Organic Radical Luminophores

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机自由基发光体" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Organic Radical Luminophores" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "周", "givenname": "志彪", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHOU", "givenname": "Zhi-biao", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "周志彪(1993－)，男，江西萍乡人，博士研究生，2014年于南昌航空大学获得学士学位，主要从事有机发光材料的设计合成与应用的研究。E-mail: zbzhou@hnu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348779&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348775&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348779&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "周志彪" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1993－)，男，江西萍乡人，博士研究生，2014年于南昌航空大学获得学士学位，主要从事有机发光材料的设计合成与应用的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "zbzhou@hnu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "zbzhou@hnu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "赖", "givenname": "伟铭", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LAI", "givenname": "Wei-ming", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "杨", "givenname": "朋", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "YANG", "givenname": "Peng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "王", "givenname": "欣浩", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WANG", "givenname": "Xin-hao", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "谢", "givenname": "胜", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "XIE", "givenname": "Sheng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "曾", "givenname": "泽兵", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZENG", "givenname": "Ze-bing", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [], "role": [ "corresp", "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "zh", "text": "曾泽兵(1981－)，男，湖南长沙人，博士，现任湖南大学化学化工学院和化学生物传感与计量学国家重点实验室教授，博士研究生导师。2012年于新加坡国立大学获得博士学位，然后继续从事博士后研究。2014年至今，湖南大学高层次人才引进，历任湖南大学化学化工学院副教授、教授和博士研究生导师。2016年赴中国香港科技大学进行访问学者研究。主要从事功能分子材料的设计合成与材料应用的研究。在光电磁功能有机材料领域取得系列成果，担任湖南省鼎一化工新材料创新创业教育基地主任和湖南大学深研院-深圳道尔顿联合实验室主任。近年来，在JACS, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Chem. Mater., CCS Chemistry, Sci. China Chem.等知名期刊发表学术论文60余篇，获授权国家发明专利5项。在国际国内学术会议上做邀请报告20余次，作为核心成员主持了多项国家和省级研究课题，获国家优秀青年基金等项目资助。", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "曾泽兵(1981－)，男，湖南长沙人，博士，现任湖南大学化学化工学院和化学生物传感与计量学国家重点实验室教授，博士研究生导师。2012年于新加坡国立大学获得博士学位，然后继续从事博士后研究。2014年至今，湖南大学高层次人才引进，历任湖南大学化学化工学院副教授、教授和博士研究生导师。2016年赴中国香港科技大学进行访问学者研究。主要从事功能分子材料的设计合成与材料应用的研究。在光电磁功能有机材料领域取得系列成果，担任湖南省鼎一化工新材料创新创业教育基地主任和湖南大学深研院-深圳道尔顿联合实验室主任。近年来，在JACS, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Chem. Mater., CCS Chemistry, Sci. China Chem.等知名期刊发表学术论文60余篇，获授权国家发明专利5项。在国际国内学术会议上做邀请报告20余次，作为核心成员主持了多项国家和省级研究课题，获国家优秀青年基金等项目资助。" } ] }, { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail: zbzeng@hnu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail: zbzeng@hnu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "曾泽兵(1981－)，男，湖南长沙人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，2012年于新加坡国立大学获得博士学位，主要从事功能分子材料的设计合成与材料应用的研究。E-mail: zbzeng@hnu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348788&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348785&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348788&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "曾泽兵" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1981－)，男，湖南长沙人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，2012年于新加坡国立大学获得博士学位，主要从事功能分子材料的设计合成与材料应用的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "zbzeng@hnu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "zbzeng@hnu.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": "湖南大学 化学化工学院， 生物与化学计量传感国家重点实验室， 湖南 长沙 　 410082", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "湖南大学 化学化工学院， 生物与化学计量传感国家重点实验室， 湖南 长沙 　 410082" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": "China State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "China State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机自由基由于存在未配对或弱成键电子，因而具有独特的基态开壳电子结构。这类开壳电子结构的分子体系可展示出特殊的物理性质，如近红外吸收、非线性光学响应、可逆电子氧化还原、磁学性质等，有望成为下一代光电磁信息功能材料。然而，绝大多数自由基在光激发态下以非辐射方式释放能量，从而表现为弱发光或不发光。近年来，以三芳基甲基自由基衍生物为代表的双线态自由基发光体逐渐引起研究者的关注，其红光发射的荧光量子产率可达到90%以上，且成功地应用于有机电致发光器件(OLED)。自由基发光体是在基态和激发态均具备自由基特征的新型分子体系，其分子结构设计与发光性质调控是该领域的关键难题。在已报道的仅有的少数发光自由基的基础上，人们更多地期待获得性能优异、可选择性调色的多种类发光自由基及其作为功能材料的潜在应用。本文总结了发光自由基的分子结构、物理性质和构效关系，以及激发态发光机制与自由基非辐射跃迁抑制机理等，讨论了目前的研究现状和未来的研究挑战。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Organic radicals have unique ground state open-shell electronic structures, arising from the presence of unpaired or weakly bonded electrons. Such molecular systems generally exhibit special physical properties, such as near-infrared absorption, nonlinear optical response, reversible redox, magnetic properties and " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "etc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "., and may become the next generation of optoelectronic and magnetic materials. However, among organic radicals, the majority of them have strong non-radiative channels to release photoexcited energy, and thus display extremely weak or no luminescence. In recent years, doublet radicals, exemplified by derivatives of triarylmethyl radical, show attractive luminescent property, and their red emission with fluorescence quantum yield even up to 90% are impressive, and they are promising material candidates for application in organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs). Radical luminophore is defined as a new type of luminescent chromophore with open-shell character at both the ground state and excited state. The difficulties in radical luminohpore are how to design new radicals and to tune their luminescent properties. Importantly, more radical luminophores with selectivity of color displays and high luminescence efficiencies are highly desirable in this research area. For this, we give a short review of the radical luminophores relative to molecular structures, physical properties and the relationship between structure and property, together with furthermore discussion of excited-state luminescence mechanism and suppression of non-radiative transition, as well as expects and challenges in future." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "自由基发光体" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "构效关系" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "激发态调控" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "发光效率" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "聚集态" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "radical luminophore" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "structure-property relationship" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "modulation of excited-state" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "luminescence efficiency" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "aggregation state" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机自由基因含有未配对电子，通常情况下极不稳定且具有较高的反应活性，例如：它们易发生二聚、歧化、夺氢、裂解等反应而生成稳定的闭壳分子。1900年，Gomberg在三苯溴甲烷与银的反应中，首次发现了以碳原子为中心的三苯甲基自由基" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，但是它无法完全分离，易产生二聚体。通过合理的分子设计可以抑制其反应活性，从而获得较好化学稳定性的自由基。其稳定策略包括以下两种方式" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：(1)空间位阻效应，即在自由基自旋密度大的地方引入较大空间位阻性基团，获得动力学保护；(2)自旋离域效应，这对自由基的热力学稳定性起着很重要的作用，因为高度离域可降低单个原子所承载的自旋电子密度，从而降低分子的反应活性。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "长期以来，人们认为有机自由基是不利于物质发光的，且可能抑制其他发光材料的辐射发光，如氮氧自由基通常作为芳香烃的荧光猝灭剂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这可能是由于氮氧自由基的双线态基态和荧光团的单线态激发态之间的电子交换相互作用所致" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，氮氧自由基也被用于单线态发光的检测" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。绝大多数有机自由基以非辐射方式释放激发态能量，而自由基共价键连接至发光生色团时，也常常因为二者轨道之间的电子交换或能量转移，导致分子体系产生弱发光或无发光的低能激发态" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R6", "R7", "R8", "R9", "R10", "R11", "R12" ], "text": "6-12", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。如果自由基在共轭骨架内广泛离域，则对共轭电子起到自旋极化作用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，也可能导致非辐射的系间窜越。因此，迄今为止，仅有少数的自由基具有发光性质。其中，以三芳基甲基为母核的双线态发光自由基倍受关注" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R14", "R15", "R16", "R17", "R18", "R19", "R20", "R21", "R22", "R23", "R24", "R25", "R26", "R27", "R28" ], "text": "14-28", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，例如全氯三苯甲基(PTM)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和三(2，4，6-三氯苯基)甲基自由基(TTM)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。不同于闭壳的发光体，这类有机自由基发光体在基态和激发态下都是双线态，而双线态自由基在电激发下，理论上可实现100%的内量子效率。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　自由基发光体的分子结构与性质" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　三芳基甲基衍生物发光体" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "从发现自由基的发光现象至今，尽管被报道的自由基发光分子的数目越来越多，但自由基发光体的结构比较单一，种类仍然较少。其中，最为典型的发光体是三芳基甲基自由基及其衍生物，由于其具有一定的稳定性和可修饰性，因此受到了人们的广泛研究与关注。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1970年，Ballester等通过对三苯甲基进行全氯化后脱甲基氢，首次制备了室温下发光的稳定自由基(PTM)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。全氯取代基的引入有效地抑制了自由基分子间的二聚反应(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，赋予了PTM(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")良好的环境稳定性。PTM在正己烷中发出较弱的橙红色荧光(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝604 nm)，发光量子效率为1.5%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，但在光照条件下易发生光降解而变质。1987 年，Armet 等以间三氯苯和氯仿为原料，通过傅-克烷基化反应合成了邻对位氯代的三(2，4，6-三氯苯基)甲基自由基 (TTM)(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。与PTM类似，TTM自由基在室温下也不易发生二聚，这得益于苯环上的邻对位卤素取代基对碳自由基中心的位阻保护。TTM 自由基发光体较PTM 发光蓝移(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝563 nm)，是目前三芳基甲基自由基衍生物中发光波长最短的发光体。不足的是，TTM发光体的发光效率也较低(在四氯化碳溶液中为0.8%)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，它在370 nm光照条件下半衰期约为200 s" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)三苯基甲基自由基及其二聚反应；PTM/TTM(b)和PTM-TPAs/TTM-1Cz(c)自由基发光体的分子结构。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Dimerization of triphenylmethyl radicals. Molecular structures of PTM/TTM(b) and PTM-TPAs/TTM-1Cz(c) radical luminophores." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348791&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348796&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348793&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在PTM和TTM自由基发光体的基础上，人们通过化学修饰，以期获得稳定性和发光性能更优异的自由基发光体。2006 年，Julia等在 TTM 基团上引入供电子性质的咔唑基团，制备了TTM-1Cz 自由基(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，它具有较高的红光效率(在环己烷溶液中为 53%)。此外，TTM-1Cz相较于其母体(TTM)还具有更好的光稳定性(在355 nm脉冲激光照射下半衰期为540 s)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2009年，Heckmann等在PTM中引入三苯胺衍生物，设计合成了一系列具有发光活性的自由基PTM-TPAs(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。其中，三苯胺基元作为电子给体，PTM自由基基元为电子受体，赋予了PTM-TPAs电荷转移特性，其发光波长位于600～900 nm。当" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "R" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基团为氯时，该自由基发光体在环己烷溶液中荧光量子效率可达到38%，与其母体PTM自由基相比，发光效率提升了数十倍" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2014年，日本东京大学的Nishihara 等采用吡啶替换TTM的苯环，设计合成了新型的三芳基甲基自由基衍生物PyBTM(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。吡啶基团的引入显著改善了自由基发光体的光稳定性，PyBTM的丙酮溶液在370 nm光照条件下的半衰期为2.58×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " s(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，约为TTM的115 倍。虽然PyBTM溶液的摩尔消光系数较低(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ε" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "～1 000 L·mol" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "－1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "－1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，但在可见光区展示出宽的自由基低能带吸收(430～570 nm)(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。室温下，PyBTM在二氯甲烷溶液中发橙红色荧光(585 nm)，其荧光量子效率约为2%；而降低温度(77 K)可抑制自由基非辐射跃迁，其在EPA(二乙醚∶异戊烷∶乙醇＝5∶5∶2，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "v" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "v" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")基质中的发光效率显著增强(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Φ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝81%)。有趣的是，PyBTM中的吡啶环也可与金、铜、锌等金属配位，所生成的自由基-金属复合物的荧光增强(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Φ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "可达20%)，约为前体的10倍" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R34", "R35" ], "text": "34-35", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，氟或溴取代PyBTM中吡啶环上的氯原子，可得到 " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-PyBTM(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝F，Br)自由基发光体" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随着氟-氯-溴的变化，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-PyBTM 的荧光发射相对红移，但其发光效率和光稳定性接近。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)PyBTM自由基及其衍生物；(b)PyBTM和TTM自由基在丙酮溶液中的发射衰减曲线(370 nm光激发)及其不同溶剂中的半衰期(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "t" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")比值；(c)室温下PyBTM在二氯甲烷溶液中的吸收(实线)和发射光谱(点线)及在77 K下EPA基质中的发射光谱(虚线)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Radical luminophore of PyBTM and its derivatives. (b)Plots of emissive decay of PyBTM and TTM in acetone under continuous excitation with " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝370 nm, and ratios of half-lives(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "t" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") in various solvents are given. (c)Absorption (solid line) and emission spectra(dotted line) of PyBTM in CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " at room temperature, and emission spectra at 77 K in EPA matrix(dashed line) for PyBTM" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "．" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348799&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348805&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348802&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然PTM和TTM自由基发光体在聚集态下发光减弱或不发光，但掺杂的方式可恢复其辐射发光性质，这为自由基发光体在固态场景下的应用提供了可能。2015 年，吉林大学李峰课题组将TTM-1Cz 以5%的比例掺杂于4，4′-二(9-咔唑)联苯(CBP)中，并将其作为发光层材料，首次制备了基于有机自由基发光体的红光OLED 器件，该器件外量子效率(EQE)为 2.4%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，该课题组相继使用苯并咪唑" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、氮杂环咔唑" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、苯咔唑和萘咔唑" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等氮杂环取代基修饰TTM自由基(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，并将该类型的自由基发光体用作发光层，成功实现了橙红光、红光、深红光发射的自由基 OLED 器件。由于自由基发光体激发态为双线态，它在电激发下双线态激子的形成率可达100%(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，因此基于发光自由基的 OLED器件内量子效率(IQE)理论上可达到 100%，可有效规避传统闭壳发光体在电激发下的三线态激子利用问题。基于此，该课题组将TTM-3NCz以3%比例掺杂于CBP作为发光层制备了OLED器件，其EQE值高达27%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，已超过内量子效率为25%的传统荧光器件的理论上限。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TTM-2Bi、TTM-DACz、TTM-3PCz和TTM-3NCz自由基发光体的分子结构。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Molecular structures of TTM-2Bi, TTM-DACz, TTM-3PCz and TTM-3NCz radical luminophores." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348808&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348815&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348812&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光和电激发下的双线态发光示意图(左图)，右图表示双线态激子的自旋矢量方向。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Illustration of doublet emission by photo- and electrical excitation(left), the electron spin vector of doublets(right)．" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348818&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348824&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348821&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "自由基发光体掺杂用于OLED器件，其自由基掺杂的比例通常较低(" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "10%)。可能是因为较多的自由基发光体聚集在一起，其激发态发光过程复杂，也易发生非辐射跃迁。2018年，Nishhara等通过将PyBTM掺杂于αH-PyBTM(αH-PyBTM为PyBTM未脱氢的前体)母体材料中，制备了不同比例的PyBTM/αH-PyBTM掺杂晶体，研究了PyBTM自由基发光体(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")在单分散态和聚集态下的发光行为(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。当PyBTM掺杂浓度小于5.5%时，主要表现为单分子发光(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝563/606 nm)。其中，掺杂比例为0.05%时，PyBTM/αH-PyBTM晶体的固态发光效率最高(89%)，这是由于PyBTM和αH-PyBTM具有相似的分子结构，掺杂晶体可为自由基发光体提供刚性的外部环境，从而抑制分子的振动弛豫等非辐射跃迁。当自由基掺杂比例高于10%时，自由基发光体发生聚集，掺杂晶体开始出现激基缔合物发射特征，即发光波长红移(663～680 nm)，且伴随着发光效率的降低(掺杂比例为23%时发光效率降至5%)。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "不同掺杂比例的PyBTM/αH-PyBTM晶体的发射光谱(底部，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝370 nm)及其荧光照片(顶部，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝365 nm)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Emission spectra(bottom, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝370 nm) and photograph(top, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝365 nm) of PyBTM/αH-PyBTM crystals with different doping ratios" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348827&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348833&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348830&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "鉴于PyBTM自由基具有顺磁性，外界磁场的改变可能影响自由基发光体的激发态电子结构，Nishhara探究了磁场对PyBTM/αH-PyBTM掺杂晶体发光性质的影响。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，在4.2 K温度下，PyBTM掺杂比例为10%时，PyBTM/αH-PyBTM晶体的单体和激基缔合物的发射带强度对磁场变化表现出不同的响应行为，即随着磁场强度的增大，单体发射强度显著增加(特征峰为563 nm和606 nm)，而663 nm的激基缔合物发射强度缓慢下降。这是首次观测到有机自由基发光体的磁场效应(MFE)。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PyBTM掺杂于αH-PyBTM(掺杂浓度为10%)的晶体在磁场下的发射光谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Emission spectra of PyBTM(10%) doped with αH-PyBTM under a magnetic field" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348836&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348842&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348839&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除稳定的有机自由基发光体外，部分亚稳态的三芳基甲基自由基衍生物在外界刺激下也可表现出固态发光活性。2017年，Sumi等设计了包含力致发色团的四芳基丁二腈衍生物(TASN-diol)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。通过研磨闭壳的TASN-diol固态粉末，其分子中心的碳-碳键可均裂形成二苯基氰基自由基(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。研磨方式不仅可以促进自由基的生成，还使自由基较好地分散在闭壳的TASN-diol分子中。有意思的是，闭壳的TASN-diol不发光，但研磨生成的自由基产物在光照下可发出黄色荧光(560 nm)(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，其荧光量子效率为39%。在室温下放置一段时间后，该自由基分子可逆地转化为热力学稳定的闭壳分子状态，且无副产物生成，因此具有较好的可重复性。这些工作为力致自由基发光的分子设计提供了新思路。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)TASN-diol及其均裂的自由基转化过程；(b)TASN-diol研磨后的可见光(左)和365 nm光激发图(右)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Equilibrium between TPSN-diol and the corresponding radical species. (b)Image of grinding TASN-diol under visible light(left) and 365 nm UV lamp(right)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "．" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348844&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348847&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348846&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "值得注意的是，几乎所有的自由基发光体在聚集态下易发生荧光猝灭(ACQ)。而在聚合物中，通过主链和侧链结构修饰，可一定程度上抑制聚集效应，这也是解决ACQ现象、溶解性和光稳定性的一种策略。2019年，李峰等报道了自由基聚合物发光体PS-CzTTM(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，即以聚苯乙烯(PS)为主干，CzTTM发光自由基随机修饰在侧链的结构。聚合物不仅表现出顺磁性和热稳定性，且在光照下发出较强的深红色荧光(溶液发射波长为660 nm，薄膜态发射波长为694 nm)。PS-CzTTM在溶液态(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Φ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝38%)和薄膜态(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Φ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝24%)分别拥有较高的荧光量子产率。此外，PS-CzTTM的光稳定性(355 nm脉冲激光照射下半衰期为1.6×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " s)相比于TTM自由基(355 nm脉冲激光照射下半衰期为54 s)，提高了近300倍。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "自由基聚合物发光体PS-CzTTM示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Illustration of luminescent radical polymer PS-CzTTM" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348848&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348850&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348849&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　其他自由基发光体" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除碳自由基外，少数含氮自由基分子在室温下也展现出发光活性。2018年，Rawson等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道了一种二噻二唑(DTDA)自由基与芘共价连接的新型自由基化合物Py-DTDA(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。在乙腈溶液中，该自由基分子发出罕见的深蓝色荧光(440 nm)，荧光量子效率为50%。通过理论计算揭示了这类发光体的发光源是芘结构单元，DTDA自由基实际上是荧光猝灭基团，但由于芘构建单元的π轨道和DTDA自由基的单占分子轨道(SOMO)重叠程度小且能级不匹配，因而两个基元之间的电子交换非辐射衰减通道受阻，故化合物表现出荧光活性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Py-DTDA在乙腈(4×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "－7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " mol/L)溶液中的激发(黑色曲线)和荧光发射(红色曲线，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝241 nm)光谱及其荧光照片" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Excitation(black curve) and emission(red curve, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝241 nm) spectra of Py-DTDA(4×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "－7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " mol/L in MeCN) and the photo of Py-DTDA under UV irradiation" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348851&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348853&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348852&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随后，该课题组报道了蒽修饰的DTDA自由基化合物(An-DTDA)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，An-DTDA自由基分子也有深蓝色发光性质(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝420 nm)，但其在乙腈中的荧光量子效率为4%(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。理论计算研究表明，蒽发色团与自由基猝灭基团的轨道和能级能较好地匹配，从而导致分子的发光效率较低，即An-DTDA的蓝光发射不是来自于DTDA自由基的本征发光，但自由基单元调控了蒽单元的发光行为。此外，研究工作中还发现An-DTDA自由基化合物薄膜态下在490 nm处出现激基缔合物的发射。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "An-DTDA在乙腈(4×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "－7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " mol/L)溶液中的吸收和荧光发射光谱及其荧光照片(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝255 nm)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Absorption(black curve) and emission(red curve, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "exc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝255 nm) spectra of An-DTDA(4×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "－7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " mol/L) in MeCN and the photo of An-DTDA under UV irradiation(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ex" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝255 nm)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": 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"name": "text", "data": "634(DCM)" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9.3(DCM)" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348912&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348911&type=" } } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　自由基发光体的发光机制与构效关系" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然目前已有越来越多的稳定自由基，但仅有极少部分的自由基分子表现出发光活性。由于自由基发光体稀少，目前对自由基发光体的结构与性质的关联规律仍缺乏足够的认识。鉴于目前实现室温发光的有机自由基绝大多数是三芳基甲基自由基骨架结构，接下来将从调控激发态和抑制非辐射跃迁的角度出发，探讨三芳基甲基类自由基发光体的发光机制和构效关系。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　发光自由基的发光机制" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，自由基发光体的分子设计主要是在氯取代的三芳基甲基自由基的基础上进行化学修饰" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，最常用的策略是在具有吸电子效应的自由基母体上连接供电子单元，从而构建给体-受体型自由基(D-A·)发光体" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。该类D-A·型分子在" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基态和激发态均具有未配对电子，因此是双线态自由基发光体，且最低能级激发态(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")到基态(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")的辐射跃迁是自旋允许的过程(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图12(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。李峰课题组通过在PTM自由基母体上引入芳胺类供电子单元" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，设计合成了PTM-3NCz自由基发光体。该D-A·型自由基的激发态过程可理解为：基态自由基分子吸收光子后，孤对电子性质的给体(氮)转移一个电子到自由基受体上，从而形成具有电荷转移特征的激发态(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图12(a)～(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12(a)～(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，随后D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以辐射跃迁的方式回到D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，并释放光子。值得注意的是，D-A·型的PTM-3NCz分子还具有独特的反构造原理电子结构，即低能级轨道还未填满时，高能级轨道已拥有了成对填入的电子" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，导致SOMO轨道与HOMO轨道能级倒置，有利于提高自由基发光体的稳定性(在355 nm脉冲激光照射下半衰期高达9.13×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " s)，同时保持了较高的发光效率(54%)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F12", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)自由基发光体的亚布隆斯基能量图；(b)PTM-3NCz的基态和激发态分子结构。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Jablonski diagram of radical luminophore. (b)Molecular structure of ground state(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") and excited state(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") of PTM-3NCz." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348913&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348915&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348914&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "当受体性质的自由基(A·)与供电子性质的给体(D)发生电子转移或交换作用时" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，也可诱导产生轨道间的耦合或电子态的系间窜越，从而激活非辐射衰减通道。非辐射衰减与辐射发光相互竞争，降低了自由基发光体的发光效率。值得注意的是，在聚集态下，由于自由基发光体分子间距离缩短，可能带来非辐射衰减通道增多以及速率加快，导致严重的聚集发光猝灭" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。目前，自由基发光体的固态发光主要通过掺杂方式实现" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，且当发光体的掺杂比例较大时还可能出现激基缔合物的发射" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，随之呈现出发光波长红移和发光效率降低。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　发光自由基的构效关系" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在D-A·型自由基发光体中，尽管自由基A·的种类比较单一，但给体种类较多，且可化学修饰，从而为自由基发光体的构效关系研究提供了参考。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "李峰及其合作者设计合成了以咔唑系列物为给体、TTM自由基为受体的D-A·型自由基。改变氮原子在咔唑给体中的位置(α～δ)(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图13(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，自由基发光体的发光特性也随之变化。相比于纯咔唑给体，由于新的电负性氮原子的引入，氮杂咔唑(α～εPyID)的HOMO能级降低，使得TTM-α(～δ)PyID的电荷转移态的前线轨道能隙差增大(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图13(b)、(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13(b)、(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，因此其氯仿溶液的荧光光谱显著蓝移(TTM-α(～δ)PyID：" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝612～643 nm " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "vs" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " TTM-1Cz: " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "λ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "em" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "＝687 nm)。同时，给受体间前线轨道能隙差增大也使得非绝热耦合作用减弱，非辐射跃迁受抑制。因此，TTM-α(～δ)PyID自由基发光体的溶液态发光效率(32%～99%)相比于TTM-1Cz(5%)得到显著增强。由此可知，D-A·型自由基的电子结构调控是提高自由基发光效率的有效途径之一。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F13", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)TTM-1Cz的分子结构；(b)TTM-1Cz中TTM和Cz基团的分子轨道示意图；(c)DFT计算的Cz和α(～δ)PyID基团的HOMO轨道分布及其能级" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Molecular structure of TTM-1Cz. (b)Schematic molecular orbital diagram of the TTM and Cz moieties in TTM-1Cz. (c)DFT-calculated HOMO energies and orbital coefficients for the Cz and α(～δ)PyID moieties" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "．" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348916&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348918&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348917&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在D-A·型自由基中，激发态电荷转移性质是其辐射发光的基本前提。这种激发态电荷转移一方面有利于辐射跃迁，另一方面也可能与高阶的激发双线态(如第二激发双线态D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")发生电子耦合，从而激活非辐射跃迁并猝灭荧光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Brédas等对三苯胺衍生物功能化的全氯取代三苯基甲基自由基(PTM-TPAs)进行了理论计算研究(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图14", "type": "fig", "rid": "F14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过改变三苯胺基元上连接的取代基，影响分子激发态能级(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。理论计算揭示了第一激发双线态(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")具有明显的电荷转移特性，而第二激发双线态(D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")主要表现为定域激发态特征。当改变三苯胺上的取代基时，D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和 D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "态之间可能出现杂化的电荷转移性质。当D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和 D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "之间的能级差较小时，电子耦合作用增强，从而为发光的D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "态增加了非辐射衰减通道；当能量差较大时，电子耦合效应弱，D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "态则主要以辐射发光的方式进行衰减，展示出较强的发光性质。因此，理论上可通过调控双线态的激发态电子结构，影响辐射和非辐射跃迁速率，从而实现双线态发光效率的提高。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F14", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图14" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)PTM-TPAs自由基发光体的分子结构；(b)PTM-TPAs自由基发光体的基态和激发态势能面示意图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.14" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Molecular structure of PTM-TPAs. (b)Schematic representation of the potential energy surfaces for the ground state and excited state of the radicals." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348919&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348921&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21348920&type=" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　结论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近年来，随着自由基发光体的相继出现，其在有机电子器件、磁和力响应等方面的应用展示出了有机自由基的诱人前景。但是，自由基发光体的研究仍然处于初级阶段，其发展仍然面临着一系列的挑战，例如：(1)自由基发光体的分子体系极少，其化学修饰的空间有限，亟待其他分子结构的挖掘；(2)光吸收能力(摩尔吸光系数)、光稳定性和发光量子产率有待提高；(3)缺乏蓝光和绿光自由基发光体，其中蓝光自由基发光体最具挑战性，现有自由基发光机制难以支持高能态发光；(4)抑制自由基的非辐射途径与电子结构的关系尚未建立；(5)对聚集态自由基发光行为尚知之甚少(例如：如何避免在粉末、晶态或掺杂态下的非辐射能量耗散等)。这些领域存在极大的探索和发现空间，并对自由基发光体的应用研究至关重要。由于三芳基甲基(TTM)自由基母体骨架结构的限制，其发光颜色为橙色、红色或者更加红移，因此发展新型自由基发光体的母核是非常必要的。新型自由基骨架可考虑共轭自由基，并限域其未配对电子，这样一方面可使自由基的光子吸收能力和稳定性增强，另一方面也可降低非辐射跃迁几率。更重要的是，发展较低能级的共轭自由基或杂稠骨架，有望获得更多类型的发光分子体系，乃至提升自由基发光体的高阶激发态能级(如D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")，从而既有助于进一步抑制非辐射跃迁，也为高能态发光体(如蓝色自由基发光体)提供了可能。此外，避免分子间非辐射跃迁仍然依赖于聚集态调控，特别是避免分子间自旋电子耦合。" } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献：" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "[1]", "citation": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "GOMBERG M" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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