿叠层电池性能的大幅度提升（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（f）、（g））。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5　FPSCs的商业化挑战与展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "柔性钙钛矿光伏发展至今，通过多方科研工作者的集体努力，已经在效率上取得了可观的突破和进展；与此同时，便携或可穿戴柔性电子产品以及光伏一体化建筑等多种应用场景的层出不穷也催生了对于开发集成轻质柔性光伏设备的自供电产品的大力需求。目前，为了尽快推进柔性钙钛矿光伏的商业化，还有几个亟待解决的问题：（1）研发着眼于各功能层的兼顾柔性和高效的FPSCs技术（2）开发适配大面积的高效均匀涂层技术；（3）面向大面积组件的互联工艺及其优化；（4）通过合理的封装技术来提高柔性电池的运行稳定性" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5.1　兼顾柔性和高效的FPECs制备技术" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s5a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "相较于刚性电池而言，柔性电池的研究并非应该局限于光电转换效率的提升甚至聚焦于缩小柔性和刚性电池之间的差异。 柔性电池的发展是基于独特应用场景应运而生的研究领域，在实际应用中，反复弯曲、扭曲或其他形式的变形是不可避免的。因此，在变形后仍能保持良好的性能是评价FPSCs的一个必要因素。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "就理论分析而言，Ko等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "使用纳米压痕和理论分析报告了FPSCs所有层的机械性能。混合钙钛矿层的杨氏模量（E）明显低于基于金属氧化物的钙钛矿层的杨氏模量（大约十分之一），说明其具有相当良好的柔性，此外，HTL、ETL层的杨氏模量和弹性以及屈服应力都和钙钛矿层相似，甚至比钙钛矿层略小。另一方面，材料在弯曲过程中也伴随着应变能的累积，当应变达到临界值时材料表面出现裂纹以释放应变能，将裂纹扩展单位面积时系统所释放的能量定义为 G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "c" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，高G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "c" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值的材料表现出更好的弹性 。相比而言，钙钛矿、ITO、TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等都属于无机晶体的范畴，相较真正的柔性材料（PEN等）而言，其脆性依旧不可忽视。此外，Jing等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "83", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R83", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "83" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基于DFT的第一性原理计算结果表明在CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "BX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （B = Sn, Pb; X = Br, I）中：化学键B-X的类型和强度决定了钙钛矿层的弹性性能，且碘化物的柔性要好于溴化物，铅化物的柔性要优于锡化合物，而有机和无机离子间的相互作用对弹性的影响可以忽略不计。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在实际的弯曲过程中，外表面和内表面分别承受拉伸应力和压缩应力。通过结构力学的相关内容可以发现，在承受平衡拉伸和压缩应力时装置内部不受力的平面被定义为中性平面。与钙钛矿层相比，涂覆在聚合物基底上的ITO不具有高的弯曲耐久性，因为ITO的泊松比小且模量大，弹性模量为185 GPa左右" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "84", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R84", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "84" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，柔性的决定性因素反而是ITO层出现破坏从而导致了器件的退化。因此，为了实现FPSCs，应该引入利用具有延展性的新TCO材料的策略或优化器件结构使得中性面位于最脆弱的层，则机械耐久性得以维持。另一方面，膜应变和弯曲曲率半径之间的关系表示为" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597074&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597073&type=", "width": "10.41399956", "height": "7.28133297", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，ε、d和r分别是应变、器件厚度和曲率半径。也就是说，较薄的器件会因为是相对较小的应变将被施加到器件上从而可以确保弯曲稳定性。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，几乎所有的FPSCs的研究都会关注器件本身的弯曲稳定性问题，这一部分的内容多在第3章进行了讨论，事实上，叠层器件的弯曲稳定性问题也一直是重点研究的对象，且很多稳定性问题在叠层器件中被放大，因此更值得关注。2019年，Axel等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "详细的讨论了如何实现这一超薄复合层的目标。大约1 nm厚的超薄乙氧基化的聚乙烯亚胺（PEIE）作为成核层以改善C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上方的ALD层的生长行为，从而提高薄层（5 nm~15 nm）ALD-AZO/IZO层的覆盖度，和刚性叠层相比，取代了厚ITO层，在保证迁移率（保证高性能）和高薄层电阻（抑制横向分流路径）的同时保证了有效的物理串联效果，实现了77%的高填充因子和21.3%的高效率（当时最高），更重要的是，在1.5 cm弯曲半径下仍保持20.4%的PCE，这进一步证明了该方法在叠层方面可以有效地保持器件的高柔性。2022年，Li等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在2022年报告的柔性叠层器件进展中也强调了自组装单分子层和氧化镍纳米晶空穴传输层联合使用对于提升抗弯折能力的效用。比较可得，MB-NiO在1.5 cm弯曲半径下弯曲了10000次后几乎仍保持了其初始效率，而裸NiO仅为初始值的72%。也就是说，MB-NiO界面实现了改进的抗弯曲稳定性，文中推测其改善的弯曲稳定性可能来源于自组装单分子层增加了NiO和钙钛矿层的界面粘附性，同时，该单分子层还可能起到应力缓冲的作用，从而减少了钙钛矿脆性膜在弯曲条件下受到的损伤。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于以上讨论可以发现：一方面，叠层器件相较于单结器件性能更高但膜层数更多，且增加的层除钙钛矿层之外，还有通过原子层沉积的SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（ALD-SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）、掺铝氧化锌（ALD-AZO）、氧化铟锌（ALD-IZO）等脆性材料以构成隧穿复合结，当其置于叠层器件中，比重加大，因此开发薄且兼容柔性的复合层的重要性不言而喻。另一方面，我们同样也应像柔性单结电池一样要关注各功能层以及界面处的弯曲稳定性的提升。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5.2　面向大面积组件的可扩展沉积工艺" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s5b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "总体而言，从基于旋涂工艺制备器件的实验室研发阶段到开发出大面积沉积工艺从而适合于商业配置的工业量产化阶段，往往存在以下几个因素限制了按比例放大生产的工业化进程：（1）由于面积扩大后的成膜不均匀性造成的更多结构缺陷（2）各功能层的可扩展工艺的适配（3）增大面积带来的更大的欧姆损耗和组件互连区带来的有源区损耗导致的PCE减小（4）互连方案的恰当设计以实现性能和稳定性之间的协调。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " （a）展示的制备单片互连的钙钛矿太阳能电池 n-i-p 型组件（PSMs）涉及典型加工步骤流程图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（对于p-i-n型器件调换恰当的步骤后也同样适用）。在大面积的可扩展沉积工艺的探索中，主要针对问题中提到的面积扩大后的缺陷问题和可扩展工艺与各功能层材料选择的适配问题。目前在开发的可扩展工艺一般是面向柔性基板的连续卷对卷（R2R）处理，以期未来和PSMs流程可以很好的兼容。另一方面，在制备过程中，柔性基材常需要利用范德华力物理黏附到刚性基材上，以抵抗涂布过程可能导致的翘曲和旋涂吸附造成的内凹形变。Gong等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选取PDMS层作为PET和玻璃间的黏附层，厚度为2.5 μm，从而使得PET在玻璃表面形成保型接触。这样一来，既解决了高单位重量功率的超薄轻质薄膜上的加工可行性，又使得兼容大面积和高质量的钙钛矿相关各层沉积的工艺变得简单易行；同时，制备完成后的器件的剥离过程也不会对器件造成损坏。当利用范德华力将柔性基板物理吸附在玻璃基底上的工艺成熟后，所开发的R2R涂层工艺也能过渡到有共通性的S2S（板对板）加工工艺，从而使得工艺设备共通性的可以同时适用于柔性和刚性组件的制备，进一步降低设备成本。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）单片互连钙钛矿光伏组件加工示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）多源真空沉积与大面积钙钛矿薄膜非真空退火工艺示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "96", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R96", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "96" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）单片互连FPSCs组件原理图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "86", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R86", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "86" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）刀片涂层" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和（e）狭缝式涂布" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "示意图；（f）用于FPSC的R2R加工示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "95", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R95", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "95" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Schematic illustration of continuous processing of monolithic-interconnected perovskite solar modules" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（b）Schematic illustration of multisource vacuum deposition with an in-vacuum annealing process for large-area perovskite films" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "96", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R96", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "96" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（c）Schematic of FPSCs module with monolithic interconnection" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "86", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R86", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "86" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Schematic diagram of（d）blade coating" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］ " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "and（e）slot-die coating" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（f）Diagram showing R2R processing for the fabrication of flexible PSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597075&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597077&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597076&type=", "width": "153.88200378", "height": "107.66799927", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在各种扩大规模的研究中，刮刀涂布由于其简单的加工控制和潜在的直接向更大规模扩展的能力而显得更有研究意义（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）），狭缝涂布是刮刀涂布的下一步" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e））。这两种方法都通过将极少量前驱体溶液湿膜均匀涂敷在衬底上，并结合类似小面积处理策略中的真空" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "88", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R88", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "88" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "90", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R90", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "90" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R88", "R89", "R90" ], "text": "88-90", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、风刀吹气" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "91", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R91", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "91" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "92", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R92", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "92" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R91", "R92" ], "text": "91-92", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、热基板" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "93", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R93", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "93" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "94", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R94", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "94" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R93", "R94" ], "text": "93-94", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等操作辅助溶剂挥发，从而形成钙钛矿层或者形成中间体薄膜后再在热板上退火成膜（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（f））。由于固有的溶液流体动力学因素导致涂布方式制备的膜表面的不均匀性等问题，目前存在的挑战如：更稳定的前体油墨、更长的钙钛矿沉积时间窗口、更低的溶液挥发性和合适的前体粘度。2020年，Kim等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "95", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R95", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "95" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将R2R处理工艺、气刀吹气辅助和反溶剂浴法充分结合，实现了柔性PSC的最高19.1%的最高效率和小面积旋涂工艺相当，也是同时期最高的FPSCs的效率之一；并展示了中试规模的全R2R方式生产的FPSCs，也实现了13.8%的效率（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（f））。此外，同样适配于R2R的全蒸发工艺（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））在2021年由Feng等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "96", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R96", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "96" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "做了尝试，展示了300 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下柔性衬底上的均匀黑膜沉积。 Kim等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了展示了通过R2R工艺在康宁柳木玻璃上涂布的面积超过4500 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的钙钛矿膜，展示可扩展的大面积沉积技术的巨大前景（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（i））。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）4个子电池串联组件（5.6 × 5.6 cm）的照片" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "100", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R100", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "100" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）柔性钙钛矿模块照片（有效面积12 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "101", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R101", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "101" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。（c）具有8个子电池的24 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "器件的组件设计细节（每个子电池：3 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）AM 1.5 G时FPSMs有/没有丙烯酸苄酯（BzA）层的J - V曲线（8个子电池，每个子电池面积： 3 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（e）在FPSMs上刻划的P1、P2和P3线的光学显微图像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（f）狭缝式涂布沉积的大面积（~ 160 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）钙钛矿薄膜的演示" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（g）在柔性基板（插图是微型模块的照片）上制造的手工蚀刻微型模块J - V曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（h） 1个太阳光照（插图： 总尺寸为10 × 10 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的FPSMs图像）下，活动面积为48.90 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的最佳FPSMs（6个子电池）认证J - V曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "； （i）在超过4500 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的柳木玻璃上通过R2R制备钙钛矿薄膜" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Picture of the 4 cell series-connected module （5.6 × 5.6 cm）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "100", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R100", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "100" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）photograph of a flexible perovskite module （aperture area of 12 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "101", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R101", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "101" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（c）Module design details for the 24 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " device with 8 sub-cells. （Each sub cell： 3 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d）J-V curves of the FPSMs with/without BzA layer at AM 1.5G. （8 subcells， each subcell area： 3 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（e）Optical microscopic image of P1， P2， and P3 lines scribed on the FPSMs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（f）Demonstration of a large-area （~ 160 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） perovskite thin film deposited by slot-die coating" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（g）J-V curve of the hand-etched mini-module fabricated on a flexible substrate （the inset is a photograph of the mini-module）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（h）Certified J-V curves of champion FPSMs （16 subcells） with an active area of 48.90 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （aperture area of 64 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） under 1 sun illumination （inset： image of FPSMs with total size of 10 × 10 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（i） Demonstration of perovskite thin film coated on a flexible Corning Willow glass substrate with an area of more than 4，500 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " formed via R2R process" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597078&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597080&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597079&type=", "width": "142.34599304", "height": "124.81300354", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5.3　面向大面积组件的子电池互联工艺" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s5c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "以上提到的研究都处于可扩展工艺下的FPSCs性能的探索，尽管较实验室工艺来说性能没有明显的优势甚至多有明显的差距，但是都成功的证明了可扩展涂布技术实现钙钛矿层甚至全功能层沉积的可行性，属于FPSCs面向大规模商业化的第一阶段。随着沉积面积的继续扩大，接下来的研究将多面向于前端开发和组件设计优化的相关工作，是FPSCs商业化尝试升级的第二个阶段。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了避免电阻损耗，单片互连是制造PSMs和FPSMs最常用的方法，它增加了与子电池数量成比例的输出电压，同时将光电流限制在单个子电池的范围内（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））。这种连接采用标准划线方案，形成三个基本划线区域（P1、P2和P3）。由于对光电流的贡献为零，这些区域也被称为死区。通常，太阳能电池组件的开口面积包含死区（死区面积）和有效面积（光电流有效区面积）。因此，无效面积损失由几何填充因子（GFF）定义：有效面积和总孔径面积之间的比率。增加GFF，即减少死区，可以有效地提高钙钛矿模块的效率。因此，理论上在GFF和电阻的损耗之间有一个合理优化配置的空间。（1）引入激光划片技术来更精细地图案化模块部分，以避免不利的活性区域损失" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "97", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R97", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "97" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（2）优化P1和P3的激光加工步骤和详细宽度，以实现串行互连，同时避免潜在的短路" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "98", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R98", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "98" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（3）增强P2划线透射以降低串联接触电阻" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "99", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R99", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "99" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "柔性组件的设计自2015年来渐渐开始兴起。2017年，Giacomo等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "100", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R100", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "100" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道了效率为3.8%的柔性小型组件（5.6 cm×5.6 cm），作为柔性组件的最初尝试，P1通过CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激光进行刻蚀，通过激光定义的掩模程序沉积ALD层并通过丝网印刷图案化TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的模块，其余属于P2工艺的区域通过DMF/氯苯混合溶液涂覆的尖端进行人工去除，器件实物照片如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示。2018年，来自同组的Dagar等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "101", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R101", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "101" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次使用完整的三步激光划线程序（P1、P2、P3）制造了完全激光图案化的柔性钙钛矿模块，实现了12 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的有效面积上的PCE为8.8%。P1、P2、P3均使用Nd:YVO4光栅扫描激光器（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。今年2月份，Zhu等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了有效面积为24 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的八个子电池串联的FPSMs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）），除了提供了新的内部自封装手段外，还优化了激光划刻工艺，获得了16.75%的效率，为同期最高，其激光划刻工艺设计示意图和电子显微镜实物图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）和" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e）所示；同年七月，Seok团队的Min等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "开发的一种混合电极，实现了25 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "面积下10个子电池串联的16.62%的PCE（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（g）），在组件制备部分仅仅提到了采用手工刻蚀的方式进行的。同月，Park团队" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用范德华力来实现薄膜表面的均匀热传递，结合真空辅助钝化工艺，在48.9 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的有效面积上实现了18.35%的创纪录的认证效率（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（h））。值得注意的是，该组件的划刻工艺在P1、P2、P3阶段分别使用了酸蚀刻、532 nm皮秒激光刻蚀、自制工具机械刻蚀。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "可以预见：在未来，通过选择低电阻电极和优化P1、P2和P3区域的相对宽度来改善相邻子电池之间的连接同时保持基本的串联连接特性，是获得更高性能钙钛矿太阳能模块的有前途的方法。通过结合单片和电网连接，具有适当互连设计的PSMs可以以不同的形式产生足够的电流和/或电压，用于各种应用，例如太阳能发电场、太阳能道路、柔性太阳能充电器和用于路灯的内置PSMs。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5.4　FPSCs的运行稳定性与柔性封装工艺" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s5d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "尽管自2013年柔性钙钛矿器件第一次被报道以来，其效率和可扩展的大面积沉积技术已经取得了实质性的进展，这证明了柔性钙钛矿设备是有希望在不久的将来投入工业化生产的；但我们还需要注意到的是，阻碍技术真正转向商业化的挑战还有水溶性铅化合物的毒性和较差的设备运行寿命。其中，影响运行稳定性的一个直接原因就是当钙钛矿暴露于大气环境下时，湿气和氧气的侵入导致的材料恶化。基于以上原因，开发合理有效的封装技术成为限制设备暴露于水汽中以及铅泄露的重要解决方案。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着封装技术的发展，目前主要采用的封装方法包括单层封装和多层封装" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "103", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R103", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "103" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。一层有机或无机材料的表面不能杜绝针孔等缺陷的出现，从而形成并非完全密闭的封装空间。Weerasinghe等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "104", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R104", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "104" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在2015年发表了关于尝试使用柔性阻隔材料和简单封装架构来封装FPSCs的结果，证明了单层封装可以显著延长在环境条件下储存的使用寿命，但是通过渗透测试表明，封装后湿气通过粘合剂层和电触点周围侵入器件周围环境，构成了限制其寿命的主要因素（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b））。多层封装是使用有机层和无机层的结合，例如Lee等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "105", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R105", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "105" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别通过化学气相沉积和原子层沉积定制了用于薄膜封装（TFE）的pV3D3有机层和Al" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "无机层，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c），这种多层包封的结构似的在300小时后，处于50℃和50%湿度环境下的器件仍可保持其初始效率的97%。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）显示部分（顶部）和完全（底部）封装的柔性PSC示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "104", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R104", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "104" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）各种聚合物基材的水蒸气透过率（ WVTR ）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "104", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R104", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "104" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）在50 ℃，50 % RH加速条件下1 ~ 4层多层TFE封装的PSC寿命" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "105", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R105", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "105" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）通过X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表征监测I-Ag间扩散示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "106", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R106", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "106" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ；（e）防止Pb泄漏的封装方法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "107", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R107", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "107" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Schematic diagram showing a partially （top） and a completely （bottom） encapsulated flexible PSC" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "104", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R104", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "104" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Water vapor transmission rate （WVTR） of various polymer substrates" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "104", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R104", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "104" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Shelf life of PSC encapsulated with 1~4 layers of multilayer TFE under an accelerated condition of 50 ℃， 50% RH" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "105", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R105", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "105" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（d）Schematic diagram of monitoring the I-Ag interdiffusion through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）characterization " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "106", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R106", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "106" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".（e）Encapsulation methods against Pb leakage" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "107", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R107", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "107" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597081&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597083&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=36597082&type=", "width": "143.38699341", "height": "88.37100220", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于上述策略可以发现，通过防止湿气和空气侵入引起的钙钛矿分解来有效提高器件稳定性，但是在运行过程中依旧无法避免离子迁移、化学反应、光和热应力引起的器件内部分解。与此同时，在组件运行过程中，其长期稳定性和效率的退化还要部分归因于在互连子电池之间的P2划线区域的界面卤化物-金属电极相互扩散引起的不可逆退化。实际上，关于柔性组件相关解决办法可以参考刚性PSMs的最新进展，因为两者面临的问题具有很强的共性。最近，Xiao等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "106", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R106", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "106" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为了应对这一挑战，设计在P2划线后沉积一层约10 nm厚的ALD-SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，即在互连的子电池之间引入导电的共形“扩散阻挡层”，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d），因此实现了更窄的P2划线区域和更高的GFF和组件效率；此外，这种致密保护层防止了钙钛矿在暴露于环境空气中的氧化，提高了工艺重现性。在相对湿度约为40%的环境条件下，经过1778小时的黑暗储存后，具有CDB的封装组件保持了其初始PCE。Jiang等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "107", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R107", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "107" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "还针对组件的铅泄露问题进行了定量评估，实验和模拟结果表明，外部冲击形成的微裂纹是决定铅元素泄露率的关键，同时他们开发了一种环氧树脂封装的方法，将铅泄露率降低到原来的1/375（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e））。Chen等人" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "108", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R108", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "108" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报告了一种丰富、低成本且化学稳定性强的阳离子交换树脂（CER）封装方法，该方法对水中的铅具有高吸附能力和高吸附率，且对太阳能电池效率的影响可忽略不计。这些源自于刚性组件的尝试也进一步突出了改进封装架构以实现满足最终商业用户对PSC运行寿命的需要。未来，开发更行之有效的封装技术并加以改进，也很有可能在柔性设备或组件中得以实施。" } ] } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", 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