碳点的功能化研究进展 增强出版

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点的功能化研究进展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Progress on Functionalization of Carbon Dots" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "张", "givenname": "路鹏", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHANG", "givenname": "Lu-peng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "张路鹏（1996-），男，山西长治人，硕士研究生，2019年于运城学院获得学士学位，主要从事碳点的功能化及其在生物医学领域应用的研究。Email: 1054529259@qq.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862590&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862597&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862594&type=", "width": "25.00000000", "height": "30.00003052", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "张路鹏" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1996-），男，山西长治人，硕士研究生，2019年于运城学院获得学士学位，主要从事碳点的功能化及其在生物医学领域应用的研究。Email: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "1054529259@qq.com" } ] ] } ], "email": "1054529259@qq.com", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "张", "givenname": "清梅", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHANG", "givenname": "Qing-mei", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp", "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： qmzhang@tyust.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： qmzhang@tyust.edu.cn" } ] }, { "rid": "cor3", "lang": "zh", "text": "Email： qmzhang@tyust.edu.cn ", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Email： qmzhang@tyust.edu.cn " } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "张清梅（1985-），女，山西临县人，博士，副教授，2014年于南京大学获得博士学位，主要从事碳点材料的制备及其在离子检测及生物医学方面应用的研究。 " ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862612&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862612&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862612&type=", "width": "25.00000000", "height": "30.00003052", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "张清梅" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1985-），女，山西临县人，博士，副教授，2014年于南京大学获得博士学位，主要从事碳点材料的制备及其在离子检测及生物医学方面应用的研究。 " } ] ] } ], "email": "qmzhang@tyust.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "何", "givenname": "松杰", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "HE", "givenname": "Song-jie", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "杜", "givenname": "秀娟", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "DU", "givenname": "Xiu-juan", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "陈", "givenname": "峰华", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "CHEN", "givenname": "Feng-hua", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "李", "givenname": "冰", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LI", "givenname": "Bing", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff3", "text": "3" } ], "role": [ "corresp", "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "libing-1975@163.com", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "libing-1975@163.com" } ] }, { "rid": "cor4", "lang": "zh", "text": "Email： libing-1975@163.com ", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Email： libing-1975@163.com " } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "李冰（1975-），男，山西运城人，博士，教授，主任医师，博士生导师，2014 年于解放军总医院和山西医科大学获得博士学位，主要从事新型碳纳米口腔材料研发及口腔图像识别处理的研究。 " ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862625&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862625&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862625&type=", "width": "25.00000000", "height": "30.00003052", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "李冰" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1975-），男，山西运城人，博士，教授，主任医师，博士生导师，2014 年于解放军总医院和山西医科大学获得博士学位，主要从事新型碳纳米口腔材料研发及口腔图像识别处理的研究。 " } ] ] } ], "email": "libing-1975@163.com", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "太原科技大学 应用科学学院， 山西 太原　030024", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太原科技大学 应用科学学院， 山西 太原　030024" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "School of Applied Science， Taiyuan University of Science and Technology， Taiyuan 030024， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "School of Applied Science， Taiyuan University of Science and Technology， Taiyuan 030024， China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "福建师范大学物理与能源学院 福建省量子调控与新能源材料重点实验室， 福建 福州 350117", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "福建师范大学物理与能源学院 福建省量子调控与新能源材料重点实验室， 福建 福州 350117" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials， College of Physics and Energy，Fujian Normal University， Fuzhou 350117， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials， College of Physics and Energy，Fujian Normal University， Fuzhou 350117， China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff3", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "3", "text": "山西医科大学 口腔医学院， 山西 太原　030001", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "山西医科大学 口腔医学院， 山西 太原　030001" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "3", "text": "Hospital of Stomatology， Shanxi Medical University， Taiyuan 030001， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Hospital of Stomatology， Shanxi Medical University， Taiyuan 030001， China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点（CDs）一般是指粒径小于20 nm且表面富含羟基、羧基和氨基等官能团的零维碳基纳米材料。因其具有优异的光学性质及易于功能化修饰等优点，在生物传感、生物成像、肿瘤治疗、抗菌和促成骨等领域得到了广泛的应用，并有望成为未来最有应用前景的碳基纳米材料。然而，要将CDs真正推向生物医学等实际应用领域，必须要对CDs进行功能化处理。表面钝化和杂原子掺杂是CDs功能化的两种常用方法，本文对这两种功能化方法进行了较为系统的阐述，希望为CDs的功能化设计及推向实际应用提供一些方法和研究思路上的参考。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Carbon dots（CDs） generally refer to zero-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials with a particle size of less than 20 nm and rich in functional groups such as hydroxyl， carboxyl and amino groups on their surface. Due to its excellent optical properties and easy functional modification， it has been widely used in biosensing， biological imaging， tumor therapy， antibacterial， and osteogenesis. It is expected to become the most promising carbon-based nanomaterials in the future. However， to truly push CDs to practical applications in biomedicine field， it must be functionalized. Surface passivation and heteroatomic doping are two common methods， and these two methods for functionalization of CDs were systematically summarized in this review. We hope to provide some methods and ideas for the functional design and their practical applications of CDs." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "功能化" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "表面钝化" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "杂原子掺杂" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物医学应用" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "carbon dots" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "functionalization" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "surface passivation" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "heteroatom doping" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "biomedical applications" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点（Carbon dots，CDs）作为一种新型的零维碳基纳米材料具有优异的光学特性、良好的生物相容性以及低毒性，在传感" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3" ], "text": "1-3", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、生物成像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R4", "R5", "R6", "R7" ], "text": "4-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、药物递送" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R8", "R9", "R10", "R11" ], "text": "8-11", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、光热/光动力治疗（Photodynamic therapy，PDT）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R12", "R13", "R14", "R15", "R16" ], "text": "12-16", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、光电器件" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R17", "R18" ], "text": "17-18", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以及防伪加密" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R19", "R20", "R21" ], "text": "19-21", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等诸多领域具有广阔的应用前景。随着对CDs研究的深入，人们开始意识到，原始CDs存在诸多缺点，距离实际应用路途遥远。例如，原始CDs表面缺乏对分析物的特定识别基团，导致检测的特异性较低，同时检测过程中也会受到潜在干扰。大多数CDs的激发和发射波长较短，且荧光量子产率（Quantum yield，QY）较低，无法实现深层组织成像，故不能满足人们对高品质生物成像的要求。为了精准调控CDs的发光特性和开发新的应用，需要对CDs进行表面钝化和功能化处理。表面钝化方法通常分为共价修饰和非共价修饰两大类，该方法的主要目的是提高CDs的QY以及对CDs表面官能团进行调控，关于这一点在Zhou等的综述里做了比较系统的阐述" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。杂原子掺杂CDs的综述文献较多" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R23", "R24", "R25", "R26", "R27", "R28", "R29", "R30" ], "text": "23-30", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，除了常见的非金属掺杂外" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R27", "R28" ], "text": "27-28", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，最近又有金属离子掺杂CDs的综述报道" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R25", "R26" ], "text": "25-26", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，更具体的还有稀土金属离子掺杂CDs的综述报道" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由此可以看出，杂原子掺杂也是CDs功能化的一种很重要方法。通过杂原子掺杂CDs，一方面可以调控CDs的荧光性质并提高QY" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R31", "R32" ], "text": "31-32", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，另一方面也可以拓宽CDs在传感" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R33", "R34", "R35", "R36", "R37" ], "text": "33-37", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、生物成像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R38", "R39", "R40" ], "text": "38-40", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、肿瘤治疗" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R41", "R42", "R43" ], "text": "41-43", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、促成骨" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R44", "R45", "R46" ], "text": "44-46", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "及其抗菌" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R47", "R48" ], "text": "47-48", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等领域的应用。CDs的功能化及其应用犹如鸟之两翼，二者需要协同发展。同时，CDs的功能化是CDs应用的前提和基础。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本综述对近年来有关CDs功能化的常用方法，包括表面钝化和杂原子掺杂进行了详细的介绍，同时对功能化CDs在性能调控和生物医学等方面的应用进行了较为系统的梳理。最后对功能化CDs发展现状进行了总结，并提出了目前面临的挑战和未来发展的方向。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　表面钝化" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "与其他量子点和荧光染料相比" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，CDs具有优异的光学性能、简单的合成策略和对环境的低毒性等优点，因而得到了广泛的研究。然而，早期合成的原始CDs表面主要由羟基、羧基、醛基等相对简单的官能团构成，大多数CDs的QY较低且在特异性识别目标物方面显得不尽如人意，极大地阻碍了实际应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R50", "R51" ], "text": "50-51", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。为了改善CDs的荧光性能并拓展其应用范围，人们开始思考对CDs进行表面钝化。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　共价修饰" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "针对CDs不同的表面基团设计性地选取修饰剂是共价修饰最突出的优点。CDs与修饰剂之间通过共用外层电子形成共价键，将新的官能团引入CDs表面以构建新的共轭体系，从而改变CDs的荧光性质。根据CDs和修饰剂之间不同的官能团反应，可将共价修饰分为：酰胺偶联反应、共聚合反应、磺酸化反应、酯化反应和硅烷化反应等，反应机制示意图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）酰胺化反应；（b）共聚合反应；（c）磺酸化反应；（d）酯化反应；（e）硅烷化反应。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Amidation reaction. （b）Copolymerization. （c）Sulfonic reaction. （d）Esterification reaction. （e）Silanization reaction." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862630&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862637&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862634&type=", "width": "75.40438843", "height": "100.34136963", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "酰胺偶联反应是利用CDs表面特定的官能团（羧基、氨基），通过酰胺反应将功能化分子偶联在CDs表面。2004年，Xu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在纯化单壁碳纳米管的过程中首次发现了一种具有荧光的碳纳米颗粒。而2006年，Sun等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用石墨粉和水泥的混合物热压制备碳靶，以氩气为载气，通过激光烧蚀碳靶制备CDs，在HNO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "中回流后未发现荧光CDs。然而，通过将简单的有机物（聚乙二醇（Polyethylene glycol，PEG）或聚丙酰亚乙基亚胺-乙烯亚胺）附着在酸处理的碳颗粒上进行表面钝化，可以观察到明亮的荧光，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示。此后，含氨基化合物被广泛用于常规CDs的钝化和功能化" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R54", "R55" ], "text": "54-55", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，特别是针对于裸CDs表面的少量羧基进行酰胺偶联反应。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "酰胺化反应。 （a）PEG功能化CDs荧光图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）PEI-CDs的制备及其检测凝血酶或ATP示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Amidation reaction. （a）Fluorescence image of PEG functionalized CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Schematic diagram of PEI-CDs preparation and detection of thrombin or ATP" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862643&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862650&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862648&type=", "width": "112.62377930", "height": "110.71166992", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "聚多巴胺（Poly-dopamine，PDA）中含有大量的邻苯二酚和一、二级胺，是一种富含氨基的化合物。同时，PDA具有制备方法简单、良好的生物相容性以及优异的光热特性等诸多优点" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R56", "R57" ], "text": "56-57", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Pappalardo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以半乳糖、柠檬酸（Citric acid，CA）为碳源，PDA为钝化剂，通过微波辅助热解反应合成PDA钝化荧光碳点（PDA-CDs）。用PDA钝化后，CDs最佳发射峰的位置从420 nm红移到510 nm。且钝化后PDA-CDs表现出激发不依赖的荧光特性，QY从1.3%提高到4.6%。此外，对J774和CHO-K1细胞系的毒性研究表明，与未钝化的CDs相比，PDA钝化后CDs的细胞毒性明显降低。类似地，Sun等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过一锅微波辅助热解甘油和PDA的方法合成了PDA-CDs。与原始CDs相比，由于PDA中富含N原子，获得PDA-CDs的QY是原始CDs的3倍，产率约为原始CDs的1.5倍。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "聚乙烯亚胺（Polyethyleneimine，PEI）是一种亲水性聚合物，在主链和支链上都有许多活性胺基" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。丰富的胺基可以与含羧基的原始CDs发生酰胺反应形成稳定的酰胺键。由于大量带正电荷的胺基存在，在CDs表面涂覆亲水PEI后不仅可以使CDs的荧光QY、水溶性、稳定性和生物相容性都得到改善，往往还可以改变CDs表面的电负性。Guo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以苹果酸为碳源，PEI为钝化剂，采用水热法制备了QY高达41%的PEI-CDs，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）所示。钝化后的PEI-CDs在生理pH值下能静电结合带负电荷的适配体，从而导致荧光猝灭。加入凝血酶或ATP后，其与相应适配体之间的强相互作用使得适配体从PEI-CDs中释放出来，荧光逐渐恢复。这里，PEI不仅改变CDs的荧光性质，还充当了CDs连接适配体的重要桥梁。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "核酸适配体是一种通过指数富集配体系统进化技术选择出来的具有特定序列的DNA或RNA寡核苷酸，并通过碱基配对与目标分子特异性结合" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。作为一种生物识别元件，适配体因其更高的特异性、稳定性、易于修饰和更低的生产成本等优点，已经成为抗体最优质的替代材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "65", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R65", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R62", "R63", "R64", "R65" ], "text": "62-65", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同时，适配体很容易与不同的功能性分子结合，且合成方法较为简单" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Rezaei等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CA、乙二胺和橙汁为碳源，采用水热法分别制备CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示。两种CDs分别与溶菌酶（Lysozyme，LYS）适配体和三磷酸腺苷（Adenosine triphosphate，ATP）适配体共价结合成CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-LYS适配体和CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-ATP适配体混合探针，该探针适配体中的碱基与CoOOH纳米片基面之间通过范德华力相互作用，使探针吸附在CoOOH纳米片（常用的猝灭剂）表面，导致混合探针的荧光信号被猝灭。加入ATP和LYS后，由于适配体与目标物之间的强作用力使得CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-LYS适配体和CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-ATP适配体从CoOOH纳米片中释放出来。因此，猝灭后的荧光信号逐渐恢复，且荧光强度与加入ATP和LYS的浓度成正比。在最佳条件下，对ATP和LYS的检出限（Limit of detection，LOD）分别为4.0 nmol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和1.8 nmol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别共价结合LYS适配体和ATP适配体检测LYS和ATP示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）抗VEGF适配体负载及释放过程" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Schematic diagram of detecting LYS and ATP by covalently binding LYS aptamer and ATP aptamer with CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and CDs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " respectively" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Loading and release process of anti-VEGF aptamer" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862659&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862665&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862662&type=", "width": "108.73014832", "height": "66.95584106", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "血管内皮生长因子（Vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF）可以诱导产生血管生成性眼病，开发一种对眼内VEGF具有抑制作用且可以无创监测其浓度的复合材料是一项科学挑战。基于此，Willner等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "开发了一种VEGF适配体功能化的CDs，以CDs为载体通过其携带的抗VEGF适配体来抑制VEGF的产生，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）所示。首先将羧酸功能化的CDs以共价连接的方式与氨基酸修饰核酸适配体1连接，而适配体1与抗VEGF适配体部分互补，形成CDs@适配体1@抗VEGF适配体2。在VEGF存在时，抗VEGF适配体从CDs表面脱离，形成VEGF/适配体复合物。通过以上杂交系统成功将抗VEGF适配体输送至眼腔，并在VEGF存在时刺激抗VEGF适配体的释放，从而抑制VEGF在眼腔中的生成。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "共价修饰的CDs在肿瘤治疗方面也展现出巨大的潜力。Xie等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CA为碳源、多烯聚胺为钝化剂，采用热解法制备表面富含氨基官能团的CDs，与铂（Ⅳ）复合物（Oxa（Ⅳ）COOH）中羧基之间的缩合反应合成一种新型的纳米治疗药物（CD-Oxa）。这里，CDs不仅可以作为药物递送的载体，同时可利用CDs的荧光性质对药物进行追踪和检测。Zheng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将含醛基的CDs与带有两个氨基的硼二吡咯光敏剂偶联，构建了纳米级共价有机框架（Covalentorganicframework，COFs）复合物。经PEG改性后的CCOFs@PEG较CCOFs具有更高的稳定性、良好的分散性且易被癌细胞吸收，在光照条件下可产生大量活性氧来杀伤癌细胞，用于肿瘤治疗。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "共聚合反应通常是将两种或两种以上的单体通过聚合反应生成同时含有多种单体的聚合物。Ren等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出一种原位自由基聚合方法，该方法是一种不依赖于官能团的钝化方法。作者采用典型的化学氧化法合成裸碳点（CDs），将丙烯酸、甲基磺酸钠和丙烯酸磷酸酯作为单体与过硫酸铵一起加入裸CDs溶液中，单体聚合形成三元共聚物钝化碳点（T-CDs），使其QY显著提高。在该工作的另一项研究中，以CA和聚N-乙烯基咔唑（Poly （N-vinylcarbazole），PVK）为原料，在300 ℃下热处理2 h，合成PVK-CDs。原位自由基聚合使PVK在CDs周围形成钝化层，该钝化层不仅使荧光QY显著提高到40%，而且还改变了溶剂的亲和力，提高了CDs的光电子转换能力等。与其他严重依赖于特定基团的偶联反应不同，原位自由基聚合可以灵活选择或设计单体来对CDs进行钝化，从而使其具有不同的性质和功能。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除此之外，其他共价修饰方法还包括：在原始CDs表面引入磺酸基的磺化反应，改变CDs亲水/疏水性质的酯化反应，以及通过硅烷与CDs表面活性氢反应形成硅壳来增加CDs分散性的硅烷化反应。Qin等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CA和尿素为原料，微波法制备了氮掺杂碳点（NCDs），以1H-咪唑-4-甲酸和亚硫酰氯为前体制备含磺酸基的化合物1。通过磺酸化反应，NCDs表面的氢被化合物1中的磺酸基取代，并将其共价结合到NCDs表面，从而制备了一种对水高度敏感的CDs-咪唑荧光纳米探针。该探针可通过荧光强度的变化测定不同有机溶剂中的水含量。引起CDs-咪唑荧光探针荧光强度变化的原因可能是随着有机溶剂中水含量的增加，质子转移反应形成的自由离子对抑制了光诱导电子转移过程。同时，CDs-咪唑还可以探测活细胞中的质子转移反应。Chen等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以柠檬酸铵为碳源制备了荧光碳量子点（CQDs），并通过脱水反应将甘露糖（Mannose，Man）和叶酸（Folic acid，FA）分子修饰到CQDs表面，分别制备了甘露糖和叶酸功能化CQDs（Man-CQDs和FA-CQDs）。实验结果表明，Man-CQDs可选择性标记大肠杆菌，而FA-CQDs可选择性标记叶酸受体过表达的肿瘤细胞。Rao等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首先以CA为碳源，水热法制备蓝色荧光CDs；其次通过硅烷化反应对CDs进行包覆得到CDs@SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "复合物，并在其表面修饰氨基官能团；最后将羧基修饰的红色荧光量子点通过酰胺化反应共价结合到CDs@SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上，构建了比率型荧光探针用于测定蔬菜和水果样品中Cu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的含量。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上所述，CDs与修饰剂、功能化小分子、适配体之间通过特定反应来构建新的共轭体系，可提升CDs的荧光性能、提高传感的特异性识别能力、增强药物递送过程的靶向性。因此，对CDs进行有设计性和针对性的共价修饰是提升其荧光性能和拓宽应用范围的重要方法。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　非共价修饰" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于CDs与功能化分子之间的非共价修饰是CDs应用于生物医学领域的重要方法，主要包括：π-π堆积、静电相互作用、氢键作用等。与共价修饰相比，非共价修饰可在对CDs结构产生较小影响基础上引入新的官能团、靶向分子，进而可以改善CDs的荧光性能以及特异性识别能力。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2.1　π⁃π键堆积" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s2b1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs与适配体之间通过π-π相互作用结合，这种结合力通常是可逆的且比较弱。在目标物出现时适配体从CDs表面脱离，导致CDs荧光强度发生变化，从而达到荧光检测或可视化追踪的目的。Yang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以番茄汁为碳源制备CDs，通过π-π相互叠加作用将癌胚抗原（Carcinoembryonic antigen，CEA）适配体吸附到CDs表面，形成CDs-CEA-Apt复合物，导致荧光猝灭。加入CEA后，CDs的荧光立即恢复，在0.5～1 ng·mL" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "范围内实现了对CEA的定量检测，LOD为0.3 ng·mL" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了一种基于荧光共振能量转移的传感器，用于检测贝类过敏原精氨酸激酶（Arginine kinase，AK），其中CDs可以作为荧光供体，通过π-π相互叠加作用吸附适配体（Aptamer，Apt）来构建Apt-CDs荧光探针，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示。以Apt-CDs为能量供体，氧化石墨烯为能量受体，由于共振能量转移效应导致CDs荧光猝灭。添加贝类过敏原AK后，CDs-Apt从氧化石墨烯表面释放，形成CDs-Apt-AK复合物，导致荧光强度恢复。荧光探针检测AK的线性范围为0.001～10 μg·mL" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，LOD为0.14 ng·mL" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）CDs与适配体π-π堆叠用于检测AK" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）CDs与DOX π-π堆叠用于药物递送" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）CDs-GOx制备及其应用于肿瘤治疗" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）CBNPs制备以及应用于PDT" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "82", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R82", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "82" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）CDs is stacked with aptamer π-π to detect AK" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）CDs stacks with DOX π-π for drug delivery" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Preparation of CDS-GOx and its application in tumor therapy" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d）Preparation of CBNPs and its application in PDT" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "82", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R82", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "82" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862670&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862682&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862678&type=", "width": "149.76670837", "height": "91.67291260", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Zheng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-十三氟-1-辛醇和PEI为原料，制备了氟掺杂碳点（FCDs），如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）所示。基于FCDs的核靶向能力，将抗肿瘤药物阿霉素（Doxorubicin，DOX）通过π-π键堆叠的方式负载到FCDs表面，以此来构建一种纳米复合材料（FCDs-DOX）用于药物递送。此外，FCDs还可以通过非共价结合的方式负载染料（BODIPY），用于提高BODIPY的细胞摄取和传递。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2.2　静电相互作用" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s2b2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs表面存在着大量的羟基、羧基、氨基等带负电荷（正电荷）的官能团，可以与带正电荷（负电荷）的适配体通过静电相互作用形成复合物。经适配体修饰的CDs具有优异的靶向性，在靶向生物成像、药物监测等生物医学领域得到了广泛的应用。Zhu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CA和乙二胺为碳源，水热法合成CDs并与带正电荷的PEI组装，然后通过静电作用与AS1411偶联，形成CDs-PEI-AS1411复合物。在这个体系中，PEI不仅改变了CDs表面的负电性，还充当连接CDs与AS1411适配体的桥梁。该体系已成功应用于癌症细胞的靶向荧光成像。Guo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以苹果酸和PEI为前驱体，水热法制备的PEI-CDs表面带有正电荷，并可以静电结合带有负电荷的凝血酶适配体和ATP适配体。在PEI-CDs与适配体静电相互作用下导致CDs荧光猝灭，加入凝血酶或ATP后荧光逐渐恢复。PEI-CDs荧光强度与加入凝血酶或ATP浓度呈良好的线性关系，LOD分别为1.2 nmol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和13 nmol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2.3　多种作用力协同作用" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s2b3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除通过单一作用力实现CDs与功能化小分子结合外，还存在多种作用力共同作用的情况" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R78", "R79", "R80" ], "text": "78-80", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。葡萄糖氧化酶（Glucose oxidase，GOx）是一种需氧脱氢酶，在耗氧条件下可以氧化葡萄糖生成葡萄糖酸和过氧化氢，导致肿瘤微环境中营养缺乏、缺氧及酸性增强，是癌症治疗的理想选择。然而，GOx具有稳定性和膜穿透性差等缺点，阻碍了其在生物医学上的应用。Xie等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CA和谷氨酰胺的两种异构体（L-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酰胺）为原料，分别制备了L-CDs和D-CDs，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）所示。并通过静电相互作用和氢键作用在L/D-CDs表面负载GOx，构建了一种手性CDs-GOx共组装纳米反应器（L/DGOx）。该L/DGOx可增强GOx的活性并改善其膜穿透性，提高GOx进入癌细胞的递送效率。L/DGOx还可以通过GOx产生过氧化氢来杀伤细胞，抑制肿瘤生长。Zheng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "82", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R82", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "82" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以多巴胺和邻苯二胺为原料制备CDs，将其与光敏剂（BODIPY）通过分子间相互作用非共价结合制备了多功能纳米复合材料（CBNPs），如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）所示。由于CDs的存在，不仅使BODIPY的溶解度得到改善，而且CDs还可以作为能量供体通过荧光共振能量转移机制增强BODIPY的PDT效应。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "与共价修饰不同，非共价修饰在不改变CDs碳核结构的情况下，CDs表面的官能团通过π-π堆叠、静电相互作用、氢键作用以及多种作用力协同作用的方式结合功能化小分子，使得CDs在传感、靶向药物递送、肿瘤治疗等方面得到了广泛应用。然而，这种功能化方法也有其固有的局限性，诸如作为荧光探针的稳定性、靶向药物递送的载药效率以及肿瘤治疗的痊愈率及愈后评估等都将是将其推向实际应用时面临的重要挑战。" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　杂原子掺杂" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "杂原子掺杂也是对CDs进行功能化的一种常用方法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。根据掺杂元素的不同，可以分为非金属掺杂和金属掺杂两种类型。具体来说，非金属掺杂可以通过调节CDs的电子特性（电子供体或受体）、表面结构和化学组分来改善CDs的荧光性能；金属掺杂不仅可以调控CDs的发光性质，而且极大地丰富了CDs在光热和光动力学治疗癌症及其他生物医学方面的应用。此外，按照掺杂原子数量的不同，又可以将掺杂分为单原子掺杂和多原子掺杂。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　非金属掺杂" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "常见的非金属掺杂原子包括N、S、P、B、Si等，这些原子掺杂可以通过调节CDs的电子特性（电子供体或受体）、表面结构和化学组分来改善CDs的荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "83", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R83", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "83" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "84", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R84", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "84" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R83", "R84" ], "text": "83-84", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。例如，氮（N）掺杂可以在不显著增大CDs尺寸的情况下，有效地加快分子中的电子转移速率。因此，N掺杂CDs表现出更明亮的荧光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。硫（S）掺杂可以为光激发电子捕获提供能量或发射陷阱态，从而改变CDs的电子结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "86", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R86", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "86" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。磷（P）也是一种具有高供电子能力的非金属原子，通过为CDs提供新的活性位点来提高电子转移能力" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。与未掺杂的CDs相比，掺杂CDs往往表现出激发不依赖现象并且有更高的QY" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "对杂原子掺杂前后CDs性能作了比较。除此之外，还可以通过同时掺杂两个或多个不同的原子协同改善CDs的荧光性能，称为多原子掺杂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "88", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R88", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "88" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。近年来已有大量关于非金属原子掺杂的综述报道" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R27", "R28" ], "text": "27-28", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，在此不再赘述。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "杂原子掺杂前后CDs性能对比" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Performance comparison of CDs before and after heteroatomic doping" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "rowspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "原子" } ] } ] }, { "rowspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "原料" } ] }, { "colspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "粒径/nm" } ] }, { "colspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/nm" } ] }, { "colspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": 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"data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　金属掺杂" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，对于非金属掺杂研究较多，而金属掺杂研究相对较少。研究表明，金属离子掺杂不仅可以改善CDs的光学性能，而且还可以赋予CDs一些新功能。根据原子结构的不同，金属元素掺杂可分为过渡金属掺杂和稀土金属掺杂。例如，钆掺杂CDs用于增强磁共振成像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "96", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R96", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "96" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、钌掺杂CDs用于光动力学癌症治疗和荧光成像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "97", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R97", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "97" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、镧系（Yb，Nd）掺杂的CDs使它们具有近红外发射" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "98", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R98", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "98" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在CDs中掺杂过渡金属（Mn，Cu，Fe）可以极大地增强CDs的近红外吸收，使其在光动力学和光热治疗癌症方面具有潜在的应用前景" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "99", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R99", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "99" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "101", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R101", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "101" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R99", "R100", "R101" ], "text": "99-101", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "锰（Mn）是人体必需的微量元素之一，对人体健康十分重要。同时Mn具有多价态，多价态之间的电子传导过程有利于改善Mn掺杂CDs的荧光性能。Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首先以酞菁锰（Mn-Pc）为原料、无水乙醇为溶剂，溶剂热制备了具有磁性的荧光碳点（Mn-CDs），如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。然后通过与磷脂-PEG自组装来构建Mn-CDs复合体系，以此来改变Mn-CDs的水溶性。与Mn-Pc（Mn-CDs的前体）相比，Mn-CDs的荧光吸收峰表现出明显的红移，可能原因为Mn-CDs中的Pc发生了芳香结构的J-聚集。由于Mn-CDs具有近红外区域的发射波长以及Mn（Ⅱ）的高顺磁性，使得Mn-CDs复合体系可作为造影剂用于近红外荧光成像（Fluorescence imaging，FL）和磁共振成像（Magnetic resonance imaging，MRI）。更为重要的是，Mn-CD复合体系不仅可以有效地生成单线氧（" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）应用于PDT，还可以催化H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "生成氧气，通过提高肿瘤微环境中的氧含量来提高PDT效率。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Mn-CDs组装体的制备及其应用于FL/MRI成像和PDT" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Preparation of Mn-CDS assemblers and their applications in FL/MRI imaging and PDT" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "102", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R102", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "102" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862694&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862703&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862700&type=", "width": "143.53303528", "height": "108.47473145", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "氧化铁纳米颗粒很早就应用于医学领域，具有增强MRI效果、磁靶向和协同磁热疗等功能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "103", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R103", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "103" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "105", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R105", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "105" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R103", "R104", "R105" ], "text": "103-105", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Jin等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "106", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R106", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "106" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以铁（Ⅱ）酞菁（FePc）为前驱体，通过水热法一步制备了Fe掺杂碳点（Fe@CDs）。通过两亲性聚合物培化磷脂酰乙醇胺（DSPE-MPEG2000）的自组装和含有树枝状精氨酸与二硫键的阳离子脂肽（RLS）的修饰，得到具有良好水溶性和生物相容性的Fe@CDs纳米杂化物（PEG-RLS/Fe@CDs）。在波长为660 nm激光（0.5 W·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）照射10 min后，PEG-RLS/Fe@CDs水分散体呈现出具有浓度依赖性的光热效应。当Fe@CDs浓度为400 lg·mL" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时，水分散体的温度可迅速从24.3 ℃上升到52.3 ℃，而对照组水溶液中的温度仅升高了1.4 ℃。进一步采用密度泛函理论计算方法探究Fe@CDs的光热转化机理，结果表明，LUMO分布的变化导致酞菁（Pc）和FePc的禁带能相应地发生改变（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "g（Pc）" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为2.14 eV，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "g（FePc）" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为1.60 eV）。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，较低的禁带能隙可以使FePc基CDs在660 nm的辐照下成功进行光热转换，然后通过无辐射过程诱导复合并产生热量。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fe@CDs应用于光热治疗及其光热转化机理示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "106", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R106", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "106" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of Fe@CDs applying in photothermal therapy and photothermal transformation mechanism" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "106", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R106", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "106" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862709&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862717&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862712&type=", "width": "145.60992432", "height": "78.29635620", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "铕（Eu）作为稀土元素中最活泼的金属，其化合物常用作荧光粉，以此来增强发光材料的发光效率。因此，掺杂稀土元素也是改善CDs荧光性质的一种有效途径。Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "107", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R107", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "107" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首先以CA和乙二胺为原料制备表面富含氨基的碳点（CDs-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），通过在缓冲液中加入二乙三胺五乙酸（DTPA）进一步构建了具有良好生物相容性的荧光纳米探针（CDs-DTPA-Eu），如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示。该探针可用于检测水和牛奶中的四环素（TC），且随着TC含量的增加，CDs-DTPA-Eu的荧光强度不断减弱，LOD低至32 nmol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）所示。这里荧光猝灭的机制可能是TC与Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "重新配位，导致静态猝灭。而在CDs-DTPA-Eu-TC中加入过氧化氢，强烈的红色荧光恢复且其荧光强度随着H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "含量的增加而增大，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）所示。基于CDs-DTPA-Eu稳定的荧光特性和良好的生物相容性，该探针还可以通过细胞膜来检测细胞内TC含量和H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "水平的变化，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）所示。更重要的是，CNDs-DTPA-Eu荧光探针具有无毒、低检测限和高生物相容性的优点，满足了细胞内有效检测的要求。以上结果验证了稀土掺杂CDs基纳米探针在实际诊断中的潜力。然而，它们的可辨别性和敏感性是未来需要进一步改进的挑战。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs-DTPA-Eu制备及其应用于TC/H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "传感和细胞成像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "107", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R107", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "107" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Preparation of CDs-DTPA-Eu and its application in TC/H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " sensing and cell imaging" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "107", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R107", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "107" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862726&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862736&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862732&type=", "width": "149.64343262", "height": "90.16133118", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钆（Gd）是稀土元素中拥有最多不成对电子以及最大磁力矩的元素，该特性使得钆掺杂的造影剂（Gd-DTPA、Gd-DOTA）在临床MRI中发挥着重要作用。然而，游离Gd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子在体内具有一定的毒性，为此设计一种含钆的纳米探针来抑制钆泄漏引起的副作用显得尤为重要。Chen等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以3，4-二羟基苯基丙酸和无水氯化钆作为碳源和磁共振造影剂，乙二胺作为钝化剂，水热法制备钆掺杂碳点（Gd@CDs）。Gd@CDs作为T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "造影剂，通过增强周围水分子的纵向弛豫率，改善MRI效果，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。相同Gd含量下，Gd@CDs比商用MRI造影剂Gd-DTPA更亮更清晰，且Gd@CDs具有较低的细胞毒性和较好的生物安全性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Gd@CDs与Gd-DTPA的MRI成像性能对比" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Comparison of MRI imaging performance between Gd@CDs and GD-DTPA" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862741&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862751&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862746&type=", "width": "154.89749146", "height": "59.99792480", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Zheng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CA、硫脲（TU）和四氯化铪（HfCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）为原料，通过热解法制备了具有FL成像和计算机X射线体层成像（CT）的双模态成像纳米探针（Hf-CDs）。将该探针与HeLa细胞共孵育6 h，利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜成像，在波长为488 nm和555 nm的激发光下，可在HeLa细胞中分别观测到绿色荧光和红色荧光。同时，与商用造影剂（碘克沙醇）作为对照，进一步研究了Hf-CDs的CT成像性能。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示，随着Hf-CDs和碘克沙醇浓度的增加，CT值明显增加，且具有良好的线性关系。且从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）可以看出，CT值与不同浓度Hf-CDs之间线性关系的斜率高于碘克沙醇，说明Hf-CDs可作为CT成像的有效造影剂。此外，静脉注射实验结果显示Hf-CDs可以通过肾脏排出，表明Hf-CDs具有良好的生物安全性。作者进一步建立了原位宫颈肿瘤模型和右肢皮下肿瘤模型，结果都能够在肿瘤中检测到强的FL/CT信号。这一工作表明Hf-CDs对肿瘤靶向和成像的普适性，有作为CT成像剂应用到临床上的潜力。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Hf-CDs与碘克沙醇的CT成像性能对比" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Comparison of CT imaging performance between Hf-CDs and iodixanol" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862755&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862763&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862758&type=", "width": "137.72264099", "height": "89.93234253", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "锌（Zn）是一种人体所必需的微量元素，可以促进骨代谢、促进骨生长以及减少骨吸收" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "108", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R108", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "108" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Yang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以葡萄糖酸锌为原料，一步水热法合成了锌掺杂碳点（Zn-CDs）。在小鼠胚胎成骨细胞（MC3T3-E1）中，与原料葡萄糖酸锌（Zn-G）相比，Zn-CDs可以有效地上调MC3T3-E1细胞的成骨基因和成骨相关蛋白表达，达到促进成骨的效果。此外，Zn-CDs还具有多色生物成像功能，可以实现可视化监测成骨细胞的分布以及生长情况，是一种具有双功能的纳米材料。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除此之外，Murugan等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "109", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R109", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "109" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以柠檬提取物为碳源制备CDs并分别掺杂Ag" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和Au" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "形成CDs纳米复合物，用于癌细胞成像。Huang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "110", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R110", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "110" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备铽（Tb）掺杂CDs，用于检测2，4，6-三硝基酚。Ayaz等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "111", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R111", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "111" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "成功制备了铝（Al）掺杂CDs，其中Al的掺杂不仅改善了CDs的荧光性质，还可以赋予CDs良好的抗炎性能。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上所述，对CDs进行适当的功能化不仅可以改善其本身的荧光性质和提高QY，而且可以拓宽CDs的应用领域。例如，表面钝化可以改变CDs表面的电负性，使其更好地与带负电的细胞膜通过静电作用相互吸引，从而提高细胞对CDs的摄取率；杂原子掺杂除了提高CDs的QY，还可以引入杂原子的本征特性，特别是金属掺杂（Mn、Gd、Cu等）极大地拓宽了CDs在生物医学领域的应用。然而，我们注意到，这两种功能化方法在各有侧重的同时，也有自身的优点和不足，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表2", "type": "table", "rid": "T2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。表面钝化侧重的是对CDs进行性能调控，而杂原子掺杂侧重的是多功能宽领域的应用。除了难以精确调控杂原子的掺杂量和掺杂位置以及Stokes位移不足以有效消除生物荧光背景的干扰外，表面钝化和杂原子掺杂还存在优势互补，二者可以配合使用。由此可见，对原始CDs进行设计性的功能化是将CDs通向实际应用的基础和桥梁。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs不同功能化方法对比" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Comparison of different functionalization methods of CDs" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "功能化方法" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "性能调控" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "应用范围" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "优点" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "存在问题" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表面钝化" } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①发射波长" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②量子产率" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "③稳定性" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "④表面官能团" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "⑤水溶性" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "⑥生物相容性" } ] } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①传感" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②成像" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "③药物递送" } ] } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①提高检测选择性" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②提高药物递送靶向性" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "③提高生物兼容性" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "④成本低廉" } ] } ] }, { "align": "justify", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①合成过程较繁琐" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②应用范围较窄" } ] } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "杂原子掺杂" } ] }, { "align": "justify", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①电子结构" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②发射波长" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "③量子产率" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "④表面官能团" } ] } ] }, { "align": "justify", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①传感" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②成像" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "③药物递送" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "④光热/PDT" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "⑤抗菌/促成骨" } ] } ] }, { "align": "justify", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①应用范围较宽" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②合成简单" } ] } ] }, { "align": "justify", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "①稀土金属价格昂贵" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "②生物兼容性差" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "③Stokes位移不足以有效消除生物荧光背景的干扰" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "④难以精确调控杂原子的掺杂量以及掺杂位置" } ] } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862769&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35862767&type=", "width": "162.79997253", "height": "62.00000000", "fontsize": "" } } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　总结与展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文对近年来CDs功能化的常用方法及其应用进行了综述。我们将CDs的功能化方法分为表面钝化和杂原子掺杂两大类，并对其在生物医学领域的应用进行了较为全面的阐述。对CDs进行功能化处理时，表面钝化的目的是为了提高CDs的QY，调控其表面态。杂原子掺杂除了改变CDs的荧光性质外，主要针对的是CDs在传感、生物成像、肿瘤治疗、促成骨以及抗菌和抗病毒等方面的多功能应用。尽管在CDs功能化研究上已经取得了一定的进展，但依然有如下一些问题亟待解决：" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（1）对CDs进行表面钝化和杂原子掺杂虽然可以调控其荧光性质，但调控机理仍不清楚。故需要丰富表征手段，诸如DLS、EELS、Zeta电势、核磁共振以及同步辐射的精细光谱等对CDs的精确结构进行表征，以期进一步探索CDs的荧光机理。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（2）对于适配体修饰CDs应用于荧光探针时，尽管可以提高对特定物质检测的特异性和灵敏度，但对于荧光探针毒性和稳定性的研究较少，需进一步深入这一方面的研究。同时，对于适配体修饰CDs应用于肿瘤靶向治疗的研究较少，这可能是未来发展的重要方向之一。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（3）目前，CDs功能化的合成方法依然较少，可以尝试结合模板法、静电纺丝、溶胶-凝胶法、旋涂法等来制备一些功能化CDs基复合材料。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（4）功能化CDs应用于传感、生物成像和肿瘤治疗的研究较多，而在抗菌、抗病毒以及骨组织工程的研究较少，因此需要进一步拓展和丰富功能化CDs在这些领域的应用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：" }, { "name": "extlink", "data": { "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20220077." } ], "href": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20220077." } } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", 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