Progress in Preparation and Application of Biomass-based Carbon Quantum Dots Enhanced Publication

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质基碳点制备及应用研究进展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Progress in Preparation and Application of Biomass-based Carbon Quantum Dots" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "王", "givenname": "士鹏", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WANG", "givenname": "Shi-peng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "王士鹏（1997-），男，辽宁葫芦岛人，硕士研究生，2020 年于沈阳航空航天大学获得学士学位，主要从事碳量子点和纳米纤维素水凝胶等方面的研究。Email: Wsp1997@163.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879254&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879254&type=", "big": 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false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "李", "givenname": "玉", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LI", "givenname": "Yu", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "程", "givenname": "倩", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "CHENG", "givenname": "Qian", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "zh", "text": "Wsp1997@163.com 程倩（1976-），女，河南周口人，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，2013年于哈尔滨工业大学获得博士学位，从事稀土发光材料、生物质碳点及生物医用材料方面的研究。E-mail: chengqian66@163.com", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Wsp1997@163.com 程倩（1976-），女，河南周口人，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，2013年于哈尔滨工业大学获得博士学位，从事稀土发光材料、生物质碳点及生物医用材料方面的研究。E-mail: chengqian66@163.com" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "程倩（1976-），女，河南周口人，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，2013 年于哈尔滨工业大学获得博士学位，从事稀土发光材料、生物质碳点及生物医用材料方面的研究。Email:chengqian66@163.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879275&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879275&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879275&type=", "width": "25.00000000", "height": "30.00000000", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "程倩" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1976-），女，河南周口人，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，2013 年于哈尔滨工业大学获得博士学位，从事稀土发光材料、生物质碳点及生物医用材料方面的研究。Email:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "chengqian66@163.com" } ] ] } ], "email": "chengqian66@163.com", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "东北林业大学 生物质材料科学与技术教育部重点实验室， 黑龙江 哈尔滨　 150040", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "东北林业大学 生物质材料科学与技术教育部重点实验室， 黑龙江 哈尔滨　 150040" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science＆Technology， Ministry of Education， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin 150040， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science＆Technology， Ministry of Education， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin 150040， China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "东北林业大学 理学院， 黑龙江 哈尔滨　150040", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "东北林业大学 理学院， 黑龙江 哈尔滨　150040" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "College of Science， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin 150040， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "College of Science， Northeast Forestry University， Harbin 150040， China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点（CDs）作为一种新型的碳纳米荧光材料，因具有易制备、光学性能稳定、低毒和良好的生物相容性等优点而备受关注。然而，其荧光性能调控、荧光量子产率（QY）改善、寻求绿色环保和可持续发展的碳源仍是实现其多方面应用的关键。生物质材料在自然界中广泛存在、种类丰富且能够重复再生，在CDs制备过程中可同时控制碳核和表面态的形成，进而实现荧光性能调控和QY改善，作为来源广、廉价易得的碳源引起了科学家的广泛关注。本文从CDs的发光颜色调控出发对近年来生物质基CDs的绿色制备进行综述，分析归纳了不同生物质材料作为碳源及制备方法对生物质基CDs的发光颜色和QY的影响，梳理并总结了生物质基CDs在生物成像、药物递送、传感、防伪、光催化及LED等方面的应用研究进展，同时对生物质基CDs的性能优化、绿色制备方法面临的挑战及未来的发展方向进行了展望。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Carbon dots（CDs）， as a novel carbon nanofluorescent material， has attracted much attention due to its advantages of easy preparation， stable optical properties， low toxicity and good biocompatibility. However， the regulation of fluorescence properties， the improvement of fluorescence quantum yield（QY） and the search for green and sustainable carbon source are the key to realize its multifaceted application. Biomass materials have attracted extensive attention of scientists due to being widely existed in nature， rich in variety and capable of repeated regeneration. In the process of CDs preparation， the formation of carbon nuclei and surface states can be controlled simultaneously， which result in regulating the fluorescence performance and improving QY. In this paper， the researches on the green synthesis of biomass derived CDs（B-CDs） based on the regulation of the emitting light colors in recent years are summarized. And the effect on the fluorescence color and QY is analyzed according to the selection of biomass carbon source and synthesis method. Furthermore， the applications of B-CDs in biological imaging， drug delivery， sensing， anti-counterfeiting， photocatalysis and LED are discussed. At the same time， the challenges and future development direction of B-CDs in the aspects of performance optimization and green synthesis method are also prospected." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质基碳点" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "绿色合成" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "光致发光" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "量子效率" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物应用" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "biomass derived carbon dots" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "green synthesis" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "photoluminescence" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "quantum yield" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "biomedical applications" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点（Carbon dots，CDs）是一种尺寸小于10 nm的新型零维荧光纳米材料，由石墨化的sp" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "碳核和表面含有氨基、醚基、羰基和羟基等丰富基团的外壳组成" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，具有易制备、毒性低、光学性能稳定和无光漂白等优点。自2004年被发现以来，CDs的制备、发光机理及应用一直是研究的热点。CDs制备方法分为自上而下法和自下而上法，涵盖电化学氧化、激光烧蚀、水热、热解和微波法等，而水热法和微波法因具有简单、快速等特点而受到青睐" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。目前对CDs的发光机理还未有统一的解释，被广泛接受的有三种" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：（1）由碳核结构决定的量子限域和共轭π键结构荧光效应；（2）由表面化学基团决定的表面态理论；（3）由荧光分子团决定的分子态理论。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs按照其来源可分为生物质基CDs和非生物质基CDs，前者的碳源为生物质材料，如植物、动物及其产生的废弃物" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；后者的碳源为化学试剂，如柠檬酸、对苯二胺等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。与化学试剂相比，生物质材料在自然界中广泛存在、种类丰富且能够重复再生，因而生物质基CDs越来越受到科学家的关注。近年来，有关生物质基CDs的综述主要针对CDs的性质、发光机理（虽然还未有系统、明确的机理）、制备及应用等方面进行总结，且制备或是从制备方法或是从碳源的分类，如蔬菜、花、草或生物质废弃物进行归纳" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " [" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。生物质基CDs的应用，尤其生物成像、LED及防伪等对其荧光性能的调控提出了更高的要求，因此如何精准调控CDs的发光光谱和荧光强度是实现应用的关键。与上述综述不同，本文从CDs的发光颜色调控出发对近年来生物质基CDs的绿色制备方法进行综述，分析归纳了不同生物质材料作为碳源和制备方法对生物质基CDs的发光颜色和荧光量子产率（QY）的影响，梳理并总结了其在生物成像、药物递送、传感、防伪、光催化及LED应用方面的研究进展（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），同时对生物质基CDs的性能优化、绿色制备方法面临的挑战及未来的发展方向进行了展望。希望本综述能为CDs的发展起到一定的指导作用。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质来源的CDs及应用" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Biomass derived CDs and its application" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879280&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879289&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879285&type=", "width": "72.50566101", "height": "69.71697998", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　生物质基CDs制备" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质材料含有大量的天然有机成分，可同时提供丰富的碳源和多种杂原子 （如N、S等），且这些有机成分含有较长的芳环体系，容易实现对CDs荧光性能的调控和QY的改善，制备出不同发光颜色的生物质CDs。此外，生物质材料中富含的无机矿物质及多环芳香结构还可赋予其新的功能，利于其实际应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。本节主要以不同发光颜色CDs的制备为特点，归纳近年来以生物质材料为碳源制备CDs的方法，并分析了CDs性能改善的调控因素。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　蓝色荧光碳点" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "蓝色频率在600~700 THz间，属高频光，是目前以生物质材料为碳源制备CDs较常见的发光颜色。不同生物质材料，其成分有所不同，因此采用不同生物质材料作为碳源制备CDs的发光性能也有所不同。糖类是生物质材料中最常见的一种有机成分，也是CDs合成的主要成分，因此含糖量高的小麦秸秆" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、樱桃" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、荔枝" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、康乃馨" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、番茄汁" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、萝卜" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、紫苏" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、松木" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等生物质材料均可制备蓝光CDs。如Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用小麦秸秆为碳源通过水热法制备出粒径为2.1 nm、QY为7.5%、寿命为9.86 ns的蓝光CDs，成分分析表明其表面富含C和O（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。Zhong 等选用康乃馨" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为碳源直接碳化制备粒径范围为6~9 nm、QY为11.36%的蓝光CDs，FTIR和XPS结果表明CDs表面除富含C和O外，还含有少量的N元素。蛋白质中含N量相对较高，富含蛋白质的生物质材料有鸡蛋" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R15", "R16" ], "text": "15-16", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、大豆" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、花生" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、牛奶" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等。如Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用蛋壳膜为碳源，通过微波法制备出粒径为5 nm、QY为14%的蓝光N掺杂CDs（N-CDs）（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。Jia等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用黑豆为碳源通过一步热解法制备了粒径为5.16 nm、QY为 38.7%的蓝光N-CDs。Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用水热法以蛋清为碳源制备出粒径为2.1 nm、QY高达64%的蓝光N-CDs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））。上述实例表明，选用含N的生物质材料制备CDs时，可直接实现N-CDs的合成，同时N掺杂可提高蓝色发光CDs的QY，这主要是因为N掺杂可促进CDs的电子转移，提高荧光发射性能。除N元素外，选用含S元素的生物质材料也可实现蓝光S掺杂CDs（S-CDs）的制备，如Sangam等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用甘蔗中的糖蜜为碳源通过水热法实现了直接从生物质废弃物甘蔗渣中获取S-CDs，QY高达47%，平均寿命为3.1 ns。研究证明S元素的掺杂可提高CDs表面缺陷密度，提高其QY" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，有些生物质材料含有丰富的矿物质，可同时实现多种杂原子掺杂，如栀子果" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、真菌纤维" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和鹅毛" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过水热法均可直接实现发蓝光N和S共掺杂CDs（N,S-CDs）　的制备，其粒径为2.1，6.5，12 nm，QY分别为10.7%、28.11%和17.1%。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "蓝光B-CDs制备流程及XPS图：（a）小麦秸秆" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，（b）蛋壳膜" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，（c）蛋清" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）柚子汁基蓝光CDs的荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（e）芹菜基蓝光CDs的XPS" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（f）玉米淀粉基蓝光CDs的XPS" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（g）印楝树叶基蓝光CDs氨基表面修饰前后FTIR和荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Illustration of preparation and XPS for blue B-CDs： （a）wheat straw" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， （b）eggshell membrane" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， （c）egg white" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d）Fluorescence properties of grapefruit juice-based blue-light CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （e）XPS of celery-based blue-light CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （f）XPS of corn starch-based blue-ray CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （g）FTIR and fluorescence properties of neem leaf-based blue-light CDs before and after amino surface modification" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879292&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879304&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879298&type=", "width": "157.23785400", "height": "118.84277344", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除上文提到的通过生物质材料本身成分不同进行杂原子掺杂改善蓝光CDs QY外，还可通过制备过程中加入化学试剂实现杂原子掺杂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。本课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "取天然柚子汁为碳源、尿素为N源制备蓝光N-CDs，发现与未掺杂CDs相比，其发光强度有所提高。Qu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用芹菜为碳源、谷胱甘肽为N和S共掺杂剂制备出粒径为2.08 nm、QY高达53%的高光稳定性蓝光CDs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e））。Dong等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用玉米淀粉为碳源、磷酸钠和尿素分别作为N和P掺杂剂，通过水热法制备出粒径为2.5 nm、QY高达76.5%的亮蓝色荧光CDs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（f））。此外，蓝光CDs荧光性能的改善还可通过表面修饰钝化来实现，如She等以绿茶为碳源，在制备过程中分别加入柠檬酸和抗坏血酸，引入多羧酸和多羟基结构，对CDs的表面进行修饰，改善其荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Suryawanshi等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用印楝树叶作为碳源，通过H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "SO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/HNO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "一步氧化法制备生物质基CDs，为提高荧光强度选用氨基对CDs进行表面修饰，胺功能化后，—COOH和环氧基被—CONH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和—C—NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基团取代（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（g）），通过抑制非辐射复合路径，使得本征态发射增强，荧光发射强度提高。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于上述分析，采用生物质材料为碳源制备蓝色CDs具有可直接实现杂原子掺杂优势，且可通过选用不同的生物质材料实现杂原子掺杂种类、含量的调控进而调控其QY。此外，蓝色荧光生物质CDs的荧光性能改善还可通过化学试剂引入杂原子或者对制备的生物质CDs进行表面钝化改善其发光强度。然而，对于荧光增强机制还未有系统的统一说法，如有的文献报道杂原子掺杂可提供更多的活性位点，进而改善其荧光性能; 有的认为杂原子掺杂可降低CDs内的带隙，促使电子跃迁。因此还需要大量的研究验证其发光增强机理，寻求新的生物质碳源、绿色环保的制备方法获得高产量、高QY的生物质CDs。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　绿色荧光碳点" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "采用生物质材料制备绿色荧光CDs起源于橙汁为碳源，通过水热合成（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。橙汁复杂的成分赋予CDs表面丰富的羟基、环氧基、羰基和羧酸基团，在CDs制备过程中即完成了表面功能化修饰，使其表面缺陷密度增加，更多的激子被俘获，激子复合产生红移辐射，因此在紫外光照射下发出明亮的绿光。研究发现两种CDs（CP和CD）光学性能的差异主要来源于粒径尺寸的影响，亮绿色CDs粒径较小，浅绿色CDs粒径较大。颗粒尺寸增加，发光光谱红移；颗粒尺寸减小，比表面积增加，陷阱位置的数量与光激发电子数量之比越高，QY就越高" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，Singaravadivel等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用富含纤维素（43%~50%）、半纤维素（16%~20%）和木质素（12%~16%）的香蕉茎秆为碳源，采用乙醇溶剂热法制备了粒径为2.5 nm、QY为48%的绿色荧光CDs，且表现出激发波长依赖性，发现CDs表面含有丰富的羟基、羰基和羧基官能团，表面的高氧化度促进了发射波长红移。与上述方法相似，Hu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以蔗糖水溶液为碳源，通过微波法也制备出高亮度、高表面氧化度的绿色荧光CDs。与上述方法不同，Shi等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用含大量碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质及黄酮的橙皮为碳源，乙二醇作为钝化剂，通过微波法制备出粒径为4.2 nm、QY和荧光寿命分别为16.2%和2.99 ns的绿色荧光CDs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。表征发现CDs的表面含有丰富的氨基，氨基钝化促进CDs本征态发射增加，使荧光强度增强；同时赋予 CDs表面新的能级，使其发射波长红移，表现出强绿色荧光。Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用从云杉中获得的碱木质素与间苯二胺一锅水热处理制备蓝绿色荧光N-CDs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）），表现出pH和激发波长相关的荧光发射行为，CDs表面保留了碱木质素中具有高含氧官能团的复杂芳香结构，对于共轭石墨核的形成和表面功能化有很大帮助。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）橙汁基绿光CDs制备流程及荧光性能和XPS" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）橘子皮基绿光CDs制备流程及FTIR和XPS" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）碱木质素基绿光CDs制备流程及荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Illustration of preparation and XPS of orange juice-based green CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Illustration of preparation， FTIR and XPS of orange peel-based green CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Illustration of preparation and fluorescence properties of alkaline lignin-based green CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879309&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879320&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879313&type=", "width": "160.26556396", "height": "109.21325684", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质绿色荧光CDs目前研究较少，基于上述分析发现，发光光谱红移与量子尺寸效应和表面态有直接的关系。CDs尺寸增加，发光光谱红移，但QY减小；表面含氧量增加，发光光谱红移。在合成手段上，可选用含氧量丰富的生物质材料作为碳源，或者通过溶剂热反应增加聚合度来实现绿色荧光生物质CDs的制备。因此未来还需要大量的研究探索绿色荧光生物质CDs的碳源及QY提高的手段，同时完善其发光红移机制。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3　红色荧光碳点" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "红色因其发射波长长、在生物成像应用方面穿透深度深、不受生物组织自身荧光干扰而备受关注。叶绿素具有卟啉结构，表现出强烈的近红外吸收和发射，是红光CDs合成的优质原料。如Li等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "先用乙醇和水的混合溶液从菠菜中提取叶绿素，再通过乙醇溶剂热法制备出QY为15.34%的水溶性红光CDs。分析结果表明，CDs表面具有丰富的羧基、羟基和少量卟啉结构，卟啉结构是CDs发出红外光的重要原因。Zhao等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "从小白菜中通过乙醇和丙酮混合溶液提取叶绿素，然后与聚氧乙烯二胺（NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-PEG-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）一起通过溶剂热法合成具有单激发、双发射的生物质基CDs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）），发射波长分别为位于~500 nm的绿光和678 nm的红光，分析发现它们分别来自聚氧乙烯二胺衍生的CDs和叶绿素衍生卟啉结构中C=O键和C=N键的n→π" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "*" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "电子跃迁。与前两者不同，Srivastav等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "从芒果叶中用乙醇提取没食子酸、芒果苷等有机成分，采用微波法大规模、快速绿色合成粒径在2~8 nm的红色荧光CDs，通过FTIR光谱和XPS分析表明，CDs表面碳化过程中形成了大量含氧官能团，缺陷密度增大，激子复合产生大量的红移辐射，因此CDs发出明亮的红色荧光（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。Xiong等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "选用含有大量碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质的柠檬汁和乙醇作为原料，通过溶剂热法制备出平均粒径为4.6 nm、QY高达28%的水溶性红光CDs，多组实验对比发现，随着乙醇含量的增加，PL光谱从518 nm红移到616 nm，同时氮含量从10.3%增加到12.4%，而粒径大小却没有变化，由此说明乙醇促进了CDs形成过程中氮的掺杂，在CDs表面形成较低能级的表面态，促进了荧光发射波长的红移。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）小白菜基红光CDs制备流程及荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）芒果叶基红光CDs的 FTIR及XPS" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Illustration of preparation and fluorescence properties of pakchoi-based red light CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）FTIR and XPS of mango leaf-based red light CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879325&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879333&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879329&type=", "width": "156.63299561", "height": "82.02099609", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于以上实例，红色荧光生物质基CDs的制备与所选用生物质材料中的成分、粒子尺寸和溶剂效应有很大关系，目前所得到的发红光的生物质CDs多是通过乙醇溶剂热碳源实现的，且CDs结构中存在荧光基团、较大的共轭效应、较高的表面氧化度或杂原子掺杂。然而目前研究有限，需要更进一步大量的研究总结红光发射的机理，这对以后其应用尤其是生物成像应用具有重要的指导意义。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.4　多色荧光碳点" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质材料作为碳源除可以制备单一发光CDs外，还可以通过改变反应条件制备多色发光CDs。如Gupta等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以含有碳水化合物和多酚的菠萝为原料，通过硫酸氧化制备蓝光CDs，磷酸氧化不同时间制备绿光和黄光CDs，三者的粒径分别为2.08，2.8，4.0 nm，QY分别为18.0%、37.6%和44.7% （" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。强酸的氧化过程对CDs碳核尺寸和表面官能团进行调控，粒径变化改变CDs的有效共轭长度，表面官能团改变CDs的表面氧化度，从而导致CDs发射波长红移和QY增强。但酸性氧化试剂的过度使用会增加CDs的生物毒性，影响其后续应用。与前者不同，Ding 等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用铂催化剂对富含大量硫化物的榴莲进行水热处理，糖类作为形成CDs的主要碳源，同时通过晶格取代的方式在制备过程中控制S掺杂浓度，CDs表面S浓度的变化改变其表面的氧化度，不同的缺陷密度影响激子复合，因此可得到多色发光的CDs（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。此外，表面修饰同样是调控CDs发射波长的重要手段，如Packirisamy等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以姜黄素为原料、乙醇为溶剂，通过溶剂热法制备出粒径为3.28 nm的亮蓝色荧光CDs，在相同的条件下又通过在制备过程中加入聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）进行修饰制备出平均直径为4.45 nm的海洋绿荧光CDs，同时发现PEI改性后荧光强度也有效增强（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））。最近，Lu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别以牛油果皮和果肉为碳源，通过水热反应制备了两种不同的生物质CDs，分别发出蓝色和蓝绿色荧光，并指出引起相对红移的主要因素是蓝绿色荧光CDs中含有较多的石墨氮。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）菠萝基多色发光CDs照片及TEM" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）榴莲基多色发光CDs制备流程及荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）姜黄素基多色发光CDs制备流程及荧光性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）The photo and TEM of pineapple-based multicolor luminescence CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）The photo and fluorescence properties of durian-based multicolor luminescence CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Illustration of preparation and fluorescence properties of curcumin-based multicolor luminescent CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879339&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879348&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879343&type=", "width": "154.74745178", "height": "113.31915283", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上分析可知，相同的碳源在制备过程中通过控制溶剂、掺杂元素、添加表面改性剂等反应条件，改变脱水、碳化、表面官能团形成等反应过程，进而对CDs的粒径大小和表面缺陷进行调控，从而制备出多色发光的CDs。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.5　室温磷光碳点" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2e" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "室温磷光（RTP）是一种缓慢发光的光致发光现象，当激发光停止后，发光现象仍能持续存在。由于CDs具有易制备、高光稳定性和突出的生物相容性等特点，因而在构建 RTP材料方面具有深远的前景。通常，室温磷光现象可通过在CDs制备过程中引入杂原子或将CDs嵌入宿主基质（如聚乙烯醇" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、二氧化硅" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、硼酸" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、尿素" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、纤维素" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " 、聚丙烯酰胺" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）等方式产生。如Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以富含硅和碳的废弃生物质谷壳作为原料、SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "作为宿主基质制备出具有超长余辉寿命（5.72 s）、较高QY（21.3%）和极高稳定性的RTP碳点材料（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），该方法巧妙地利用溶胶凝胶法将CDs原位封装在巨大的Si—O四面体网络空间中，然后通过煅烧形成对CDs具有限域作用的三维（3D）空间，隔离外部氧气和湿度等对CDs荧光猝灭的因素。同时刚性结构与CDs之间稳定的共价键和氢键可稳定CDs的三重激发态，提高CDs的磷光性能。但煅烧温度逐渐升高到700 ℃时，SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基质部分崩塌，CDs含量降低，磷光发射强度降低。Chen等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "受木质素荧光的启发，将羧甲基纤维素基CDs限制在生物质来源的纤维素纤维中，制备出与激发/温度/湿度有关的长余辉生物质磷光材料，在高级防伪和加密方面显示出优越的潜在应用。随后，该课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "又开发了一种通用的3D限制策略，通过将羧甲基纤维素基CDs原位交联到一个3D聚丙烯酰胺聚合物网络中，制备出坚固的聚合物基CDs掺杂的RTP材料，提出利用聚合物网络中的碳点、3D结构实现超长寿命磷光。所得材料的RTP在不同的极性有机溶剂中不猝灭，通过调节交联量或改变三维分子网络的干燥温度可以很容易地调节RTP的寿命。并通过实验和理论计算证明了3D分子约束和强氢键是RTP发射的关键。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）谷壳基长余辉CDs制备流程图；（b）Si—O四面体网络空间结构图；（c）谷壳基长余辉CDs磷光图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Illustration of preparation of chaff-based long afterglow CDs. （b）The spatial structure diagram of Si—O tetrahedral network. （c）Phosphorescence image of chaff-based long afterglow CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879353&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879363&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879360&type=", "width": "154.78100586", "height": "80.69799805", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RTP材料是未来发光材料的主流趋势，有望在生物应用、防伪等领域得到广泛应用，然而目前该类材料的红色发光及多色发光调控仍是一个挑战。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于上述不同发光生物质CDs的制备分析可知，生物质基CDs的发光是一个复杂且受多方面因素影响的过程。在制备方法上具有绿色环保、材料来源广且可再生等优点，然而在制备过程中目前还未有大量生产、产率高的先例，且在发光颜色调控方面仍是一个挑战。然而通过上述分析，仍有规律可循，总结如下：（1）碳源选取方面，从生物质材料成分考虑，可选含特定发色基团、较高氧含量官能团及较多的杂原子的成分。如叶绿素中卟啉结构造成发射波长红移；纤维素、木质素等含较多氧功能团的高分子聚合物引起发射波长红移；含N较多谷物类等引起发射波长红移及QY提高。（2）制备方法方面，同种碳源制备CDs时所用溶剂的种类和加入量，如选用乙醇作溶剂进行溶剂热反应时可引起发色光谱的红移，选用硫酸、盐酸等不同酸通过不同杂原子掺杂和不同的表面态制备多色发光生物质CDs。然而，不同碳源对制备生物质CDs量子效率的影响尚未有足够的研究进行系统化总结，因而在生物质CDs制备方面还需大量的研究和探索。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　应　　用" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs具有发光效率高、光学性能稳定、生物相容性好、易制备、颜色可调等优点，因而在许多领域都有广泛的应用。本节主要介绍近年来生物质基CDs在生物成像、药物递送、传感器、防伪、光催化、LED等方面的研究进展。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　生物成像" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "自2007年CDs被证明可用来进行体内、体外成像以来" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，生物质基CDs因具有良好的生物相容性和优良的光稳定性成为生物领域纳米生物成像的理想材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Sahu 等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "] " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用橙汁制得的CDs应用于人骨肉瘤细胞（MG-63）的细胞成像（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）），能清楚地显示出细胞内绿色荧光碳纳米颗粒的聚集，并能明显地观察到细胞核区域。Ruan等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "研究了由蜘蛛丝制得的CDs在细胞中的分布情况，发现只有细胞质中存在CDs，而线粒体和核内体中未发现任何CDs的踪迹。但是，仍然有一些报道认为CDs能够进入细胞核中" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Shi等发现水热碳化花瓣形成的CDs可以通过内吞作用进入人子宫颈鳞状细胞癌细胞（A193）的细胞质和细胞核中。目前的研究进展仍然很难阐明不同细胞器对CDs的选择性吞噬机制" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Wang 等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "] " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以牛奶为原料制得的CDs用于人脑胶质瘤细胞（U87）的成像，当CDs的浓度增加到 1 mg/mL 时，仍对细胞没有明显的毒性作用。2018年，Amin等利用枣仁合成的强绿色荧光CDs在对人MG-63细胞进行体外成像时验证了N-CDs具有低细胞毒性和良好的膜渗透性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。自然界中生物组织多存在自荧光现象，且其自荧光范围多集中于蓝色光区，对于蓝绿光CDs来说往往无法避免这种生物组织自荧光的干扰。此外，蓝绿色荧光在应用于生物成像时还存在穿透深度浅等缺点，因而近年来用于生物成像的CDs多集中于红色或近红外发光成像和双光子成像的研究。Hao课题组以西瓜汁为原料制备CDs，并基于该CDs研制了一种由808 nm激发的基于近红外二区（NIR-Ⅱ）的CDs纳米探针，实现了体内NIR-Ⅱ生物成像（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图 7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图 7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）），且实验证明CDs在肾脏中的清除速度非常快。此外，设计的纳米探针还具有较高的光热效率（30.6%），使其成为癌症热消融的理想材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Yang课题组利用红豆杉为原料制备了深红色CDs，证明其毒性低、生物相容性好，可通过肾和肝胆系统快速排泄，成为有效的单光子和双光子深部生物成像探针（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " [" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Atchudan等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用以香蕉皮为原料制备的CDs对线虫进行活体生物成像，CDs有效地染色到线虫的全身，在激发光的照射下会照亮虫体，400，470，550 nm激发波长下分别发出蓝色、绿色和红色荧光（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d））。Kim等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以鲨鱼软骨中的多糖为碳源制备CDs，然后将其注射入斑马丹尼奥鱼苗的活体内，在鱼苗的肠道中选择性地观察到绿色和蓝色荧光CDs。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）MG-63细胞在488 nm（左）和405 nm（右）激发下的细胞成像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）NIR-Ⅱ发光CDs合成示意图及用于快速肾脏清除NIR-Ⅱ生物成像和癌症的PTT" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " ［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）红豆杉基CDs体外、体内成像图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）香蕉皮基CDs线虫活体成像图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（e）CDs@SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "处理绿豆芽茎横截面的荧光和磷光（时间分辨荧光）图像，比例尺：200 μm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）MG-63 cells under bright field， by excitation at 488 nm（left） and 405 nm（right）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Schematic illustration of the synthesis of NIR-Ⅱ emitting CDs for rapid renal clearance NIR-Ⅱ bioimaging and PTT of cancer" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In vitro" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "in vivo" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " imaging of taxus-based CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d）" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In vivo" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " imaging of banana peel-based CDs nematodes" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （e）Fluorescence and phosphorescence （time-resolved fluorescence） images of a cross section of the stem of CDs@SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-treated mung bean sprouts. Scale bar： 200 μm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879368&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879378&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879373&type=", "width": "154.51699829", "height": "89.95800781", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，最具应用潜力的生物成像正向长余辉发光CDs发展，然而，对于CDs来说，实现纯水相余辉发射仍然很困难，取而代之的是一种简单的方法，即使用二氧化硅（SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）来覆盖CDs，这可以隔离CDs从而使水相转变为长余辉CDs。如Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）的水解和缩聚将CDs包埋于二氧化硅网络中，成功制备出在水相中具有稳定超长室温磷光特性的CDs和二氧化硅复合材料（CDs@SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），其余辉寿命长达1.64 s，肉眼可视寿命接近10 s，并首次实现了细胞和植物组织的时间分辨成像（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（e））。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　药物递送" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近年来，CDs因比表面积大、表面具有丰富的官能团而在肿瘤药物治疗中备受关注。它常被用于光学成像与药物治疗为一体的纳米诊疗平台，实现发光成像引导的药物可控释放，进而提高药物的治疗效果，同时避免药物对其他器官的伤害。如Yuan等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以牛奶为原料，采用水热法合成CDs，利用其表面的多个官能团通过静电相互作用与阿霉素（DOX）结合构建药物控释体系，其表现出pH依赖性释放行为。与游离DOX相比，CDs-DOX复合物对腺样囊性癌细胞株的破坏性更大，但对小鼠成纤维细胞株（L929）的毒性更低。且CDs-DOX复合物通过在肿瘤细胞的细胞核中定位更多的药物，并诱导ACC-2细胞更高的凋亡率，从而提高了癌症治疗效率。Bayda等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出了另一种基于pH值的释药系统，他们以红茶为原料通过HNO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "氧化制备了尺寸分布窄、光学性质可调的生物质CDs，CDs可有效地装载DOX构建载药复合物，其能标记亚细胞结构，可逃脱溶酶体检测，并将自身分布到细胞质中，在较低pH值的肿瘤微环境中释放出作为游离药物的DOX（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。此外，D'souza等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出酸化药物释放方法，他们选用虾米水热制备N-CDs，并将其作为一种可以追溯的药物给药系统。将抗癌药物靶向给药于人乳腺癌细胞，CDs作为荧光载体，可同时跟踪和释放药物。抗癌药被癌细胞吸收并储存在囊泡中，囊泡酸化将药物释放（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）红茶基CDs与阿霉素药物载体复合物用于HeLa细胞" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）激光共聚焦显微镜下的SH-SY5Y（人神经母细胞瘤）细胞摄取CDs后的图像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Imaging of HeLa cells in the complex of black tea-based CDs and doxorubicin drug carrier" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Laser scanning confocal microscopy images of SH-SY5Y （human neuroblastoma） cells after the cellular uptake of CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879384&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879397&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879389&type=", "width": "119.32699585", "height": "100.01300049", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质基CDs的高生物相容性和较大的比表面积可增强细胞吸收，有益于与治疗药物的结合，是药物输送的优质载体。药物传递系统的强选择性对于提高局部治疗效果及减少非传染性和非癌性组织的副作用至关重要，为癌症治疗提供了一条新的思路。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　传感" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs具有荧光可调、稳定性好、水溶性好、易表面功能化等特点，能有效捕获目标分析物，可实现离子、分子 （如凝血酶" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、透明质酸酶" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "65", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R65", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、草甘膦" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）、抗生素（四环素" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）、环境温度或pH值" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等的传感检测，具有操作简单、可视化等特点。CDs对不同物质的敏感性主要取决于其结构和表面官能团的组成，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "概述了不同的生物质基CDs对于离子的传感检测。从表中可以看出，目前可实现检测的离子有Hg" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+[69]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Fe" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+[ 70]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Cu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+[24]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Cr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6+[71]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Ag" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+[13]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Al" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+[72]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Au" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+[73]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Zn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+[74]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、S" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2-[75]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-[76]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、NO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "- [" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等，其传感机理可归纳如下" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：（1）电子转移，正电子发射断层扫描（PET）机制，即CDs作为供体、离子作为受体的电子转移导致的荧光猝灭；（2）荧光共振能量转移（FRET）机制" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，即CDs激发态到金属离子的能量转移；（3）内部过滤效应（IFE），即再吸收的能量从离子转移到CDs；（4）聚集诱导发射猝灭（AIEQ），即在CDs聚集过程中，激发CDs的能量转移到基态而没有辐射发射；（5）静态淬火效果（SQE），即CDs在基态与金属离子猝灭剂形成配合物，并进行无辐射发射。尽管许多研究都已证明CDs可以实现不同金属离子的快速检测，然而仍存在检测极限低、无法实现单一选择性检测等问题。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物质碳点作为传感器的性能及应用" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Performance and application of biomass carbon 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"name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879403&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879400&type=", "width": "77.69581604", "height": "59.43772888", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs除了可用于离子检测外，还可用于药物等有机分子的检测，在食品方面具有潜在的应用价值。如Moradi等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用藏红花制备的CDs实现其对药物丙洛卡因的传感检测，其LOD为1.8 nmol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用制备的生物质基CDs设计了一种可检测苏丹红Ⅰ号的传感器，其LOD为0.95 mol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。姚等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "81", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R81", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计合成一种多功能的N/Ag-CDs，并将其用于瘦肉精的双光谱免疫传感器，LOD低至0.68 ng/L。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上，CDs基生物传感器作为新型高效的检测法，具备高灵敏度、专一性强、检测过程简单等特点，可有效克服传统传感器的缺点，给人类的生活带来更多的帮助，是传感器发展的新方向。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4　防伪" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "多色发光、高稳定性、高发光强度、低成本和良好分散性的发光安全油墨的制造和设计是防伪应用的关键。CDs具有独特的抗漂白能力、发光光谱易调节、易于制备且成本较低等优点，逐渐在防伪领域受到青睐。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Yang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "82", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R82", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "82" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用废纸基激发波长为340～480 nm、发射峰为440～540 nm的CDs制备防伪油墨和荧光柔性薄膜（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。Luo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "83", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R83", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "83" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用碱木质素基黄色荧光CDs实现日光下的信息加密和紫外线下的信息解密，这些印刷图案的照片在阳光照射一周后仍保持荧光稳定性（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "84", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R84", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "84" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用食物垃圾龟壳制备高荧光CDs，并结合胶体光子晶体（CPCs）实现了多信号编码和防伪领域的应用（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）废纸基CDs制备荧光柔性薄膜的防伪应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "82", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R82", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "82" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）碱木质素基CDs的打印防伪应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "83", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R83", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "83" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）基于三维微流控打印技术的多信号防伪胶体光子晶体/龟壳CDs图案薄膜构建示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "84", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R84", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "84" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（d）CDs聚集诱导发射和超长室温磷光防伪示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Anti-counterfeiting of fluorescent flexible film prepared from waste paper-based CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "82", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R82", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "82" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Anti-counterfeiting printing application of alkali lignin-based CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "83", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R83", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "83" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Construction of multisignal anti-counterfeiting colloidal photonic crystals /tortoise shell-based CDs-patterned films with fluorescence and angular dependence of structural colors " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "via" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " a 3D microfluidic printing technique" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "84", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R84", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "84" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d）Anti-counterfeiting illustration of CDs aggregation-induced emission and ultralong room temperature phosphorescence" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879405&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879409&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879407&type=", "width": "148.16699219", "height": "102.12901306", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除上述CDs光致发光现象应用于防伪外，其室温磷光现象也可用于防伪。如Deng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "85", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R85", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "85" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "赋予生物基CDs聚集诱导发射和超长室温磷光性能使其粉体在空气条件下具有强烈的蓝色光致发光和绿色磷光，QY为10.4%，荧光寿命为400 ms，通过调节羧酸盐中的阳离子和苯环上的取代基，可以很容易地调节光致发光和磷光发射，利用其特点可实现防伪应用（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d））。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.5　光催化" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3e" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由于CDs具有独特的光致发光行为和光电子转移特性，可用于构建高性能光催化剂的活性组分，它不仅可用作光催化剂，还可用作光敏剂、光谱转换器等。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "单一CDs可作为高效催化剂，Zhu 等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "86", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R86", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "86" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "] " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用豆浆制备了双功能荧光CDs，不仅具有良好的光致发光性能，而且对氧化还原反应表现出良好的电催化活性，并证实氮的掺杂在提高CDs的催化活性过程中起到了关键作用。Zhou等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "87", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R87", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "87" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以废弃棕榈粉为原料成功合成了新型生物质基CDs，由于存在S和Cl共掺杂的结构和较小的尺寸效应，在可见光下可实现对于罗丹明B和亚甲基蓝71.7%和94.2%的高降解率。Shahzadi等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "88", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R88", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "88" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用蓼叶片同样制备出对于刚果红和亚甲基蓝高效率降解且低消耗的生物质基CDs。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs还可以与金属复合进行光催化，如Reisner等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "89", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R89", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "89" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "从木质纤维素废料中合成超可扩展和低成本的CDs，当与非珍贵的镍基共催化剂结合时，可实现于可见光驱动下在未经处理的河流和海水中产生H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs同样可以与金属氧化物复合进行光催化。Imae等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "90", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R90", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "90" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过水热碳化橘子皮制备CDs，并与ZnO复合作为光催化剂，在紫外照射下实现萘酚蓝黑色偶氮染料的降解（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。Gupta 等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "91", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R91", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "91" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过静电纺丝TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米纤维，将柠檬皮制备的水溶性CDs固定化，构建TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-CDs复合材料，并以亚甲基蓝染料为模型污染物研究其光催化活性，研究发现TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-CDs复合材料的光催化活性是TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米纤维的2.5倍（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）橘子皮基CDs与ZnO复合光催化降解萘酚蓝黑色偶氮染料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "90", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R90", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "90" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）柠檬皮基CDs与TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "复合光催化降解亚甲基蓝染料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "91", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R91", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "91" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Photocatalytic degradation of naphthol blue-black azo dyes by orange peel CDs and ZnO composite" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "90", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R90", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "90" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye combined with lemon peel-based CDs and TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "91", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R91", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "91" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879411&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879415&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879413&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "60.48995972", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs还具有独特的上转换效应，可显著将宽带隙半导体材料的太阳光吸收扩展到可见光区甚至近红外区" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "92", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R92", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "92" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，极大地提高光催化效率；同时其绿色环保的特性还可以避免对环境的损害，是新一代的优质光催化材料。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.6　LED" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3f" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "与稀土发光材料和量子点相比，CDs具有发色光谱可调、荧光性能稳定、环境兼容性强及半峰宽较宽等优点，使其成为制备白光LED的最佳选择。一般来说，CDs在LED中的应用可以分为两种:一种是光致发光，另一种是电致发光。目前，前者是制备CDs基LED最常用的方法，主要是通过把制备的CDs与聚合物 （淀粉、环氧树脂、明胶）混合形成荧光粉，再将荧光粉直接涂在芯片上，并被芯片发出的强紫外光或蓝光激发。Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "93", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R93", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "93" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将制备的淀粉基N-CDs与淀粉复合通过上述方法制备冷白光LED，其白光主要是通过N-CDs蓝色荧光与紫外LED芯片发出的黄色光相结合而实现的，LED的色坐标（CIE）为（0.33,0.37），色温（CCT）为5 462 K，与夏季中午太阳光（5 500 K）的相关CCT相似。为了降低色温、提高显色指数，通常在封装LED时加入红色发光光谱的CDs，将冷白光调节为更舒适的暖白光。Chen等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "94", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R94", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "94" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用生物质基蓝光N-CDs粉末和红色稀土荧光粉CaAlSiN" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过明胶粘合在芯片上实现暖白色LED的制备（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图11", "type": "fig", "rid": "F11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）），其显色指数为87.2，CCT为 5 227 K，与不添加红色稀土荧光粉的单一CDs制备的冷白光LED相比，其显色指数提高，色温降低。Lu 等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别采用牛油果果皮基蓝光CDs和果肉基蓝绿光CDs与环氧树脂混合后，再加入红色和绿色CDs，通过改变质量比构建了CIE为（0.38,0.39）和（0.29,0.34）的冷、暖白光LED，所制备LED的高显色指数分别为90.47和84.54。Yang等以大麦芽为碳源制备的CDs与K" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "SiF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Mn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "红粉结合也得到了高效、高显色性的白光 LED（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图11", "type": "fig", "rid": "F11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "95", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R95", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "95" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F11", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）冷白光和暖白光LED荧光光谱及CIE坐标" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "94", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R94", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "94" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（b）OLED的电致发光光谱与工作电压的关系" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "95", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R95", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "95" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Fluorescence spectra and CIE coordinates of cool white and warm white LEDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "94", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R94", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "94" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）OLED electroluminescence spectra " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "versus" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " operating voltage" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "95", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R95", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "95" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879417&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879421&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=35879419&type=", "width": "151.31658936", "height": "138.12509155", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs的高热和空气稳定性对于电致发光LED的寿命延长同样有很大帮助。如Liao等报道了香榧基CDs电致发光二极管，器件的电致发光峰位于438 nm，与荧光峰相比红移了7 nm，器件的CIE色坐标为（0.177,0.075）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "96", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R96", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "96" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上，生物基CDs可实现在LED方面的多性能应用，但在QY和制备产率等方面仍需要进一步提高。因此，生物基CDs的构建及寻找高效的分离手段是将来十分重要的发展方向。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　结论和展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文主要从CDs的制备原料出发对以生物质材料为碳源制备不同颜色荧光CDs的荧光光谱和QY进行分析，揭示荧光性能的影响因素，并根据其发光机理分析不同荧光光谱形成的原因，进而为构建QY高的多色CDs的制备及应用提供理论依据。综合分析可知，CDs的共轭度、表面官能团、杂原子掺杂、溶剂等多方面因素均影响CDs的荧光强度、QY和发射波长。通过对近年来生物质基CDs在生物成像、药物递送、传感器、防伪、光催化、LED的研究进行综述分析可知，目前该类材料还存在发射波长不可控性、发光机理不明确性和多色发光CDs分离纯化困难等问题。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "针对以上问题，作者认为未来碳点的发展方向主要体现在：（1）对于发射波长的不可控性，可以从已经制备的多色发光CDs材料出发，对其制备原料、反应条件、表面官能团、原子掺杂等多方面因素进行研究，归纳总结其发光波长的规律变化，并在不断的实验中进行多次验证，以达到发射波长可控的目的。 （2）CDs发光机理研究的关键是对其结构的进一步认知，主要包括碳骨架和表面官能团，只有从结构出发，才能对CDs的发光机制进行全面的了解，因此对于CDs结构的检测和表征方法需要进一步改进和更新，才能为CDs的基础研究和实际应用打下良好的基础。 （3）目前生物质基CDs的制备方法单一、制备产物产量低、分离纯化困难，无法实现工业化大批量制备，因此开发新的生物质废弃物原料、新型绿色制备方法和简单环保的分离纯化手段是实现工业化应用的未来发展方向。此外，目前已发现的红色发光生物质CDs的发光效率相较于化学试剂制备的CDs低，因此寻求新的碳源制备红色发光生物质CDs及开创如微波-水热联合的新型制备技术，对于实现其体内生物应用具有重要意义。 （4）相较于化学试剂基CDs，生物质基CDs具有生物相容性好、毒性低等更安全因素，因而在生物应用方面越来越吸引科学家的兴趣。目前的研究多集中于生物成像方面，对于植入人体内进行光热与光动力学治疗，实现多模态成像与治疗于一体的纳米诊疗平台研究不够深入。由于CDs粒径较小，用于体内时循环时间短、易于排出，会降低靶向效果及免疫效果，因此开发生物质基CDs复合材料及室温长余辉磷光材料是未来研究的又一新兴领域。 （5）最后一个需要更多关注的是光催化研究领域，该方面的研究将有助于加深对生物质基CDs参与催化机理的理解，并在催化剂领域开展更多的应用，如催化产氢、催化降解等，这对于提高化学过程的效率将产生积极的经济和环境影响。因此，需要更多的研究来开发生物质衍生CDs及其应用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：" }, { "name": "extlink", "data": { "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20220063." } ], "href": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20220063." } } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "孟维雪" }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "text", "data": "杨柏" }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "text", "data": "卢思宇" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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