Optical Characterization of Free-space Coupled Microsphere Resonators Enhanced Publication

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "自由空间泵浦玻璃微球的光学特性" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Optical Characterization of Free-space Coupled Microsphere Resonators" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "丁", "givenname": "海珍", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "DING", "givenname": "Hai-zhen", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "丁海珍(1996-)，女，安徽合肥人，硕士研究生，2019年于皖西学院获得学士学位，主要从事微球谐振腔的制备与表征等的研究。E-mail: 1911082077@nbu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352229&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352231&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352234&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "丁海珍" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1996-)，女，安徽合肥人，硕士研究生，2019年于皖西学院获得学士学位，主要从事微球谐振腔的制备与表征等的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "1911082077@nbu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "1911082077@nbu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "吴", "givenname": "越豪", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WU", "givenname": "Yue-hao", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "* Corresponding Author, E-mail: wuyuehao@nbu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "* Corresponding Author, E-mail: wuyuehao@nbu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "吴越豪(1982-)，男，浙江金华人，博士，副研究员，2012年于美国特拉华大学获得博士学位，主要从事光学设计、光学微型谐振腔的研究。E-mail:wuyuehao@nbu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352237&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352240&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352245&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "吴越豪" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1982-)，男，浙江金华人，博士，副研究员，2012年于美国特拉华大学获得博士学位，主要从事光学设计、光学微型谐振腔的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "wuyuehao@nbu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "wuyuehao@nbu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "王", "givenname": "训四", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WANG", "givenname": "Xun-si", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "宁波大学高等技术研究院　红外材料及器件实验室，浙江 　 宁波 　 315211", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "宁波大学高等技术研究院　红外材料及器件实验室，浙江 　 宁波 　 315211" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices, Advanced Technology Research Institute, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "宁波大学　信息科学与工程学院，浙江 　 宁波 　 315211", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "宁波大学　信息科学与工程学院，浙江 　 宁波 　 315211" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "现有的微球谐振腔大多利用微纳光纤锥的倏逝波场为微球提供泵浦能量，这是因为其具有较高的模式耦合效率，但在实际应用中这种耦合方法欠缺一定的灵活性，且需要配备精密的耦合装置。本文探究了使用未拉锥的截断光纤从不接触微球的自由空间直接向微球导入泵浦光的可行性。在典型的Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂碲酸盐玻璃微球/光纤锥耦合系统的基础上，用一根连接泵浦光源的截断光纤从自由空间直接照射微球的中心或边缘部位，可测出微球/光纤锥耦合系统的激光输出功率相对于原耦合系统明显提升;在关闭连接光纤锥的泵浦源而仅使用自由空间泵浦源的条件下，仍可获得明显的单纵模激光现象。本文利用时域有限差分法和几何光束追迹法的仿真模型还原了上述自由空间耦合法的全过程。仿真与实验结果表明，这种自由空间耦合法有潜力成为常规光纤锥耦合法的一种辅助泵浦方法，为需要更高泵浦功率或更多泵浦波长选择的实验场合提供解决方案。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Most current microsphere resonators rely on the evanescent field of micro/nano fiber tapers to provide pump energy. The mode coupling efficiency of this method is high, but it lacks some flexibility in practical application, and needs to be equipped with precise coupling device. In this work, we study the feasibility of pumping microsphere resonators using truncated optical fibers from free space. An Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped tellurite glass microsphere/fiber taper coupling system is used as the experimental setup. We demonstrate that when the microsphere is directly illuminated by a free-space truncated optical fiber, additional pump energy can be introduced into the microsphere and output powers of microsphere laser modes can be increased. We also demonstrate that the free-space coupling method can excite a single longitudinal mode laser independently, without the assistance of the pump energy provided by the fiber taper. In this paper, the simulation models of finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) and geometric ray-tracing are used to restore the whole process of the free-space coupling method. Simulation and experimental results show that this free-space coupling method can potentially be used as a supportive pumping method for the classic fiber taper coupling method and can be helpful in experimental settings when additional pump powers or wavelength selections are needed." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "自由空间泵浦" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "微球激光器" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "稀土掺杂" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "回廊模" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "free-space coupling" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "microsphere laser" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "rare earth ions doping" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "whispering gallery mode" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "微球谐振腔在诸如生物医学传感、温度测量、非线性光学等领域有许多重要的应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3", "R4", "R5" ], "text": "1-5", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。为了将外界的泵浦光能量导入微球谐振腔中，已经提出了多种不同的泵浦耦合方法。例如，Braginsky等将微球置于直角棱镜的斜面上，利用泵浦光在斜面上全反射形成的倏逝波场与微球进行耦合" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这种耦合方式仅需使用简单传统的光学仪器，但是光学对准较为困难且耦合效率不高，因此并未获得广泛应用。Laine等则将石英光纤的包层除去，将纤芯暴露在空气中与微球直接接触，利用泵浦光在纤芯中全反射时形成的倏逝波场与微球耦合" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这种方法需要使用腐蚀性化学试剂处理光纤包层，并且由于纤芯直径较大，它所产生的倏逝波场与微球之间的耦合效率并未得到优化。微纳光纤锥耦合法是目前使用最广泛的为微球谐振腔导入泵浦光的实验方法。相比于光纤纤芯，微纳光纤锥的直径仅为1 μm左右，因此可形成更明显的倏逝波场从而与微球谐振腔形成更有效的能量转移。目前大多数微球谐振腔的实验工作都采用了这种泵浦耦合方法，例如诸多见于报道的有源微球激光器、无源受激拉曼散射微球激光器、微球谐振腔光放大器等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R8", "R9", "R10", "R11", "R12" ], "text": "8-12", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "尽管光纤锥耦合法具有良好的耦合效率，然而受限于光纤锥制备工艺的复杂性和锥体本身的脆弱性，这种耦合方法几乎无法在实验室以外的环境中使用。即使在实验室内，光纤锥也会随着工作时间的延长而出现明显的性能衰减。除此之外，微纳光纤锥也无法满足一些特殊的实验要求，比如无法连接几台不同的泵浦源为微球提供更高的泵浦功率或者更丰富的泵浦波长选择。虽然采用光纤波分复用器(WDM)有可能实现多波段同时泵浦微球，但是还需解决波分复用器的拉锥区域与微球耦合时的模场匹配问题。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文在自建实验平台上探究了一种利用自由空间截断光纤为微球导入泵浦光的实验方法，相对于其他使用空间光束泵浦微球的方法，如Shu等通过在微球表面附着瑞利散射体作为纳米天线，并利用结合单模光纤的渐变折射率透镜和珀塞尔效应激发共振模式" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，以及Ward等将光纤一端蚀刻成锥形向微腔导入泵浦光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，本文讨论的自由空间耦合法更加简单经济。这种方法是将一根连接泵浦光源的未拉锥截断光纤置于微球附近的自由空间中，截断光纤输出的泵浦光直接照射微球的边缘或中心部位，以折射的方式进入微球内部。碲酸盐玻璃的制备方法简单，化学性质稳定，具有较低的声子能量和优良的稀土溶解性，有利于提升发光效率。因此，本文以Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂碲酸盐玻璃微球为实验对象，验证了通过上述自由空间耦合法导入微球的泵浦光可激发微球内有源掺杂物质，从而提升常规微球/光纤锥耦合系统的激光输出功率。在关闭由常规光纤锥导入微球的泵浦光源而仅使用自由空间泵浦源的条件下，微球谐振腔仍可形成明显的激光阈值现象。本文展示了上述自由空间耦合法的实验装置，测试了它的耦合效果，并建立了时域有限差分法和几何光束追迹法的仿真模型验证了它的可行性。实验和仿真结果表明，这种自由空间耦合法有潜力作为常规光纤锥耦合法的一种有益补充，在需要更高泵浦功率或更多泵浦波长选择的实验场合得到应用。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　实验设计" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在本课题组以往关于微球谐振腔的工作中，主要采用了经典的光纤锥耦合法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R15", "R16", "R17" ], "text": "15-17", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为微球导入泵浦光。光纤锥耦合法具有良好的耦合效率，但是受限于光纤锥自身的物理脆弱性，它的实际应用存在一定的局限性:无法承载很高的泵浦功率以及无法同时连接多台泵浦光源。为了提升微球谐振腔泵浦方式的灵活性，我们研究以未拉锥的截断光纤从自由空间直接照射微球，为微球提供泵浦能量的实验方法。为了验证上述自由空间耦合法的可行性以及为后续实验平台的搭建提供思路，我们首先建立了时域有限差分法(FDTD)的仿真模型(如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "内嵌图所示)。模型使用一颗直径为20 μm的碲酸盐玻璃微球(折射率1.94)为仿真对象;使用一根直径9 μm的截断光纤(折射率1.44)在距离微球中心15 μm处沿着微球的切线方向直接照射微球，泵浦光波长为808 nm。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了上述仿真模型在微球内部以及它的临近空间形成的电场分布。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "自由空间耦合下微球的时域有限差分法仿真形成的电场分布情况(a)和几何光束追迹分析(b)" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) simulation(a) and geometrical ray-tracing analysis(b) of the free-space coupling method" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352249&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352261&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352254&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "仿真模型使用的碲酸盐玻璃微球中未加入有源掺杂物质，因此其内部形成的电场分布由从自由空间导入微球的泵浦光形成。从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可见，微球与空气交界面附近形成了类似高阶回廊模(径向量子数" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "1)的电场分布，表明有部分折射进入微球的泵浦光以多次反射的方式被限制在微球内部。从图中也可观察到明显的折射漏光现象。这是因为由折射导入微球的泵浦光在微球内部传输时无法形成全反射。根据菲涅尔反射基本原理，部分泵浦光能量会在微球/空气界面折射出微球，形成漏光。泵浦光在微球内部的传输角越接近全反射临界角，它的反射率就越高，也就越有利于形成多次反射而被限制在微球内部传播。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了一个自由空间点光源从外部直接照射微球时形成的光束追迹图。这里假设自由空间耦合法使用的截断光纤的数值孔径为0.25，因此将该点光源的发散角设置为29°。图中展示了泵浦光在微球/空气界面发生了20次反射形成的光束追迹。由光束追迹可见，微球内部的多次反射可以使折射进入微球的泵浦光沿着微球赤道传播，形成类似高阶回廊模的能量分布。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "上述仿真结果表明，由一根截断光纤从自由空间直接照射微球可以将泵浦光以折射的方式导入微球，并且在微球内部形成类似回廊模的能量分布。如果微球中含有有源掺杂物质，这些由折射导入微球的泵浦光就有希望激发有源掺杂物质形成荧光输出，并通过微球的模式选择作用挑选出某些荧光波长形成激光模式输出。为了验证这种可能性，我们在时域有限差分法的仿真模型里设置了一种四能级材料模拟Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂的碲酸盐玻璃。这种材料的折射率仍设置为1.94，考虑的泵浦光波长为0.808 μm，激发出的荧光波长位于1.06 μm附近。仍使用自由空间截断光纤为Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂的碲酸盐玻璃微球导入泵浦光，在微球下方放置了一根传统石英光纤锥用于导出微球谐振腔形成的激光模式。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了自由空间截断光纤沿着微球切线方向直接照射微球时形成的激光模式，内嵌图展示了仿真模型。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "受到自由空间截断光纤泵浦的一颗Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂碲酸盐玻璃微球形成激光的仿真结果。(a)截断光纤沿着微球的切线方向照射微球;(b)截断光纤正对微球中心输入泵浦光;(c)截断光纤倾斜着对微球中心输入泵浦光。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Simulation results of a Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped tellurite glass microsphere obtained with the free-space coupling method. The free-space pump source is pointing at the microsphere from one of its tangential directions(a), the center of the microsphere(b), and the center of the microsphere from a tilted direction(c)." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352266&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352274&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352269&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可见，由放置在自由空间的截断光纤输入微球的泵浦光可有效地在微球腔内形成1.06 μm附近的激光模式。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了自由空间截断光纤正对微球中心照射微球时形成的激光模式;" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了自由空间截断光纤相对于" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "偏转了45°照射微球中心时形成的激光模式。对比于" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(b)、(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(b)、(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "中微球激光的位置并没有发生明显改变，强度甚至有所增强。例如，在" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(b)、(c", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(b)、(c" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")中，位于1 064 nm的激光功率相比于" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "中对应波长的激光功率高出了65%和93%。上述仿真结果表明，这种自由空间耦合法使用的截断光纤与微球之间并不需要非常严格的光学对准。这也意味着这种方法的实验实现并不需要很高的仪器成本，所搭建的实验平台也会具有较高的灵活性。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　结果与讨论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "根据上述仿真模型的设置搭建了实验平台。以漂浮粉末熔融法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R21", "R22" ], "text": "21-22", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了一批Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子掺杂的碲酸盐玻璃(75TeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-19.5ZnO-5Na" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O-0.5Nd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")微球，以氢氧焰熔融石英光纤拉制出耦合光纤锥。优选出一颗直径为96.84 μm的微球与一根直径为2.04 μm的石英光纤锥耦合。泵浦源为一台波长为808 nm的半导体激光器(LEO，型号:LE-LS-808)。作为参考，先使用微纳光纤锥为微球导入泵浦光，获得了如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示的激光阈值现象。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "一颗直径为96.84 μm的Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂碲酸盐玻璃微球在实验平台上产生的激光阈值现象。内嵌图:微球/光纤锥耦合平台在泵浦功率为0.076 mW和0.119 mW时耦合系统的输出光谱。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Laser threshold phenomenon obtained from a 96.84 μm diameter Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped tellurite glass microsphere. Inset: spectra of the microsphere/fiber taper coupling system at pump powers of 0.076 mW and 0.119 mW." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352277&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352287&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352282&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可见，课题组采用漂浮粉末熔融法制备的碲酸盐玻璃微球在光纤锥耦合下的激光阈值约为0.119 mW，外量子效率为:" } ] }, { "name": "dispformula", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(1)" } ], "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " }, { "name": "math", "data": { "graphicsData": { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352291&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352295&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352300&type=" } } }, { "name": "text", "data": " " }, { "name": "text", "data": " " } ], "id": "DF1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "其中d" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "laser" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和d" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "absorbed" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是发射的激光功率和吸收的抽运功率，与以往报道的碲酸盐玻璃微球激光器的技术参数相类似" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R17", "R18", "R19" ], "text": "17-19", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。也有文献报道使用二氧化碳激光器熔融碲酸盐光纤锥制备出阈值更低、量子效率更高的碲酸盐玻璃微球" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。但是，激光熔锥法制作微球的工艺步骤较为复杂，且一次只能制备一颗微球，因此缺乏大规模应用的潜力。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在基本的微球/光纤锥耦合平台的基础上，再在微球上方距离微球中心约100 μm的位置放置了一根未拉锥的截断光纤，连接了另一台808 nm半导体激光器作为自由空间泵浦源(Changchun New Industrial Optoelectronics Tech. Co.，型号:MDL-Ⅲ-808)。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了实验装置原理图。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "微球耦合装置原理图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of microsphere coupling setup" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352305&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352315&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352310&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "截断光纤对着微球的切线方向入射时(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "内嵌图)和正对微球中心方向入射时(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "内嵌图)，可以在" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(a)、(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(a)、(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "中看到原始的微球/光纤锥耦合系统在光纤锥输入的0.129 mW泵浦功率的基础上再加入了来自自由空间泵浦源的0.396 mW额外泵浦功率后微球激光光谱曲线的变化。黑色曲线为微球/光纤锥耦合系统的原始激光输出功率，红色曲线/虚线为加入自由空间泵浦源后的微球激光输出功率。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "微球/光纤锥耦合平台的输出光谱(黑色曲线)和加入自由空间泵浦源后耦合平台的输出光谱(红色曲线)对比。(a)沿着微球切线方向输入自由空间泵浦光;(b)正对微球中心输入自由空间泵浦光。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Comparison of the output spectra of the microsphere/fiber taper coupling system before(black curve) and after(red curve) the application of the free-space pump source when that free-space pump source is illuminating the microsphere from one of its tangential directions(a),pointing at the center of the microsphere(b)." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352322&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352330&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352325&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(a)、(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(a)、(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可见，在加入面向微球切线方向入射的自由空间泵浦光后，微球/光纤锥耦合平台的激光输出功率从0.249 nW提升到了约0.344 nW(提升了38.2%);当加入面向微球中心入射的自由空间泵浦光后，微球/光纤锥耦合平台的输出激光功率从0.249 nW提升到了约0.476 nW(提升了91.2%)。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了将由光纤锥导入微球的泵浦源关闭、仅留下自由空间泵浦源时微球谐振腔的激光阈值现象。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "仅由自由空间泵浦源泵浦的Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂碲酸盐玻璃微球形成的激光阈值现象。内嵌图:泵浦功率分别为0.397 mW和0.494 mW时系统的输出光谱。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Laser threshold behavior of an Nd" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped tellurite glass microsphere when independently pumped by the free-space source. Inset: spectra obtained at pumps of 0.397 mW and 0.494 mW." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352336&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352347&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352342&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可见，光纤平端头输出自由空间光照射微球可以作为独立的泵浦源在微球谐振腔形成激光振荡现象。然而对比于传统的光纤锥耦合法，自由空间耦合法泵浦下的微球的激光阈值功率(~0.494 mW)更高、量子效率(~5×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "%)更低，因此这种方法无法在效率上替代常规的光纤锥耦合法。但是在某些特定的应用场合，例如在需要多台光源提供更高的泵浦功率或者更多的泵浦波长选择时，自由空间耦合法可以作为光纤锥耦合法的辅助泵浦手段得到应用。此外，本文讨论的自由空间泵浦法也具有更高的实验灵活性。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了微球仅在自由空间泵浦下形成的激光功率和它与光纤平端头的距离之间的关系。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "截断光纤放置在不同距离时微球的功率变化" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Output power varies with the distance between the truncated fiber and the microsphere" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352353&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352362&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21352358&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可见，当微球与光纤平端头距离为20 μm时，它的输出功率为10.3 nW;当微球与光纤平端头距离为100 μm时，它的输出功率下降了49.5%，为5.2 nW。从上述结果可见，虽然微球的激光功率基本上随着它与光纤平端头之间的距离的增加而下降，但是在约100 μm的调节范围内，由光纤平端头提供的自由空间泵浦光还是可以引起微球内产生显著的激光现象。对比于常规的光纤锥耦合法需要达到的纳米级别的耦合精度，这种由光纤平端头实现的自由空间泵浦法显然具有更高的实验灵活性。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上所述，实验结果所展示的物理现象与仿真结果所预示的现象相符:(1)可以使用光纤平端头输出自由空间光为微球谐振腔提供额外的泵浦能量;(2)自由空间截断光纤与微球之间的耦合并不需要非常严格的光学对准。也可以看到实验和仿真结果在数值上存在微小差异。这个差异主要是由以下实验条件的不完美造成的:(1)实验使用的微球无法具备完美的球形" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ";(2)微球内部存在折射率分布不均匀/杂质/气泡等物理缺陷;(3)实验中用来放置/对准/移动自由空间泵浦源的实验工具也存在机械/电子误差。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　结论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文介绍了一种标准单模光纤平端头输出自由空间光为微球谐振腔导入泵浦光的实验方法。这种方法将未拉锥的截断光纤置于不接触微球的自由空间直接照射微球，泵浦光以折射的方式从微球/空气界面进入微球，激发微球内的有源掺杂物质形成荧光，并在谐振腔的模式选择作用下形成激光输出。通过实验验证，这种自由空间耦合法不仅可以在微纳光纤锥耦合的微球谐振腔中提供额外的泵浦能量，提升微球激光器的输出功率，也可以独立地在微球谐振腔中形成激光模式。本文也使用了时域有限差分法和几何光束追迹法的仿真模型验证了上述自由空间耦合法的可行性。实验与仿真结果表明，相比于常规的微纳光纤锥耦合法，这种自由空间耦合法虽然并未优化微球对泵浦光的利用效率，但是可在需要更高泵浦功率或更多泵浦波长选择的实验场合为微球谐振腔提供有效灵活的实验方案。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址:http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20210109." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献:" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "[1]", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "DE SOUSA-VIEIRA L" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "RÍOS S" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "MARTÍN I R" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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