有机锡化合物掺杂聚乙烯基甲苯基塑料闪烁体的制备、光学和闪烁性能 增强出版

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liyunyun225@163.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622957&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622958&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622959&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "李云云" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1993-)，女，安徽淮北人，博士，博士后，2018年于中国科学院大连化学物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事重金属掺杂塑料闪烁体方向的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "liyunyun225@163.com" } ] ] } ], "email": "liyunyun225@163.com", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "秦", "givenname": "来顺", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "QIN", "givenname": "Lai-shun", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "*Corresponding Authors, E-mail: qinlaishun@cjlu.edu.cn;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "*Corresponding Authors, E-mail: qinlaishun@cjlu.edu.cn;" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "秦来顺(1978-)，男，山西方山人，博士，教授，2006年于中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所获得博士学位，主要从事闪烁晶体材料、发光材料等方向的研究。E-mail: qinlaishun@cjlu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622961&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622963&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622965&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "秦来顺" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1978-)，男，山西方山人，博士，教授，2006年于中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所获得博士学位，主要从事闪烁晶体材料、发光材料等方向的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "qinlaishun@cjlu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "qinlaishun@cjlu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "吴", "givenname": "泓澍", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WU", "givenname": "Hong-shu", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "钱", "givenname": "森", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "QIAN", "givenname": "Sen", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff3", "text": "3" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "吴", "givenname": "云涛", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WU", "givenname": "Yun-tao", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "中国计量大学　材料与化学学院，浙江　杭州　310018", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "中国计量大学　材料与化学学院，浙江　杭州　310018" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "School of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "School of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所　人工晶体研究中心，上海　201899", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所　人工晶体研究中心，上海　201899" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "Artificial Crystals Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Artificial Crystals Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff3", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "3", "text": "中国科学院高能物理研究所　核探测与核电子学国家重点实验室，北京　100049", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "中国科学院高能物理研究所　核探测与核电子学国家重点实验室，北京　100049" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "3", "text": "State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "传统的塑料闪烁体由于其低有效原子序数和密度，不适用于能谱探测领域。有机重金属化合物掺杂塑料闪烁体的制备为塑料闪烁体实现能谱探测提供了一种有效途径。而有机锡化合物掺杂塑料闪烁体具有高光峰灵敏度，并保留了塑料闪烁体的快衰减特性。本文通过自由基聚合的方法成功制备了不同浓度2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃掺杂的聚乙烯基甲苯(PVT)基塑料闪烁体，并对其光学和闪烁性能进行了测试和比较。其中掺杂20% 2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃的PVT基塑料闪烁体的透光率可达90%,X射线激发发射光谱主峰位于425 nm处，光产额为6 700 ph/MeV，能量分辨率为15.8%@662 keV，衰减时间约为4.3 ns。我们也制备了1英寸直径、掺杂20% 2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃的塑料闪烁体，具有6 300 ph/MeV的光产额和15.8%@662 keV的能量分辨率。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Traditional plastic scintillators are not suitable for energy spectroscopy detection due to their low effective atomic number and low density. The preparation of plastic scintillators doped with organic heavy metal compounds provides an effective avenue for energy spectroscopy detection for plastic scintillators. Organotin compounds doped plastic scintillators possess high photopeak sensitivity and retain fast decay characteristics of plastic scintillators. In this paper, polyvinyltoluene(PVT)-based plastic scintillators doped with different concentrations of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan were successfully prepared by free-radical polymerization, and their optical and scintillation properties were characterized and compared. The optical transmittance of 20% 2-(tributylstannyl)furan doped plastic scintillator based on PVT can be up to 90%. Under X-ray excitation, the radioluminescence spectrum of sample shows a broad band between 390 nm and 550 nm peaking at 425 nm. The sample demonstrates a light yield of 6 700 ph/MeV and an energy resolution of 15.8%@662 keV. The scintillation decay time is about 4.3 ns. 1 inch diameter plastic scintillator loaded with 20% 2-(tributylstannyl)furan was also prepared with a light yield of 6 300 ph/MeV and an energy resolution of 15.8%@662 keV." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "塑料闪烁体" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机锡化合物" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "光学性能" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "能量分辨率" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "plastic scintillators" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "organotin compounds" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "optical properties" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "energy resolution" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "闪烁材料在核能、国土安全、医学成像、高能物理等领域至关重要" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。塑料闪烁体是一种至少包含一种荧光物质的聚合物材料，当其受到粒子或电离辐射的刺激时，具有发射闪烁光子的能力" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R2", "R3" ], "text": "2-3", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由于其低成本、快衰减、易于大尺寸制备等优点" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，目前广泛用于被动探测核材料，如辐射门户监控器。然而，传统的塑料闪烁体主要由碳、氢和氧元素组成，使得有效原子序数(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Z" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "eff" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")和密度均较低，不能有效检测和识别伽马射线，因此主要用于闪烁计数应用，而不适用于能谱探测" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R5", "R6", "R7" ], "text": "5-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。近年来，具有高有效原子序数的有机金属化合物掺杂塑料闪烁体的成功制备为塑料闪烁体实现能谱探测提供了解决途径" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R8", "R9", "R10" ], "text": "8-10", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，塑料闪烁体中掺杂的重金属主要有铅、铋和锡" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R11", "R12", "R13", "R14" ], "text": "11-14", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。虽然负载1%~10%铅的塑料闪烁体EJ-256可以在市场上买到，但即使在最佳掺杂量(2%~5%)下，EJ-256仍在能量" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "100 keV时表现出较差的光峰灵敏度和能量分辨率。铋作为相对原子质量最大的非放射性元素，被认为是提高塑料闪烁体" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Z" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "eff" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的理想选择" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R15", "R16" ], "text": "15-16", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Rupert等已经成功制备了40%三苯基铋Bi-(Ph)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "与铱化合物FIrpic协同作用的聚乙烯基咔唑(PVK)基塑料闪烁体" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，在β粒子辐照下的光产额为30 000 ph/MeV," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "137" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cs辐照下拟合多道能谱得出的能量分辨率为6.8%。随后，Bertrand等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将PVK基质替换为更廉价的聚苯乙烯(PS)，制备了不同浓度Bi(Ph)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "单掺的塑料闪烁体，最高掺杂量可达23.4%。但在Patrick、Feng等的工作中，通过将基质为PS的6%锡掺杂样品与6.3%铋掺杂样品的多道能谱进行对比，发现前者具有更高的光峰灵敏度" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R18", "R19" ], "text": "18-19", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2016年，RMD公司成功制备了最高溶解50%“魔力锡”的1英寸PS基塑料闪烁体" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，能量分辨率可达9.8%@662 keV。此外，有机锡化合物的种类繁多，除了可以作为溶质在基质中溶解，还能与基质进行共聚。商用塑料闪烁体NE-140就选用了侧链上含有一个苯乙烯基团的有机锡化合物进行掺杂，以确保掺杂剂与PS基质更好地共聚" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。基于以上所述，锡可能是一种更有潜力的可实现能谱探测的掺杂元素。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文选用一种商业可得的液态有机锡化合物——2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃(以下简称“呋喃锡”)作为掺杂剂。以液态溶剂作为掺杂剂，可以和基质以任意比混溶，减少了溶解度的限制。通过自由基聚合的方法制备了不同浓度呋喃锡掺杂的PVT基塑料闪烁体，并对其光学和闪烁性能进行了对比研究。我们也成功制备出1英寸直径的呋喃锡掺杂塑料闪烁体，以评估尺寸效应对伽马能谱探测性能的影响。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "实验" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "主要原料" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "乙烯基甲苯(VT,98%)从TCI获得；2,5-二苯基恶唑(PPO,99%)和1,4-双［2-(5-苯基恶唑基)］苯(POPOP,99%)从Sigma-Aldrich获得，烘干后使用；2,2'-偶氮双异丁腈(AIBN," }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "98%)从Adamas获得，用乙醇多次重结晶后使用；2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃(97%)购自Aladdin，化学结构式如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃化学结构式" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The chemical structure formula of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622967&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622971&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622969&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "样品表征" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "密度的测定是基于阿基米德浮力法，使用FA200C型天平(分辨率：0.1 mg)称量，选用水作为浮力介质。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "吸收光谱和透射光谱使用PerkinElmer-Lambda 950型紫外-可见光分光光度计测试，测试范围为200~800 nm。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "荧光发射光谱使用Horiba Fluoro-Max+型荧光光谱仪测试，激发光源为氙灯。X射线发射光谱采用JF-10型携带式诊断X射线机作为激发源(管电压：50 keV，管电流：0.5 mA)，利用积分球收集发射光，通过光纤将收集到的光导入Horiba FluoroMax+型荧光光谱仪并采集数据。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "137" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cs辐照下的光产额通过相对法测量，选用相同尺寸的商用塑料闪烁体EJ-200作为参比样品。Hamamatsu R6233-100 PMT检测到闪烁光，再将信号输出到Ortec 113前置放大器和Ortec 570光谱放大器，通过Ortec Easy-MCA-8k多道分析器将数据传输到电脑来测量脉冲高度谱。为了使光产额的损失最小化，每个样品使用硅油与PMT窗口进行耦合，并且包覆相同层数的特氟龙作为反射层。能量分辨率通过高斯函数拟合脉冲高度谱中的全能峰，用半高峰宽计算得出。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "闪烁衰减通过与光产率测量类似的方式记录，使用Hamamatsu R2059 PMT输出信号，并直接连接到Tektronix DPO 5104 数字荧光示波器采集数据。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "结果与讨论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "塑料闪烁体制备" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在氮气气氛保护下，将一定量的初级荧光染料PPO、移波剂POPOP、自由基引发剂AIBN和掺杂量为0~30%的呋喃锡溶于VT中，并密封装有混合溶液的容器。将混合溶液在室温下超声5 min，以保证混合均匀。然后将容器油浴加热至一定温度后恒温聚合一周。聚合完成后，将玻璃容器缓慢冷却至室温，以减小内应力。将瓶子打碎并取出样品，经切割和抛光获得" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Φ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "15 mm×10 mm和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Φ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "25 mm×10 mm的样品，用于光学性能和闪烁性能的表征。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "呋喃锡是商业可得的有机锡化合物，它是无色透明的液体，虽然可以与基质以任意比混溶，但在实验过程中发现，在掺杂量大于30%时，制备的塑料闪烁体是软的或不透明的，而且样品放置一段时间后表面会有液体浸出。除了掺杂30%呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体显淡黄色外，制备的其他样品在自然光下是透明、无色的，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "；在365 nm紫外灯辐照下发蓝光，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。样品的密度通过阿基米德浮力法测试，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Z" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "eff" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过公式(1)计算得出，结果如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" }, { "name": "dispformula", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(1)" } ], "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "graphicsData": { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622972&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622974&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622976&type=" } } } ], "id": "DF1" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "其中，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "f" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是样品中" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "元素的电子总数的分数，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Z" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "元素的原子序数。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体照片。(a)在自然光下；(b)在365 nm紫外灯辐照下。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Photographs of PVT-based plastic scintillators loaded with different concentrations of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan. (a)Under daylight. (b)Under 365 nm UV light." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622977&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622983&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622980&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体性能" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab. 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Properties of PVT-based plastic scintillators loaded with different concentrations of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "呋喃锡含量/%" } ] }, { 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"text", "data": ")" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "衰减时间/ns" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光产额/(ph·MeV" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "能量分辨率(@662 keV)" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5.7" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", 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[ { "name": "text", "data": "紫外-可见透射光谱" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "为制备的掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体(掺杂浓度分别为0,10%,20%,30%)的透射光谱。除了掺杂30%呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体由于轻微显色使得透过率起始位置红移外，其余样品的透过率起始位置均在408 nm处。移波剂POPOP使样品在紫外范围内不透明；未掺杂和掺呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体在波长" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "500 nm区域内都具有很好的透光率(~90%)。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体的透射光谱" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Optical transmission spectra of PVT-based plastic scintillators loaded with different concentrations of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622993&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623000&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24622996&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "荧光光谱" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "为制备的不同浓度呋喃锡掺杂的PVT基塑料闪烁体的荧光发射光谱(PL)。在波长为320 nm的紫外光激发下，未掺杂和掺杂呋喃锡的样品都有一个宽发射带，且荧光发射峰的位置几乎相同，主峰位于417 nm，其他肩峰分别位于345,362,394,441,462 nm处。其中345 nm和362 nm处的肩峰来自初级荧光染料PPO，主峰417 nm和其他肩峰来自于移波剂POPOP" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R22", "R23" ], "text": "22-23", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由于荧光发射光谱的测试是在如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示的表面模式下进行的，因此PPO和POPOP的特征发射峰都可以被观察到。而呋喃锡的引入并未产生新的发光峰，塑料闪烁体的荧光发射仍主要来自于荧光染料。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体的荧光发射光谱(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=320 nm);(b)表面模式下荧光光谱测量装置示意图；(c)掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体的X射线激发发射光谱；(d)透射模式下X射线激发发射光谱测量装置示意图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)PL spectra of PVT-based plastic scintillators loaded with different concentrations of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=320 nm). (b)Schematic illustration of surface-mode PL measurement setups. (c)XEL of PVT-based plastic scintillators loaded with different concentrations of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan. (d)Schematic illustration of transmittance-mode XEL measurement setups." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623001&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623010&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623004&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X射线激发发射光谱" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "不同浓度呋喃锡掺杂的PVT基塑料闪烁体的X射线激发发射光谱(XEL)如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。所有样品具有从390~550 nm的宽发射带，主峰位于425 nm，肩峰位于442 nm和465 nm，都来源于移波剂POPOP的发射。不同于荧光发射谱的表面测试模式，X射线激发发射光谱是在如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示的透射模式下测得的，发射的光子会在塑料闪烁体中经长距离传输后再被探测到。在这个过程中，从PPO到POPOP会发生能量转移，因此初级荧光染料PPO的发射没有被观测到" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。相比于未掺杂的样品，掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体的X射线激发发射强度均明显提高，这表明呋喃锡的掺杂有效提高了塑料闪烁体对低能X射线的响应能力。但随着呋喃锡掺杂量的增加，X射线激发发射强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势，其中20%呋喃锡掺杂PVT基塑料闪烁体的发射强度最高，约是未掺杂样品的4倍。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "闪烁衰减时间" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3e" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "一般地，塑料闪烁体有着几纳秒至几十纳秒的快衰减特性。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "为制备的20%呋喃锡掺杂PVT基塑料闪烁体在" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "137" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cs辐照下的闪烁衰减时间，使用单指数函数拟合，得到衰减时间大约为4.3 ns。R2059 PMT的仪器响应曲线也被展示在图中，衰减时间大约为2.4 ns。可以明显看出，20%呋喃锡掺杂塑料闪烁体的衰减曲线在20 ns左右出现的非指数型变化是由于PMT的脉冲响应造成的。并且由于PMT响应时间与样品的衰减时间很接近，因此样品的衰减时间可能更短。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂20%呋喃锡PVT基塑料闪烁体的闪烁衰减时间曲线" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Scintillation decay profile of PVT-based plastic scintillator loaded with 20% 2-(tributylstannyl)furan" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623015&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623020&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623017&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光产额和能量分辨率" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3f" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "为制备的不同浓度呋喃锡掺杂的PVT基塑料闪烁体在" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "137" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cs辐照下的脉冲高度谱。以相同尺寸的商用EJ-200塑料闪烁体作为参比标样，由于测得的康普顿边几乎在同一水平，因此选用了康普顿边的拐点来计算样品的相对光产额。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "给出了不同浓度呋喃锡掺杂塑料闪烁体的相对光产额。随着呋喃锡掺杂浓度的提高，塑料闪烁体的光产额逐渐降低，这可能是由于呋喃锡的掺杂影响了塑料闪烁体的能量传递过程；或以其他方式，如分子内振动等形式耗散它通过非辐射过程获得的能量" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。但相比未掺杂的样品，呋喃锡的掺杂提高了塑料闪烁体的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Z" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "eff" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和密度，增加了对伽马射线的沉积能力，因此掺杂呋喃锡样品可以观察到一个明显的" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "137" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cs全能峰。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂不同浓度呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体的脉冲高度谱，以EJ-200作为参比样品。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Pulse height spectra ofPVT-based plastic scintillators loaded with different concentrations of 2-(tributylstannyl)furan, and EJ-200 was used as reference sample." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623023&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623033&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623029&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通过高斯函数拟合全能峰，用半高峰宽来计算能量分辨率。计算了不同浓度呋喃锡掺杂塑料闪烁体的能量分辨率，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，可以看出10%和20%呋喃锡掺杂塑闪的能量分辨率很接近，但掺杂30%呋喃锡时能量分辨率显著变差。其中掺杂20%呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体的综合性能最好，以EJ-200作为参比，相对光产额约为6 700 ph/MeV；能量分辨率为15.8%@662 keV，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂20%呋喃锡的PVT基塑料闪烁体的脉冲高度谱" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Pulse height spectra of PVT-based plastic scintillator loaded with 20% 2-(tributylstannyl)furan" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623037&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623048&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623045&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1英寸塑料闪烁体制备" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3g" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了评估尺寸效应对伽马能谱探测性能的影响，我们也制备了1英寸直径、厚度10 mm的未掺杂和掺杂20%呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体。在自然光和365 nm紫外灯照射下的样品照片如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。以相同直径、厚度为5 mm的商用EJ-200塑料闪烁体作为参比，" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "137" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cs辐照下的脉冲高度谱如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。未掺杂和掺杂20%呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体的相对光产额分别为9 200 ph/MeV和6 300 ph/MeV。掺杂20%呋喃锡的1英寸直径塑料闪烁体的能量分辨率为15.8%@662 keV。与小尺寸" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Φ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "15 mm×10 mm样品相比，能量分辨率几乎没有改变，光产额稍有降低，这可能是由于样品尺寸增加、光散射也增加所致。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "未掺杂和掺杂20%呋喃锡的1英寸直径PVT基塑料闪烁体照片。(a)在自然光下；(b)在365 nm紫外灯辐照下。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Photographs of 1 inch diameter PVT-based plastic scintillators loaded without and with 20% 2-(tributylstannyl)furan. (a)Under daylight. (b)Under 365 nm UV light." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623053&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623061&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623056&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "未掺杂和掺杂20%呋喃锡的1英寸塑料闪烁体的脉冲高度谱，以EJ-200作为参比样品。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Pulse height spectra of 1 inch diameter plastic scintillators loaded without and with 20% 2-(tributylstannyl)furan, and EJ-200 was used as reference sample." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623067&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623078&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=24623071&type=" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "结论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文以聚乙烯基甲苯为基质，成功制备了最高掺杂量可达30%呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体，所有样品的透光率均在90%左右。相比于未掺杂的样品，呋喃锡的掺杂对塑料闪烁体的荧光性能影响很小，但可以显著提高塑料闪烁体对低能X射线和伽马射线的探测灵敏度。其中，掺杂20%呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体的综合性能最好，光产额为6 700 ph/MeV，能量分辨率为15.8%@662 keV，闪烁衰减时间约为4.3 ns。我们也制备了1英寸直径的20%呋喃锡的塑料闪烁体，光产额稍有降低，但能量分辨率几乎没有改变。未来，本研究团队将对掺杂2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃塑料闪烁体的能量传递机理进行深入研究，从而进一步优化其闪烁性能。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20210347." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献：" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "[1]", "citation": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "陈向阳" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "张志军" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "赵景泰" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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