Applications of Carbon Dots in Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries

Rui-ting GUO; Lin LI; Ying-er XIANG; Shuo LI; Guo-qiang ZOU; Hong-shuai HOU; Xiao-bo JI

doi:10.37188/CJL.20210140

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Applications of Carbon Dots in Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries

Invited Paper | Updated：2021-09-03

- Applications of Carbon Dots in Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries Enhanced Publication
- Chinese Journal of Luminescence Vol.42, Issue 8, (2021)
- Affiliations：
  
  College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University,Changsha,China,410083
- Author bio：
- Funds：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074539;51904342);Excellent Youth Scholars Foundation of Hunan Province(2020JJ3048);The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2020RC4005;2019RS1004);Science and Technology Support Plan of Guizhou Province(QKHZC[2020]2Y037)
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20210140 CLC： O482.31
- Published：01 August 2021，
  
  Received：20 April 2021，
  
  Revised：28 April 2021，
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Rui-ting GUO, Lin LI, Ying-er XIANG, et al. Applications of Carbon Dots in Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries. [J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence 42(8):1182-1195(2021)
DOI：

Rui-ting GUO, Lin LI, Ying-er XIANG, et al. Applications of Carbon Dots in Advanced Sodium Ion Batteries. [J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence 42(8):1182-1195(2021) DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20210140.

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"text": [ "侯红帅(1988-)，男，河南开封人，博士，副教授，2016年于中南大学获得博士学位，主要从事碳点的调控与储能应用、有色金属能源化学的研究。E-mail: hs-hou@csu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208220&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208224&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208226&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "侯红帅" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1988-)，男，河南开封人，博士，副教授，2016年于中南大学获得博士学位，主要从事碳点的调控与储能应用、有色金属能源化学的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "hs-hou@csu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "hs-hou@csu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "纪", "givenname": "效波", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "JI", "givenname": "Xiao-bo", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", 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"text": "College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点是一类新兴的碳材料，由于其超小的尺寸、丰富的可控表面官能团、良好的生物相容性、无毒性和光致发光等特点，自发现以来得到了广泛研究，逐渐被应用于各种领域。近年来，碳点在新一代电池中的应用受到了广泛关注，针对碳点在钠离子电池电极材料方面的应用优势和存在的挑战，本文以碳点衍生碳材料、碳点对电极材料的表面修饰和形貌调控为脉络，系统总结了碳点在钠离子电池电极材料方面的应用，探讨了碳点在电极材料构筑方面起到的关键作用，分析了碳点在钠离子电池应用中存在的挑战与未来的发展方向。本综述旨在为碳点在新一代储能电池方面的应用研究提供一定的参考和依据。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Carbon dots are a new class of carbon materials. Due to their ultrasmall size, abundant surface functional groups, good biocompatibility, non-toxicity and photoluminescence characteristics, they have been widely studied since their discovery and have been gradually applied in various fields. In recent years, the application of carbon dots in the new generation of secondary rechargeable batteries has attracted wide attention. In view of the advantages and challenges of the applications of carbon dots in electrode materials of sodium ion batteries, this review takes carbon dots derived carbon materials, surface modification and morphology control of carbon dots on electrode materials as the context, and systematically summarized the applications of carbon dots in electrode materials of sodium ion batteries. The key role of carbon dots in the construction of electrode materials is discussed, and the challenges and future development directions of carbon dots in the applications of sodium ion batteries are analyzed. This review aims to provide a certain reference and basis for the application of carbon dots in energy storage batteries." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "钠离子电池" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "衍生碳材料" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "表面修饰" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "形貌调控" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "carbon dots" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "sodium ion batteries" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "derived carbon materials" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "surface modification" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "morphology control" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳纳米材料一直是研究者们高度关注的材料，如碳纳米管、石墨烯等碳材料已经被广泛应用于各个领域。碳点(Carbon dots,CDs)是一类新兴的碳材料，以其超小的尺寸、丰富的表面官能团、均匀的分散性、可调的组成和结构、良好的生物相容性和光致发光特性等特点在碳族成员中脱颖而出。2004年，Xu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "用电泳法从电弧烟尘中纯化分离单壁碳纳米管时，发现了一组尺寸小于18 nm的荧光纳米粒子，这种新型的荧光碳纳米材料很快引起了研究者们的关注。2006年，Sun等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次应用激光销蚀法，以氩气为载气、在水蒸气存在下激光销蚀碳靶，再经过表面钝化、官能化等后续处理制备了类似的碳纳米颗粒(CNPs)，其直径约为5 nm，具有增强的荧光发射效应。之后，他们对纳米CDs进行了更全面的研究，发现表面钝化处理可明显提高CDs的量子产率，经过柱色谱分离纯化后的CDs的量子产率高达60%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2007年，Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次通过一种简单燃烧的方法获得了CNPs，用氧化酸处理蜡烛燃烧后的烟灰，再经电泳纯化得到了荧光CNPs，为CDs的制备提供了一种新的可行性办法。同年，Zhou等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次报道了一种电化学制备CDs的新方法，即以0.1 mol·L" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "高氯酸四丁基铵为电解质(溶于乙腈中)，以化学气相沉积法生长的碳纳米管薄膜为负极，进行多次充放电，实现了CDs的电化学制备。与激光销蚀法相比，电化学方法具有尺寸可控、纯度高等优点。之后，研究者们对制备CDs的碳源和方法进行了更广泛的拓展研究，制备了不同类型的CDs，还通过对CDs进行杂原子掺杂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R6", "R7" ], "text": "6-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、表面修饰" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等方法来改善荧光特性和提高量子产率，采用控制反应条件" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R9", "R10" ], "text": "9-10", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的方法制备不同尺寸和荧光特性的CDs。目前，研究人员正在追求精确控制CDs结构和形貌的技术方案，如构建手性CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和三角形CDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，人们还以生物质" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R13", "R14", "R15" ], "text": "13-15", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等自然资源来制备CDs，这种绿色、简单制备CDs的方法可以减少化学品和废物的消耗，是未来经济制备CDs的主要发展方向。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由于CDs良好的生物相容性、无毒性等特点在2009年被成功地应用于生物活体成像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，随后在药物输送" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、发光二极管" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、离子检测" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、催化" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等领域的研究也层出不穷。近年来，CDs在能量储存与转换领域的应用逐渐成为研究热点，包括电容器" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、太阳能电池" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以及金属离子电池" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等能量储存系统。研究者们针对怎样充分有效利用碳点的表面结构特性、调控构建高性能复合材料、以及利用碳点的独特性质设计先进碳材料等方面展开了大量研究。近年来的研究工作表明，CDs基改性电极在提高库仑效率、延长循环寿命、增大容量等方面都有显著的改善(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":(1)增强界面润湿性，提高库仑效率；(2)提高电极材料导电性，改善倍率性能；(3)增强结构稳定性，延长循环寿命；(4)调节电极材料的形貌与结构，提供更好的钠存储性能。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点在钠离子电池电极材料方面的应用及其作用" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Applications and functions of carbon dots in electrode materials of sodium ion batteries" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208245&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208254&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208249&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "已报道的碳点综述多是围绕碳点在合成方法、荧光分析、生物成像、光电器件等方面的应用。本综述主要总结了碳点在钠离子电池方面的研究进展，系统阐述了碳点在衍生碳材料、表面修饰、形貌调控等方面的作用机理，旨在为下一代高性能储能电池的设计提供一定的指导和参考。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　碳点的制备方法与结构特性" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "从广义上讲，碳点(CDs)通常是指3个维度尺寸均在10 nm以下的碳纳米材料，通常具有荧光特性。CDs主要包括石墨烯量子点(GQDs)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、碳量子点(CQDs)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、碳纳米点(CNDs)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和碳化聚合物点(CPDs)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)。在相关文献报道中这类材料也被称为碳纳米颗粒(CNPs)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、聚合物-碳纳米点(PCNDs)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、碳质点(Carbogenic dots)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、碳纳米晶(CNCs)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点的合成和分类" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Synthesis and classification of carbon dots" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208257&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208266&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208263&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs由两部分组成:碳质核心和表面钝化层" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。碳质核心构成了CDs的骨架，尺寸一般小于10 nm，其既可以是sp" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "杂化的石墨烯碎片，也可以是sp" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和sp" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "杂化碳构成的碳纳米点，甚至可以是非共轭类聚物构筑的聚合物点。CDs比表面积较大，表面相原子配位不足，不饱和键较多。因此，一般情况下，CDs将通过键连其他基团，形成表面钝化层，降低系统吉布斯自由能。如果没有引入额外的表面钝化剂，一般得到的CDs表面原子都与大量的含氧官能团相连，主要以羟基、羧基为主" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在CDs表面键连其他钝化修饰剂，如寡聚物、高聚物或生物分子等，将进一步改善CDs的极性、光学性质和化学活性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点的合成方法多种多样(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)，根据碳源的不同主要分为“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种方法，合成的粗产物再通过透析、离心、电泳、柱层析等方法进行提纯。“自上而下”法合成碳点的碳源一般为碳纳米管" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、石墨棒" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、碳纤维" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、石墨烯" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和蜡烛烟尘" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等物质，然后通过电弧放电、激光销蚀、化学氧化、电化学合成等方法将这些富碳物质进行切割、剥离，最终形成碳点。“自下而上”法合成碳点的碳源多采用柠檬酸" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、葡萄糖" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、聚乙二醇" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、离子液体" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、氨基酸" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等有机小分子或低聚物，甚至还可以是各种生物质，比如豆浆" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、甘蔗渣" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、果皮" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、树叶" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、咖啡渣" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等，经过脱水、缩聚和碳化形成碳点。常见的制备方法主要有燃烧法、水热/溶剂热法、化学氧化法、模板法、微波合成法等。这两类合成方法各有不同的优缺点，“自上而下”法是通过将骨架彻底粉碎产生碳点，量子产率较低；“自下而上”法则是以有机小分子为碳源合成碳点，但是只有当碳源为小分子有机物时，该方法才会获得较高的产率，其中化学氧化法和水热合成法等较为常见。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点的合成方法多种多样，碳源也层出不穷，其化学结构因合成方法的不同而不同。一般情况下，以石墨或类石墨结构的碳源为起始原料，通过刻蚀、剥离的方法制备的CDs碳核具有石墨微晶结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。例如，GQDs具有单个或几个石墨烯层，边缘上有连接的化学基团，它们是各向异性的，横向尺寸大于其高度，由于碳核的存在，GQDs具有一定的结晶度" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由小分子有机物通过微波或水热等方法制备得到的CDs呈现无定形碳或聚合物团聚体结构。其中，CNDs和CQDs通常是球形的，区别主要是CNDs的碳核通常是非晶碳，而CQDs的碳核则是结晶碳，通过高分辨透射电镜可观察到明显的晶格条纹，也有很多研究人员将CNDs和CQDs统称为碳量子点；CPDs是由线性非共轭聚合物聚合/组装或交联而成的未完全碳化的聚合物。CDs的表面基团既可以直接在制备过程中引入，也可以通过后续钝化处理的方式，键连上各种有机官能团。“自下而上”制备途径得到的CDs表面往往会被前驱体分子钝化；而对于“自上而下”制备途径，由于需要氧化、刻蚀固体碳源等步骤，一般情况下得到的CDs表面以含氧官能团为主。如果在CDs制备过程中引入有杂原子(N、S、B、P等)的前驱体或助剂，可以实现CDs的原子掺杂，有效地调节其电子特性、表面态和局部化学特性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着碳点的广泛应用，对碳点的制备提出了更高的要求。尽管CDs可以利用多种碳源、通过多种方法合成，但大部分方法合成的CDs产量较低，扩大CDs的合成规模仍然是一个难点。MAI等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "使用甘油作为高沸点溶剂，使柠檬酸和乙二胺的混合物能够在几分钟内通过加热或微波合成10 g以上的CDs，纯化后的CDs为球形，直径为2~8 nm。我们课题组提出了基于乙醛、丙酮的羟醛缩合反应低成本宏量制备碳点的方法，实现了常温、常压、开放体系碳点的公斤级制备" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R49", "R50", "R51" ], "text": "49-51", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs应用于储能领域，其表面组成和结构尤为重要。如氨基对赝电容有很大的贡献，羧基、羟基有助于增强电极材料和电解液之间的润湿性，量子尺寸的CDs也可以调控金属氧化物晶体的形成" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。CDs可以通过其丰富的表面官能团与一些金属离子进行配位，从而对最终产物的形貌、颗粒尺寸等产生重要影响。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　碳点在钠离子电池中的应用" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着传统不可再生化石能源的持续消耗，能源危机和环境污染状况逐渐严峻，开发可再生新型能源引起了人们的高度关注" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在该背景下，电化学储能技术因其安全性、低成本、高效率等特点，成为当今能源储存系统的重要发展方向。随着安全可靠、低成本锂离子电池的成功应用，与之相似的钠离子电池的研究层出不穷。而锂离子电池(LIBs)和钠离子电池(SIBs)等可充电电池的实际电化学性能在很大程度上取决于它们的电极材料，由于Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "半径较大(比Li" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "大55%)，已经开发的LIBs电极材料在SIBs中的应用效率低下，如LIBs商业化石墨负极作为SIBs负极时，仅提供31 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的容量。因此，开发工业实用的SIBs负极材料是当前的迫切需要。大量的材料已经被探索用作SIBs的负极，其中包括金属/合金、金属氧化物/硫化物和碳基材料，这些材料都存在各自固有的缺陷。CDs修饰电极材料是解决许多问题的有效方法，如提高电子导电性和加快离子传输、增加复合材料的活性面积、调节金属/金属氧化物的尺寸与形貌等。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　碳点衍生碳材料" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳材料具有资源丰富、成本低、无毒、安全性高等优点，其储钠的可行性已经得到证实，大量的研究表明，碳材料可以成为SIBs的有效电极材料。在这方面，已经有众多研究人员开展了系列研究，但从进一步优化电池整体性能的角度出发，开发高容量、长循环寿命、低成本的新型碳材料依然迫在眉睫。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs作为碳纳米材料的成员，理论上也可以作为碳基电极材料，Javed等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次用葡萄糖碳化得到的CDs作为活性电极材料，直接用于SIBs。从TEM图像可以看出(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(a)~(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(a)~(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)，制备的CDs是直径为3~5 nm、粒径分布较窄的单分散球形粒子，晶面间距为0.32 nm的晶面对应于石墨结构中的(002)晶面。该CDs具有球形结构，表面富含羟基、羧基等含氧官能团，对钠离子具有良好的存储和传输通道，当作为SIBs的负极时，CDs在0.5 C的电流密度下的比容量为323.9 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，充放电循环500圈后，容量保持率为72.4%，循环稳定性良好。此外，该CDs在20 C的电流密度下还实现了相对稳定的倍率性能(123.6 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。这种优异的电化学性能得益于其较大的比表面积，有助于钠离子的吸附，CDs的量子尺寸有助于减小Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "扩散距离，提供连续的传输通道，使得CDs负极具有高的钠存储容量，从而显示了该材料应用于SIBs负极的潜能。Saroja等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以甲烷为碳源，采用化学气相沉积技术简单制备了GQDs和硼掺杂、氮掺杂GQDs，并研究了掺杂和未掺杂GQDs的钠离子存储特性(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(e)、(f)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(e)、(f)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)。硼掺杂的GQDs作为SIBs负极，在50 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的电流密度下表现出310 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的高比容量。详细的研究表明，GQDs和掺杂的GQDs中存在的边缘缺陷有助于提高钠离子的电化学存储性能。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)~(d)CQD示意图和不同放大倍数的TEM图像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ";(e)GQDs、B-GQDs和N-GQDs合成示意图；(f)GQDs、B-GQDs和N-GQDs作为负极的电池示意图和电化学性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)-(d)Schematic and TEM images of CQDs with different magnifications" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". (e)Schematic of synthesis of GQDs, B-GQDs and N-GQDs. (f)Battery schematic and electrochemical performance of GQDs, B-GQDs and N-GQDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208273&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208283&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208282&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs在惰性气氛下与金属盐共热处理可转化为多种功能碳材料。我们课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CDs为前驱体构建了3D多孔碳骨架(PCFs)，扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)图像如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(b)、(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(b)、(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，显示了其由相互连接和扭曲的纳米片组成的蓬松多孔的3D框架结构，从高分辨率TEM图像可以清楚地观察到0.42 nm的层间距，表明3D-PCFs适合Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的插入。制备的3D-PCFs用于SIBs负极，具有超长的循环寿命(可稳定循环10 000圈)和优异的倍率性能。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)CDs的TEM图像；3D PCFs的SEM(b)和TEM(c)图像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ";P-CNS的TEM(d)、HRTEM(e)图像和元素分布图(f)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)TEM images of CDs. SEM(b) and TEM(c) images of 3D PCFs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". TEM(d), HRTEM(e) images, and elemetal mappings(f) of P-CNSs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208290&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208295&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208292&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(d)~(f)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(d)~(f)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，我们课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "还把CDs与NaH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共热处理制备了大比表面积的磷掺杂碳纳米片(P-CNSs)，实现了从零维CDs到二维磷掺杂碳纳米片的转换。并探索了碳点向磷掺杂纳米碳片的转化过程:热处理温度对纳米片形成过程中的组装和转变过程有重要的调控作用，添加的NaH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "对纳米片的形成、调控和形态演变至关重要，CDs与NaH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的质量比对煅烧产物的形貌、结构和组成也有一定影响。P-CNSs作为SIBs的负极材料时，具有优异的储钠性能。在0.1 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下循环时，P-CNSs电极可以提供328 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的高可逆容量，即使在20 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的大电流密度下，容量仍可以达到108 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，证明其极好的倍率性能。这项工作将为CDs衍生碳材料的发展提供一定的参考，此后的工作中，我们课题组在CDs合成或者演化的过程中引入氮源、硫源、磷源等物质制备了氮掺杂、硫掺杂、氮硫共掺杂、磷硫共掺杂的碳材料，均表现出了良好的储钠性能" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R56", "R57", "R58", "R59" ], "text": "56-59", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "此外，我们课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "还利用低成本盐(ZnCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、NiCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和CuCl)中间体的催化特性和零维CDs的自组装效应，将CDs在热处理过程中与盐的中间体的辅助下自组装成一维碳纤维(CNFs," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")、二维大尺寸碳纳米片(CNSs," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")和三维多孔碳骨架(CFW," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。碳点在热处理过程中组装演化为不同结构的碳材料，该过程主要是受不同氯化物在处理过程中形成不同的中间体的影响。在高温下，盐与含氧碳点发生化学反应，二者的化学和物理性质都发生巨大变化。其形成机理如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示:(1)ZnO“定向诱导”的“藤蔓式”生长；(2)Ni的“表面沉积生长”;(3)Cu的“表面吸附被包裹生长”。多维碳的形成是金属盐与CDs的反应产物诱导CDs组装的结果。这种演变形成的碳结构具有不同的电化学性能，700 ℃的一维CNFs作为SIBs负极，在0.1 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下表现出324.9 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的钠存储容量，循环200圈后，依然可以提供301.2 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的容量，在5.0 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下循环5 000次后，可以提供107 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的钠存储容量。此外，二维CNSs和三维CFW也显示出良好的倍率性能和循环性能，在5.0 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的大电流密度下循环3 000圈后分别提供92.2 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和90.9 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的钠存储容量。该研究为功能碳材料的设计提供了新途径。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)一维CNFs、二维CNSs和三维CFW生长示意图(插图是CDs的TEM图像)；一维CNFs(b)、二维CNSs(c)和三维CFW(d)的SEM图像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Schematic illustration of 1D CNFs, 2D CNSs and 3D CFW(the insert is the TEM image of CDs). SEM images of 1D CNFs(b), 2 D CNSs(c) and 3D CFW(d) " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208300&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208307&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208303&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "硬碳以其优异的性价比被认为是有前途的SIBs负极材料。然而，与LIBs的石墨负极相比，其比容量和首次库仑效率(ICE)仍然较低。Xie等以水热碳化工艺上清液和沉积物分别为前驱体，直接干燥并进一步碳化纤维素衍生CDs作为SIBs负极，发现水热得到的上清液中的碳点(CCDs)和沉积物中的碳(CHTC)碳化后具有不同的钠储存性能(CCDs具有更高的能量密度，而CHTC具有更好的倍率性能)，与传统的固相碳球相比，碳化后的CCDs由于比表面积较小、缺陷较少、石墨化程度高，表现出明显提高的ICE，碳化至1 300 ℃的CCDs具有高达91%的ICE。CCDs在30 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时表现出超过300 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的比容量，在与NaNi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1/3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Fe" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1/3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Mn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1/3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "作为正极组成的全电池中，提高的首次库仑效率有利于提高电池体系的能量密度。碳点在直接煅烧和在不同辅助剂的加入下煅烧可以衍生出不同的碳基材料，而且表现出优异的电化学性能，为高性能储能碳基材料的设计提供了新思路。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　表面修饰" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2.1　碳点修饰正极材料" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s3b1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs可以作为表面涂层对钠离子电池正极材料进行改性。Chao等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了3D石墨烯泡沫(GF)骨架支撑、GQDs涂敷的VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米带阵列(GVD，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6(a)、(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6(a)、(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)，作为钠离子电池正极材料，表现出了优异的高倍率性能和循环稳定性。这种电极通过GQDs-GF网络构建了电子和钠离子转移双通道，无需添加额外的导电剂，在钠化过程中，电解液可以进入GF内外表面纳米阵列之间的间隙，使Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和电子直接与VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米阵列接触。GQDs涂层改善了离子扩散和电荷传输动力学，均匀的GQDs覆盖层还可以抑制VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的溶解和阵列的团聚。生长在GF上涂敷CQDs的VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米阵列GVG作为SIBs的正极时，经过设计的GVG电极结构使SIBs能够在1/3~120 C的高电流密度下进行充放电，在1 C和120 C的倍率下，它可以分别达到284 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和93 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的比容量，然后在电流密度回到1 C时容量可恢复到281 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，即使在以60 C的倍率下循环1 500次之后，放电容量也可以稳定在111 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，提供了超过88%的容量保持率，其储钠性能远优于之前所报道的氧化钒电极。Balogun等采用水热法在三维碳布上生长VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米线，然后直接浸入CQDs溶液进行表面修饰(C-VOCQD，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6(c)、(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6(c)、(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)。交织纳米线表面的CQDs不仅使离子在结构中更容易和更快速传输，改善材料的导电性和动力学，同时也作为敏化剂和保护剂，起到防止交织纳米线快速团聚的作用，从而使VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米线具有优异的结构稳定性。C-VOCQD作为SIBs正极时，在第一个循环中，在0.3 C的电流密度下提供328 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的放电容量和320 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的充电容量，在60 C的大电流密度下循环后回到0.3 C时，容量保持率达97%，证明了C-VOCQD正极良好的可逆性。此外，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6(e)、(f)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6(e)、(f)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，Deng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计并构建了一种优良的沿方向择优取向生长的GQDs包覆Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(VO)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F@C纳米长方体(NVOPF@C)，在NVOPF纳米长方体表面涂覆GQDs，不仅可以防止NVOPF纳米长方体团聚，还可以加速电荷转移和提高离子导电性。NVOPF@C纳米长方体在0.2 C(1 C=130 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")的条件下放电容量为127 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，在45 C的大倍率下可以提供70 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的容量，循环2 000圈后容量保持率为81%，库仑效率也接近100%，表明即使在长期大倍率下循环，也有良好的电化学可逆性和结构稳定性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)GF支撑GQDs包覆的VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米带阵列合成示意图；(b)具有双连续电子和Li/Na离子转移通道的GVG电极示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ";(c)CQDs表面工程化碳布支撑的VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "交织纳米线合成示意图；(d)具有稳定的电子和Li/Na离子转移路径的C-VOCQD交织纳米线电极示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "65", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R65", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ";NVOPF(e)和NVOPF@C(f)示意图及其SEM图像" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Fabrication processes of GF supported GQDs-coated VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanobelts array. (b)Schematic illustration of the GVG electrode with bicontinuous electron and Li/Na ion transfer channels" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". (c)Schematic illustration of the carbon cloth supported CQDs-surface engineered VO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " interwoven nanowires. (d)Schematic representation of the C-VOCQD interwoven nanowire electrode with steady electron and Li/Na ion transfer routes" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "65", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R65", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Schematic illustration of NVOPF(e) and NVOPF@C(f), and their related SEM images" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208311&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208316&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208315&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2.2　碳点修饰碳材料" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s3b2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fan等利用苯胺单体在氧化石墨烯层中自聚，合成了具有超高体积/质量容量和超长循环稳定性钠离子存储性能的边缘富氮碳点柱撑石墨烯嵌段(N-CDGB)负极材料(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)。由于具有大的体积密度(1.5 g·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")、柱撑石墨烯结构和高含量的边缘氮掺杂(95%)，致密的N-CDGB表现出强的结构稳定性、快的离子/电子转移速率和更多的钠储存活性位点。理论计算表明，在石墨烯片中嵌入边缘富氮碳点，可以大幅度提高Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的吸附能，有利于嵌钠和脱钠。N-CDGB电极在0.02 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的电流密度下表现出高达780 mAh·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/520 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的体积/质量比容量，远远超过石墨烯(108 mAh·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/290 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")和硬碳(297 mAh·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/311 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")材料。此外，N-CDGB电极在10 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的电流密度下体积/质量比容量也能保持在118 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/177 mAh·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，循环10 000圈后电极结构和容量都能够很好地保持，证明CDs修饰的石墨烯电极材料具有更高的可逆容量、极好的倍率性能和优异的长循环稳定性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)N-CDGB合成示意图；(b)Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@N-GQDs NFAs制备示意图；(c)CT-500制备示意图；CT-500的TEM图像(d)和相应元素分布(e)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for the N-CDGB. (b)Schematic illustration of the preparation of Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@N-GQDs NFAs. (c)Schematic illustration for the growth process of CT-500. TEM images(d) and corresponding elemental mapping(e) of CT-500" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208321&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208327&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208324&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2.3　碳点修饰钛基材料" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s3b3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "具有较高能量密度的层状氧化钠(Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，因其低成本、良好的循环稳定性、适当的电压平台，被认为是SIBs重要负极材料之一，碳涂层通常也被认为是改善其电导率、Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "扩散系数的有效手段。Yang等利用N-GQDs修饰的Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米纤维阵列设计了一种新型的无粘结剂负极，该阵列直接生长在柔性碳纤维上(Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@N-GQDs/CTs," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。由超薄Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米片构建的三维层状Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米阵列为离子和电子提供了大的比表面积和较短的扩散路径，N-GQDs的保护极大地提高了纳米纤维阵列结构的导电性和稳定性，有利于提高Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的扩散动力学。Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Ti" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@N-GQDs/CTs电极作为SIBs的无粘结剂负极，在4 C(1 C=177 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")的大倍率下循环30圈后可提供158 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的比容量，循环1 000圈后容量保持率约为92.5%，表现出极好的循环性能。此外，该负极还可以与Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "V" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-(PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NC/CTs正极组装成柔性全电池，表现出高的柔韧性、优良的长循环稳定性和极高的能量/功率密度。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Wu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在水热过程中加入CQDs溶液，合成了一种新的氮掺杂锐钛矿型TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "介孔纳米结构(CQDs@TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(c)~(e)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(c)~(e)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。所制备的CQDs@TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "材料具有结晶度好、电导率高、比表面积大、介孔丰富等特点，该CQDs@TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在500 ℃退火后(CT-500)表现出优越的钠储存性能。当电流密度从100 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "增加到1 000 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时，CT-500电极的放电容量分别为168.7 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和109.4 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；当电流密度恢复到100 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时，放电容量仍能恢复到158.9 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，优于未被CQDs修饰的T-500电极。大的表面积可以增加电极与电解液的接触面积，纳米片组装的丰富介孔结构可以缩短钠离子和电子在循环过程中的扩散路径，促进钠离子和电子的传输，碳氮掺杂还可以提高电极的导电性和为钠的储存提供更多的表面缺陷。最重要的是，CQDs本身具有优良的导电性和储存特性，可以加速钠离子插入/脱出过程中的电子转移，从而提高钠的储存性能。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　形貌调控" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3.1　碳点调控金属氧化物材料" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s3c1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "因其有高功率密度、安全性、低成本、长循环寿命和环境友好性等特点而被广泛研究，是一种有潜力的SIBs负极材料。许多研究表明，在金属氧化物的合成体系中加入一些碳添加剂，不仅可以提高电极的导电性，而且可以调整其形貌和结构，从而优化其电化学性能。我们课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用CDs作为碳添加剂和功能化诱导剂设计了碳均匀包覆锐钛矿型TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的复合材料。球形的松果状结构是由多孔纳米树枝状纳米微粒组成的，这些树枝状结构由CDs添加剂通过Ti—C化学键均匀地剪裁而成。当用于钠储存时，这种独特的碳耦合TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "复合材料(CTO)表现出显著的高倍率性能和长循环性能。CTO在0.1 C(33.6 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")的条件下提供264.1 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的容量，即使在10 C下循环2 000圈，容量仍保持在108.2 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，保持率高达94.7%。进一步的电化学动力学研究表明，由于界面结构的不同，CTO负极的插层电容行为使其具有很强的抗腐蚀性能，经CDs修饰的TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/碳界面增强了Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "插层的赝电容行为，促进了(去)钠化过程。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "我们课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "还将CDs作为金红石TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的“形貌设计添加剂”(称为G/P-RTiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。作为一种有效的功能化诱导剂，CDs可将TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的形貌从纳米颗粒裁剪成纳米针状，进一步自组织成三维花瓣状结构(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)，从而缩短钠离子的扩散路径，提高了TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "材料的倍率性能；此外，在TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米花瓣表面原位形成了类石墨烯碳层，有效改善了电极材料的导电性。G/P-RTiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在SIBs中用作负极时，在0.25 C(1 C=335 mA·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")的倍率下提供245.3 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的容量，在极高的倍率(10 C)下循环4 000圈后，容量保持率为94.4%，表现出优异的长循环稳定性。这项研究证明了CDs诱导调控的独特纳米结构，辅以类石墨烯碳的包覆封装，是有效改善金属氧化物材料电化学储能系统性能的重要方法。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G/P-RTiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "合成示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic representation of the formations of G/P-RTi" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "graphicsData": { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208331&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208341&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208336&type=" } } } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208346&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208356&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208351&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "此外，我们课题组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "还结合CDs、掺杂和结构设计的优点，设计了一种由CDs修饰的N掺杂TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米棒(N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/C-dots)。N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/C-dots复合材料作为SIBs的负极具有优异的循环稳定性(在5 C的电流密度下循环300圈后容量保持率为93.6%)和良好的倍率性能(在5 C和20 C的电流密度下容量分别为176 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和131 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/C-dots复合材料的电化学储钠性能远高于未加碳点修饰的N掺杂TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米棒(N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，主要得益于N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米棒上CDs的引入提高了电极材料的导电性和结构稳定性，直接测得的N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/C-dots复合材料的电导率约为N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "材料的10倍，N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "材料的阻抗也大于N-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/C-dots复合材料，证明了CDs的加入提高了材料的电导率和电荷转移动力学。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3.2　碳点调控金属材料" } ], "level": "3", "id": "s3c2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Sn、Ge、Sb、Bi等金属可与钠形成合金而进行钠存储，是一类重要的钠离子电池负极材料。其中锑(Sb)因具有高的理论容量(660 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")、合适的氧化还原电位范围(0.5~0.8 V " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "vs" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Na)和高电导率(2.56×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " S·m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")而引起研究者的广泛关注。然而，锑负极在钠化/去钠化过程中，显著的体积膨胀(高达390%)和缓慢的动力学导致其循环稳定性很差。为了改善这一问题，研究人员致力于用碳或其他导电基底来支撑和分散活性纳米锑颗粒。Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以CQDs为分散剂、硼氢化钠为还原剂，在室温下合成了Sb@CQDs复合材料(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9(a)~(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9(a)~(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)。CQDs作为功能化诱导剂可以调节Sb颗粒在还原过程中的成核和生长，防止Sb粒子聚集。随着CQDs剂量的增加，Sb@CQDs的尺寸可以进一步减小，证明了通过调节CQDs的加入量可以实现Sb粒子尺寸可控。制备的粒径约为7 nm的Sb@CQDs复合物颗粒可以缓解体积膨胀、减小钠离子的扩散距离，所得复合材料中的残余CQDs还可以作为电子导电通道，增强电子导电性。在0.1 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和2 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的电流密度下，Sb@CQDs复合材料的比容量达635 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和334 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，在大电流循环后，当电流密度降至0.1 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时，其容量可以恢复到633 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，证明了其具有优异的倍率性能(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)。此外，Sb@CQDs-H(高CQDs(0.2 g)含量Sb)在电流密度为0.5 A·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下120次循环后可以保持510 mAh·g" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的容量，表现出比Sb@CQDs-L(低CQDs(0.1 g)含量Sb)和Sb电极更好的循环性能(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9(e)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9(e)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示)。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)纯Sb和Sb@CQDs复合材料合成示意图；Sb@CQDs-H(b)和Sb(c)的SEM图；Sb@CQDs-H、Sb@CQDs-L和Sb的倍率性能(d)和循环性能图(e)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Schematic illustration of the formation process of pure Sb and Sb@CQDs composites. SEM images of Sb@CQDs-H(b) and Sb(c). Rate performances at different current densities(d) and cycle performances(e) of Sb@CQDs-H, Sb@CQDs-L and Sb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208365&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208375&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208370&type=" } ] } } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　结论与展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "根据近年来的研究成果，我们总结了CDs在钠离子电池方面的应用。由于CDs独特的量子尺寸特性、丰富的表面官能团以及易表面功能化等特点，在电池体系的电极材料的设计方面表现出了良好的应用潜力。CDs直接作为SIBs负极时，其合适的层间距可以为Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提供嵌入位点，并且它还可以缓解插入/脱出过程中的体积变化，CDs的小尺寸有助于减小Na" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "扩散距离，使得CDs负极具有高的钠存储容量。此外，其较大的比表面积、表面丰富的含氧官能团也有助于钠的存储。CDs在直接煅烧或者与金属盐共热处理的条件下，可以转变成多维碳纳米材料。在CDs自组装的过程中引入NaH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、三聚氰胺等磷源和氮源不仅可以调控碳材料形貌结构，还可以引入杂原子，提供更多储钠活性位点。CQDs和GQDs表面修饰碳材料、金属氧化物等电极材料时，可以提供更多的电化学活性位点，提高复合电极材料的导电性，改善材料的离子扩散和电荷传输动力学，同时也作为敏化剂和保护剂，起到防止活性材料快速团聚的作用，从而使电极材料具有优异的结构稳定性，进一步提高其电化学性能。在金属氧化物和金属单质的合成体系中加入CDs，不仅可以提高电极材料的导电性，CDs作为功能化诱导剂，还可以调整其形貌和结构、减小颗粒尺寸，为高容量电极材料的设计提供了新的可能。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "尽管CDs拥有了在储能电池方面应用的巨大潜力，但其仍然面临着巨大挑战。一是对于CDs本身的研究还缺乏更加详细的探讨，合成出具有优异性能的CDs也是一个难点，如CDs可控的表面官能团对电极材料的修饰诱导作用和对电容的贡献等。此外，还有许多基础科学问题，如成核和生长过程，CDs的合成方法和条件对其结构和性能、形貌和尺寸控制等方面的影响还没有得到深入的研究。因此，揭示CDs在合成与性质之间的联系具有重要意义。二是不同方法制备的CDs结构与性能方面存在较大的差异，对电极材料的修饰调控方面也具有不同的作用。因此需要针对不同方法得到的CDs，统筹考虑其尺寸、晶型、表面状态和掺杂修饰等因素对其进行严格的分类，并对不同类型CDs对电极材料的调控、修饰机理进行详细的研究，以便能够调整和预测复合材料的电化学性能，为其实际应用提供理论指导。此外，CDs在钠离子电池中的应用还局限于电极材料方面，CDs应用在隔膜和电解液中来抑制枝晶的形成还有待进一步的探索。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs在钠离子电池中已经显示出了良好的应用前景，进一步研究其规模化制备方法和深入研究系统化的调控机制，是未来CDs在储能电池中走向实际应用的重要研究方向。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址:http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20210140." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献:" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "[1]", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "XU X Y" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "RAY R" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "GU Y L" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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