宽带放大光纤研究进展及发展趋势 增强出版

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "宽带放大光纤研究进展及发展趋势" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Research Progress and Development Trend of Broadband Amplified Optical Fiber" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "褚", "givenname": "应波", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "CHU", "givenname": "Ying-bo", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "褚应波（1988-），男，湖北襄阳人，博士，2016年于华中科技大学获得博士学位，主要从事特种光纤制备、超宽带放大及空分复用光放大的研究。 E-mail： ybc@hust.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599080&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599084&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599082&type=", "width": "24.89200020", "height": "29.88732910", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "褚应波" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1988-），男，湖北襄阳人，博士，2016年于华中科技大学获得博士学位，主要从事特种光纤制备、超宽带放大及空分复用光放大的研究。 E-mail： " }, { "name": "text", "data": "ybc@hust.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "ybc@hust.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "李", "givenname": "进延", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LI", "givenname": "Jin-yan", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "Email： ljy@hust.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Email： ljy@hust.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "李进延（1972-），男，青海西宁人，博士，教授，博士生导师，2001年于中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所获得博士学位，主要从事特种光纤、高功率激光及超宽带放大的研究。 E-mail： ljy@hust.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599086&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599091&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599089&type=", "width": "24.89199829", "height": "29.88732910", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "李进延" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1972-），男，青海西宁人，博士，教授，博士生导师，2001年于中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所获得博士学位，主要从事特种光纤、高功率激光及超宽带放大的研究。 E-mail： " }, { "name": "text", "data": "ljy@hust.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "ljy@hust.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": "华中科技大学 武汉光电国家研究中心， 湖北 武汉　430074", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "华中科技大学 武汉光电国家研究中心， 湖北 武汉　430074" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": "Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics， Huazhong University of Science and Technology， Wuhan 430074， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics， Huazhong University of Science and Technology， Wuhan 430074， China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺铒光纤放大器的出现是光纤通信领域颠覆性的技术突破，它使基于密集波分复用技术的超高速率、超大容量、超长距离光纤通信成为可能并促使其快速发展。光纤通信系统要实现长距离大容量通信必然离不开相应的光纤放大器。但是随着传输容量需求的爆发性增长，现有光纤通信系统面临巨大的扩容压力。本文系统综述了扩展增益带宽提升传输容量的研究进展，讨论了宽带放大光纤及其放大器发展所涉及的关键问题，提出了对超宽带放大光纤及其放大器发展趋势的理解，并对基于少模多芯光纤的空分复用技术研究进行了展望。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The erbium-doped fiber amplifier（EDFA） is a revolutionary breakthrough in the field of optical fiber communication， which makes long-distance， large-capacity， high-speed optical fiber communication possible. To realize long-distance transmission of optical fiber communication systems， it is inseparable from the corresponding optical fiber amplifier. However， with the explosive growth of transmission capacity demand， the existing DWDM communication system is facing huge pressure for capacity expansion. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of expanding the gain bandwidth to improve the transmission capacity， discusses the key issues involved in broadband active fibers and amplifiers， puts forward an understanding of ultra-broadband active fibers and their amplifiers in various bands， and provides a new perspective on future space division multiplexing based on few-mode multi-core fibers." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "宽带放大" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "扩展C-band" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "扩展L-band" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "超宽带放大" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "空分复用放大" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "broadband amplification" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "extended C-band" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "extended L-band" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "ultra-wideband amplification" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "space division multiplexing amplification" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着全球移动互联、物联网(IoT)、云计算和东数西算的不断发展，对数据通信容量的需求呈现爆炸式增长。根据权威分析机构Omdia预测，到2023年，全球网络流量将达到4 300 000 PB。尽管密集波分复用通信(Dense wavelength division multiplexing，DWDM)技术极大地提高了现有通信系统的数据传输能力，但远不能满足日益增长的数据传输需求。因此，现有光纤通信系统正面临巨大的扩容压力" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2" ], "text": "1-2", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。如何充分挖掘光纤通信系统潜在的传输容量已成为亟待解决的关键问题" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R3", "R4" ], "text": "3-4", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "DWDM通信系统以其巨大的带宽优势和频谱利用率成为提升传输容量最为成熟的技术" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R5", "R6" ], "text": "5-6", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。目前，提高现有DWDM通信系统传输容量主要有三种方法：（1）提高单信道的传输速率；（2）减少信道间隔，增加信道数量；（3）扩展传输带宽，增加信道数量。然而，光纤通信经过五十多年的快速发展，单信道传输速率已达到800 Gb/s, 信道间隔已经达到50 GHz(0.4 nm)。通过前两种技术提升系统传输容量已经逼近香农极限，进一步提升必然会导致色散和四波混频等效应，同时还会增加信道之间的串扰，降低系统稳定性。因此，相对于提升单信道传输速率和减少信道间隔，扩展传输带宽、增加信道数量因具有实施方便灵活、经济效益高等优势，已成为首选的扩容方案。 石英传输光纤具有很宽(1 260~1 675 nm)的低损耗传输带宽(~415 nm)。然而，目前商用的DWDM系统中的关键核心器件——掺Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "光纤放大器(EDFA)仅使用了常规C-band(1 528~1 568 nm)和L-band(1 570~1 610 nm)共约80 nm的带宽，约81%的带宽资源尚未被充分利用，已成为限制传输容量增长的重要因素" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R7", "R8" ], "text": "7-8", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，扩展增益带宽、增加信道数量成为当前提升DWDM通信系统传输容量最可行的方案,受到学术界和产业界的充分重视。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　稀土离子光谱调控机理" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "不同基质、不同稀土掺杂的有源光纤具有不同的光谱、增益和噪声特性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R9", "R10", "R11" ], "text": "9-11", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，对不同基质和掺杂的增益光纤研究成为实现宽带放大的一个重要方向。Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是宽带放大中最重要的一种稀土离子，在不同基质中因其所处的配位场不同，因而具有不同光谱特性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R12", "R13" ], "text": "12-13", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。配位场可以理解为Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "周围环境所产生的电场，配位场会使能级产生劈裂：不同的基质-不同的配位场-不同的劈裂模式。当基质组分发生变化时，Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "周围配位场发生变化，因此会使Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的光谱发生不均匀展宽或者压缩，从而影响Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的发光特性，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光谱调控原理图：（a）位型坐标图；（b）能级图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of spectral modulation. （a）Configurational coordinate diagram. （b）Energy level diagram." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599093&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599097&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599095&type=", "width": "133.56169128", "height": "56.10964966", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在1.5 μm的发光源自4f电子层内" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级跃迁，被5d电子层屏蔽，不易受外界环境的影响。但在不同的玻璃基质中，Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的配位场可以在一定范围内通过共掺离子进行调控，Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的发射和吸收光谱仍会发生相应改变。Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "发光性能的调控使其在光纤放大器、光纤激光器、生物医学以及光波导等领域得到广泛的研究和发展。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在光通信领域中，常用的基质材料有硅酸盐、磷酸盐、铋酸盐、碲酸盐等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R14", "R15", "R16", "R17" ], "text": "14-17", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这些新型玻璃材料在不同的波段表现出不同的性能，显示了有源放大光纤极大的发展潜力。然而，在制备工艺方面，光纤材料需要具备较好的化学稳定性、热稳定性、易成纤、延展性好、稀土离子溶解度高等性能。对于光学性能来说，光纤材料需要具备高增益、宽带宽、较大的吸收和受激发射截面、荧光寿命长、损耗和噪声系数小等性能。综合考虑制备工艺及光学等性能，可用于制备商用宽带放大掺铒光纤的材料却不多。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　宽带光纤放大器研究进展" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "石英光纤的低损耗传输带宽可以从1 260～1 675 nm，共有415 nm。一般把这415 nm宽度划分成O、E、S、C、L、U 6个波段，具体划分如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通信波段划分" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Division of communication bands" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "波段简称" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "波段全称" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "波长范围/nm" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "频率范围/THz" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "O‐band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Orignal band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 260~1 360" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "237.9~220.4" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E‐band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Extended‐wavelength band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 360~1 460" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "220.4~205.3" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S‐band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Short‐wavelength band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 460~1 530" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "205.3~195.9" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C‐band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Conventional band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 530~1 565" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "195.9~191.6" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "L‐band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Long‐wavelength band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 565~1 625" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "191.6~184.5" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "U‐band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ultra‐long‐wavelength band" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 625~1 675" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "184.5~179.0" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599102&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599100&type=", "width": "77.69583130", "height": "38.25055313", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，光纤通信主要使用C和L波段，而且仅使用其中的一小部分。单纤容量=频谱效率×频谱带宽。其中，频谱效率可以通过采用更高阶的调制格式或者更复杂的频谱整形方案或者更多 维的复用手段来实现。但是通过香农定理" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "B" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "lg2(1+" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")可以看到，继续提升频谱效率会对到达接收机的信噪比提出更高的要求，系统的传输距离会相应地下降，提升频谱效率已经遇到瓶颈。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "扩展传输带宽是现阶段提升单纤容量的有效手段。通过扩展放大器的增益带宽，实现对S-band(1 490~1 530 nm)、C-band(1 530~1 565 nm)和L-band(1 565~1 625 nm)信号同时传输的方法，可以在现有的硬件基础上直接升级扩容。综合考虑，通过扩展光纤放大器的增益带宽从而提升传输容量无疑是目前光纤通信系统升级扩容最直接最理想的方案。其中，如何从C-band、L-band扩展到C++、L++波段是业内正在重点突破的方向。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　扩展C‐band掺铒光纤及其放大器" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺铒光纤放大器的增益带宽正好覆盖整个C-band，加之其具有高增益、低噪声、宽带宽、兼容性好、性能稳定等优势，使其在C-band信号放大方面已经建立了绝对的优势，成为C-band放大器的首选。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，常规C-band主要使用1 529～1 567 nm的光通信波段，从频率上看是196.05～191.3 THz，大约可使用范围4.8 THz。在该频谱范围内，现在的光通信系统可以支持80波或者96波，频率间隔50 GHz，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表2", "type": "table", "rid": "T2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。扩展C-band是在此基础上向短波和长波方向同时频谱扩展，实现50 GHz间隔下的120波宽带放大，频谱上扩展到6 THz，波长范围为1 524～1 572 nm，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。2004年开始，烽火通信李进延、蒋作文、李 海清等成功实现了高性能掺铒光纤的研制" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R18", "R19" ], "text": "18-19", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，开启了国产铒" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C‐band扩展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Extended C-band" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "方案" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50 G间隔波长数" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "频谱范围/THz" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "波长范围/nm" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "谱宽" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C80" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "192.1~196.05" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 529.16~1 560.61" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4 THz/32 nm" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C96" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "96" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "191.3~196.05" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 529.16~1 567.14" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.8 THz/38 nm" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C120" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "120" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "190.65~196.675" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1 524~1 572" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6 THz/48 nm" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599108&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599105&type=", "width": "162.79997253", "height": "23.59399414", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C-band光谱扩展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The spectra of the extended C-band" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599113&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599119&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599116&type=", "width": "69.41162872", "height": "48.77195740", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "纤制备的新篇章。2008年，北京交通大学简水生、常德远等实现了高效率、高掺杂铒纤的制备" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这些研究极大地促进了国产铒纤的发展，为我国光通信放大打下了坚实基础。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通过掺铒光纤组分优化以及掺铒光纤放大器结构设计，各大通信厂商已经实现1 524~1 572 nm C-band 120波掺铒光纤放大器。但是，系统对放大器放大性能仍有着强烈的持续的优化需求，比如增益平坦度、噪声指数、烧孔效应等。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　扩展L‐band掺铒光纤及其放大器" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，扩展C-band基本实现了48 nm的宽带放大，但由于掺铒光纤的限制，L-band只能实现36 nm的增益。因此，制备扩展L-band掺铒光纤是实现L-band宽带放大的关键" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。限制L-band铒纤增益带宽的关键因素是激发态吸收(ESA)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。近年来，研究人员基于不同的基质材料研究扩展L-band掺铒光纤。2000年，日本NTT公司报道了一种基于碲酸盐玻璃的扩展L-band掺铒光纤，实现了1 581~1 616 nm的宽带放大，最大噪声指数6 dB，输出功率20.5 dBm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2002年，日本Asahi玻璃公司基于铋基玻璃制备掺铒光纤，将L-band带宽扩展到1 620 nm。但由于铋基光纤与传统石英光纤不兼容，导致系统损耗大" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2008年，日本NTT公司报道了一种基于硅酸盐玻璃的L-band扩展方案，实现了1 562.2~1 619.6 nm的宽带放大，噪声指数为6.1 dB" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2020年，加拿大拉瓦尔大学报道了用C-band泵浦来扩展L-band增益带宽的方案，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，20 dB增益扩展到1 620 nm，噪声指数为5.7 dB" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。虽然该方案采用C-band泵浦方案提升了泵浦效率，降低了噪声，但由于采用C-band泵浦为非常规泵浦源，无法实际应用。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）单级掺铒光纤放大器原理图；（b）不同波长泵浦光光谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Schematic of one-stage EDFA. （b）Output spectra of pump lights with different wavelengths" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599121&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599127&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599124&type=", "width": "77.16458130", "height": "63.26739502", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由于铒离子的" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级的荧光寿命为10 ms左右，该能级很容易吸收L-band的信号光向更高能级" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "跃迁，产生ESA，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。虽然吸收峰值在1 680 nm附近，由于该跃迁光谱宽度很宽，其尾部严重影响到L-band(≥1 600 nm)的发光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R27", "R28" ], "text": "27-28", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，要实现L-band扩展，必须抑制铒离子" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激发态吸收" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "铒离子能级图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Energy level diagram of the Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+［30］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599129&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599133&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599131&type=", "width": "71.62225342", "height": "45.78703308", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2020年，华中科技大学李进延、褚应波等采用P/Al共掺方案来调控Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的配位场，抑制Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在激发态的吸收，扩展铒离子在L-band增益带宽" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "扩展L-band放大铒纤增益谱" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Gain spectra of extended L-band erbium doped fiber" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599135&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599138&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599137&type=", "width": "67.11236572", "height": "48.71984863", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通过搭建两级放大系统，光纤的一级长度为11 m、二级长度为25 m时，20 dB增益最长波被扩展到1 622 nm，噪声指数最大值为5.3 dB,如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "增益和噪声指数随波长的关系。红线：二级放大增益，黑线：二级放大噪声" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Gain and NF " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "vs" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " wavelength. Redline： gain curve of two-stage EDFA，black line： NF curve of two-stage EDFA" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599140&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599144&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599143&type=", "width": "66.07708740", "height": "47.54144287", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2021年，华中科技大学李进延课题组提出Er/Ce/P共掺方案，通过Ce调控Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在L-band的激发态吸收，最终将Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在L-band的增益带宽扩展到 1 623 nm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "不同掺杂铒纤L-band增益谱。 （a）Ce/P/Er共掺铒纤；（b）P/Er共掺铒纤；（c）Er/Al共掺铒纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Gain spectra of the extended L-band EDF. （a）Ce/P/Er codoped fiber. （b）P/Er codoped fiber. （c）Er/Al codoped fiber" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599146&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599151&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599148&type=", "width": "69.73434448", "height": "47.54140472", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "同年，华中科技大学褚应波、陈阳等采用Er/Yb/P共掺光纤，通过共掺Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和P" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "来调控L-band信号激发态吸收。最终，通过组分优化和波导结构设计，将20 dB增益长波扩展到1 623 nm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。结果显示该光纤有望成功应用于扩展L-band掺铒光纤放大器中，为宽带光通信打下了坚实基础，具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺铒光纤增益谱。EDF1为Er/Al共掺光纤，EDF2为Er/P共掺光纤，EDF3为Er/Yb/P共掺光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Gain spectra of EDF1， EDF2 and EDF3. EDF1 is Er/Al codoped fiber. EDF2 is Er/P codoped fiber. EDF3 is Er/Yb/P codoped fiber" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599154&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599160&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599157&type=", "width": "64.23608398", "height": "51.47473145", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　掺铋光纤及其放大器" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前,C-band和L-band掺铒光放大器(EDFA)已经成功应用，并极大地提升了现有DWDM通信系统的传输容量。同时，扩展C-band也已经开始商用，扩展L-band的研究已经取得重大进展" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R30", "R31", "R32" ], "text": "30-32", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。但是，紧邻C-band和L-band的O-band、E-band、S-band和U-band光纤及其放大器却还没有明确的技术方案。因此，研究不同波段放大光纤对于进一步拓展传输带宽、提高通信容量具有非常重要的研究意义和应用前景。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺铋光纤(BDF)可以在近红外区1 000~1 800 nm波段产生半高宽近300 nm的宽带发光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这就为该波段的宽带光纤放大器提供了良好的增益介质。 1999年，Murata等首次发现了掺铋玻璃材料的近红外发光，认为在不同波长的激发下，掺铋玻璃发射谱的强度相差无几，但发射谱的波长范围偏移很大" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R34", "R35" ], "text": "34-35", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2003年，Fujimoto等在0.8 μm泵浦光激发下，实现了在掺铋石英玻璃中1.3 μm处的光放大现象" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2005年，俄罗斯Dvoyrin和日本Haruna等分别做出了第一根掺铋光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R37", "R38" ], "text": "37-38", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；同年，Dianov等报道了掺铋光纤激光器" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；随后不同掺杂组分的掺铋光纤及放大器也逐渐被报道。2008年，Dianov等制备了第一台掺铋光纤放大器，并研究了其放大性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2009年，Dianov等研究了 1 300~1 340 nm波段的磷锗硅酸盐掺铋光纤放大器" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，最大增益为24.5 dB，增益带宽为37 nm，最低噪声系数为5 dB。2011年，Melkumov等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用拉曼光纤激光器作为泵浦源，当泵浦波长为 1 310 nm时，掺铋光纤放大器的增益带宽为40 nm，噪声指数为6 dB。2016年，Firstov等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用300 mw的1 550 nm半导体激光器泵浦掺铋光纤放大器，实现了工作波长为1 640~1 770 nm超宽带放大，增益最大为23 dB。2017年，Firstov等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道了铒铋共掺硅锗酸盐光纤放大器。放大器带宽约为175 nm，且增益平坦度小于3 dB。2020年，Dvoyrin等报道了一种掺铋光纤放大器，在 1 425~1 500 nm实现了27.9 dB的增益，最低噪声~5 dB" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2022年，上海光机所胡丽丽、于春雷等通过MCVD结合液相掺杂法，成功制备出掺铋光纤，在E-band实现5 dB的增益，实现了国产掺铋光纤的新突破" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2022年，OFS的Mikhailov等报道了掺铋光纤放大器，在O-band实现了20 dB增益范围扩展到60 nm，同时进行了8通道400 Gb/s、长达50 km的传输实验" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺铋光纤是近红外光纤放大的一种非常有前景的增益介质，具有极大的研究意义和应用前景" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R48", "R49" ], "text": "48-49", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。对掺铋光纤及其放大器进行了大量研究发现，铋离子在不同的玻璃基质中，发射光谱范围差别极大，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。在单掺铋石英光纤及其放大器中，光谱范围为1 310~1 480 nm；在铋铝共掺石英光纤及其放大器中，光谱范围为1 020~ 1 180 nm；在低锗共掺的情况下，掺铋石英光纤的发射光谱在1 366~1 507 nm；在高锗共掺的情况下，掺铋石英光纤的光谱范围为1 655~1 775 nm；在铋磷共掺光纤中，光谱范围为1 150~1 350 nm。但是，掺铋光纤还存在许多问题亟需解决。例如，铋离子近红外发光的起源尚不清楚，基质材料中高掺铋引起的团簇效应及背景损耗增加等。目前，如何有效提升不同基质掺铋光纤放大器的增益性能已经成为当前的研究热点。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "不同基质掺铋光纤增益谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Gain spectra of bismuth doped fibers with different matrix" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599163&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599168&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599165&type=", "width": "60.43074036", "height": "47.68933105", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　光放大技术发展趋势" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.1　超宽带（S+C+L）放大" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "所谓超宽带放大，是指在单根光纤中实现多个波段的同时放大" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R50", "R51" ], "text": "50-51", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。目前，商用光纤通信系统采用的是将不同波段放大器进行并联，分别放大不同波段信号，然后通过合波器耦合到一根光纤中传输。这种方案所需技术及设备复杂，信号在不同波段放大器增益交界处存在不能有效放大的“死区”问题" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在长距离DWDM系统中，EDFA的不平坦增益谱累积会造成信道的功率分配不均，导致系统的动态失衡" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。另外，不同波段的并联必然会耗费大量的设备及成本。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着材料科学的进步,如果能在单根增益光纤层面实现S+C+L甚至更多波段的直接放大，将必然会是通信技术领域的一次革命性突破。这种方案因其结构简单、体积小、成本低、性能稳定和增益无“死区”等优点显示出极大的发展潜力。因此，未来的DWDM通信系统对光纤放大器的性能指标提出了更高的期待，实现这一指标主要取决于其关键核心部件——超宽带增益光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。通过选择不同的增益离子或者多种增益离子共掺，同时采用不同的基质材料和共掺离子对增益离子光谱进行调控，是实现单芯超宽带放大最直接的方案" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R55", "R56" ], "text": "55-56", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2000年，俄罗斯科学院Dianov课题组和日本Asahi公司Sugimoto研究组开始对掺铋和铋铒共掺光纤的增益性能进行研究" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R39", "R40", "R41" ], "text": "39-41", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。研究发现，在铋铒共掺光纤中，光谱范围可扩展到1 515~ 1 575 nm。2013年，澳大利亚南威尔士大学Zhang、Peng等通过Bi/Er共掺，实现了1 100~1 570 nm超宽带荧光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这些研究成果可以认为是单纤超宽带放大领域的重大突破。基于该结果可以推断，选择更多合适的共掺发光离子，很有可能进一步扩展单根光纤的增益范围，这使得基于单芯光纤的超宽带放大看到了希望。我们坚信，随着材料科学的不断进步与发展，不同基质、不同掺杂的新型有源放大光纤必定会促进光纤放大器增益带宽的不断扩展，不断提升光纤通信系统的传输容量。因此，研究真正意义上的超宽带放大光纤不仅具有重要的科学意义，还具有广泛的应用价值。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.2　少模多芯掺铒光纤及其放大器" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "扩展传输带宽是当前提升传输容量最直接最有效的方案。但是带宽扩展毕竟有限，还远远不能满足未来对通信容量增长需求的预期" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。基于少模多芯的空分复用技术被认为是未来大幅提升传输容量的关键技术之一" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R59", "R60" ], "text": "59-60", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。早在1979年， Inao等就提出了多芯光纤用于空分复用的概念" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，但由于掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)和DWDM技术的迅速发展，空分复用技术并未得到人们的重视。所谓空分复用技术，就是从空间的维度来提升光纤通信系统的物理信道数量，从而大幅提升光纤通信系统的数据传输容量。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图11", "type": "fig", "rid": "F11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，如果将现有商用单模光纤比作是“单层道路”，那么基于少模多芯光纤的空分复用就等于一次性铺下了“多层高架桥”，可以数倍增加空分复用信道数，满足数据传输容量高速增长需求。多芯光纤作为一种空分复用通信的信息传输介质，其提升系统容量的能力取决于多芯光纤的纤芯数量。然而，过多的纤芯数量必然导致同一包层下纤芯间距减小，从而引起芯间串扰增加，最终影响信号的传输质量。因此多芯光纤纤芯数量需要根据传输质量综合选取。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光传输技术发展" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Development of optical transmission technology" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599170&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599173&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599172&type=", "width": "75.72717285", "height": "47.77304077", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F11", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "单芯、4芯、7芯光纤结构图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The cross section of single-core， 4-core， 7-core fiber." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599175&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599179&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599176&type=", "width": "76.50112915", "height": "24.26873779", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "传输容量并不是通信系统唯一的应用目标，传输距离将直接决定应用场景。基于少模多芯光纤的空分复用传输系统要实现超大容量、超高速率、超长距离传输，必然离不开相应光纤放大器补偿传输损耗。多芯掺铒光纤(MC-EDF)是空分复用光纤放大器最核心的组件，也是基于多芯光纤的空分复用通信走向实用化的关键。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "多芯掺铒光纤放大器由于在空间上有多个信道。因此，除了有常规的增益、噪声、带宽和串扰等性能指标外，还有一个重要参数——芯间增益差" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R62", "R63" ], "text": "62-63", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，其表征了多芯掺铒光纤的增益均衡特性。芯间增益差很大程度上取决于芯棒的均匀性及多芯掺铒光纤的结构和参数，所以多芯掺铒光纤的设计和制备对空分复用放大有着至关重要的作用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "多芯掺铒光纤根据纤芯间耦合强度可分为强耦合多芯掺铒光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R64", "R65", "R66" ], "text": "64-66", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和弱耦合多芯掺铒光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R67", "R68" ], "text": "67-68", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2011年，OFS公司提出并制备了7芯掺铒光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，采用纤芯泵浦方式，实现了工作波长在 1 530~1 565 nm、噪声系数小于4 dB的多芯光纤放大器。2013年，日本NTT公司基于包层泵浦方式提出了12芯的铒镱共掺双包层有源光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2015年，贝尔实验室Chen等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用包层泵浦技术，增大纤芯面积与包层面积比进而增加纤芯的泵浦吸收，实现了芯间增益差小于2.5 dB的弱耦合六芯光纤。2016年，南安普顿大学采用将纤芯数目扩大到了32个" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，与日本NTT公司提出的12芯光纤采用同样的包层泵浦方式，芯间增益差小于2 dB，实现了工作波长覆盖1 531~1 561 nm并且增益大于17 dB的光放大器。2017年，日本古川电工业公司Takasaka等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将纤芯数目扩大到19个，以进一步提高芯包面积比，最终将芯间增益差降低至1.2 dB。2019年，英国南安普顿大学" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R74", "R75" ], "text": "74-75", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基于相同的思路，将弱耦合七芯光纤应用于C-band和L-band时，可实现最大芯间增益差分别为5.4 dB和3.4 dB。2020年，日本古川电工业公司Takasaka等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过在纤芯附近引入气泡产生米氏散射，从而提高增益特性；但由于纤芯之间的不均匀性导致了其耦合差异大，造成芯间增益差，较未引入气泡时恶化1 dB。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在强耦合多芯掺铒光纤方面，通过纤芯中信号模式的耦合，将泵浦光更加均匀地分配至所有纤芯中，强耦合多芯光纤的模式混合更有利于降低模式相关增益差(MDG)。2017年，贝尔实验室Fontaine等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出了一种四芯强耦合氟化物光纤。其理论分析部分证实，当芯间距大于8 μm小于20 μm时，光纤表现为强耦合模式，此时MDG值理论可降低至0.5 dB。2018年，Wada等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道了一种采用包层泵浦结构的随机耦合12芯EDFA，其纤芯间距为15.5 μm，MDG小于1 dB且C-band增益大于17 dB。2019年，Wada等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在其基础上应用在L-band，得到了平均增益达15.7 dB、MDG小于1.2 dB的结果。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在国内，2017年，烽火通信利用7芯无源光纤实现了560 Tb/s超大容量波分复用结合空分复用技术的光传输系统实验，可以在一根光纤上实现67.5亿对人(135亿人)同时通话。2020年，长飞光纤公司在世界光纤光缆大会期间宣布，多芯光纤的应用将对数据中心光互联产生革命性的影响。2021年，华中科技大学李进延，褚应波和辜之木等开始研究制备多芯掺铒光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过高精度打孔工艺实现了7芯掺铒光纤制备，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图12", "type": "fig", "rid": "F12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。测得7芯掺铒光纤纤芯在C-band(1 526~1 566 nm)的平均增益为14 dB，平均噪声指数小于6 dB，不同纤芯间的增益差小于5 dB，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图13", "type": "fig", "rid": "F13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F12", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "多芯掺铒光纤制备流程示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of the preparation process of multi-core erbium-doped fiber" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599181&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599185&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599183&type=", "width": "74.78884888", "height": "38.46807861", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F13", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "七芯掺铒光纤" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Seven-core erbium-doped fiber" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599186&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599191&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37599188&type=", "width": "45.94305420", "height": "46.03627014", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上所述，在新一轮通信容量爆发性增长的态势下，基于少模多芯光纤的空分复用技术是未来的发展趋势。少模多芯掺铒光纤及其放大器已经历了10余年的研究发展，取得了非常不错的研究成果。但我国在空分复用通信技术领域还停留在少模多芯传输光纤层面，少模多芯放大铒纤及其放大器的研究却鲜有报道，这严重制约了我国空分复用技术的应用和发展。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5　总结与展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通过扩展光纤放大器的增益带宽，实现对C++波段(1 524~1 572 nm)和L++波段(1 575~ 1 627 nm)信号的并联传输是现阶段提升单纤容量的有效手段，而且未来也还存在巨大的挖掘空间。基于纤芯组分和掺杂稀土的调控，目前C++波段铒纤已经实现120波放大，但是掺铒光纤放大器的增益平坦度、噪声和烧孔效应还有持续的优化需求，仍需学术界和产业界共同努力。随着扩展C-band实施并开始商用，扩展L-band掺铒光纤最近几年开始引发关注。首先是L100波掺铒光纤(1 575~1 617 nm)，然后扩展到L++波段120波宽带放大。目前扩展L-band 120波放大铒纤已经取得重大突破，相信在不久的将来，一定可应用到宽带放大系统中。扩展L-band之后，通信系统必然向着短波S-band(1 490~1 530 nm)、甚至E波段和O波段扩展，最终实现石英传输光纤低损耗窗口全覆盖。目前，国内在C-band、L-band、C++和L++铒纤研究方面取得了较大突破。但是，国产铒纤没有大批量出货的经验，因此在均匀性、一致性方面存在明显不足。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "展望未来，通过光纤组分优化和稀土掺杂设计，实现单芯光纤中S+C+L超宽带放大仍具有重大挑战。在光纤基质组分、光谱调控以及波导结构方面仍需要大量的基础研究。如果能够实现S+C+L甚至更宽波段的超宽带放大，那将是通信领域划时代的技术突破。基于少模多芯光纤的空分复用技术被认为是未来大幅提升通信容量的关键技术。但空分复用技术研究还存在一些难点，特别是少模多芯掺铒光纤的制备，以及与空分复用系统其他器件的匹配和性能优化，如耦合器、复用器、泵浦方式等。少模多芯掺铒光纤作为通信升级的关键材料，是今后必须解决的问题和重点发展方向。" } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "薛文元" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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