High-power Thulium-doped Fiber Laser and Its Application in Biological Tissue Cutting

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "高功率掺铥光纤激光器及其在生物组织切割中的应用" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "High-power Thulium-doped Fiber Laser and Its Application in Biological Tissue Cutting" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "韩", "givenname": "文国", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "HAN", "givenname": "Wen-guo", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "韩文国(1985-)，男，甘肃张掖人，博士研究生,2013年于北京交通大学获得学士学位，主要从事2 μm波段光纤激光器方面的研究。E-mail: 14111021@bjtu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350498&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350502&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350506&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "韩文国" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1985-)，男，甘肃张掖人，博士研究生,2013年于北京交通大学获得学士学位，主要从事2 μm波段光纤激光器方面的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "14111021@bjtu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "14111021@bjtu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "延", "givenname": "凤平", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "YAN", "givenname": "Feng-ping", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor3", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail: fpyan@bjtu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail: fpyan@bjtu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "延凤平(1966-)，男，山西兴县人，博士，教授,1996 年于北方交通大学获得博士学位，主要从事光纤激光器、光纤传感器、光纤通信、基于太赫兹超材料等方面的研究。E-mail:fpyan@bjtu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350510&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350514&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350518&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "延凤平" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1966-)，男，山西兴县人，博士，教授,1996 年于北方交通大学获得博士学位，主要从事光纤激光器、光纤传感器、光纤通信、基于太赫兹超材料等方面的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "fpyan@bjtu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "fpyan@bjtu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "冯", "givenname": "亭", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "FENG", "givenname": "Ting", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor4", "lang": "en", "text": "wlxyft@hbu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "wlxyft@hbu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "冯亭(1986-)，男，河北张家口人，博士，副教授,2014 年于北京交通大学获得博士学位，主要从事光纤激光、光纤传感器及其应用等方面的研究。E-mail: wlxyft@hbu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350522&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350526&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350530&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "冯亭" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1986-)，男，河北张家口人，博士，副教授,2014 年于北京交通大学获得博士学位，主要从事光纤激光、光纤传感器及其应用等方面的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "wlxyft@hbu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "wlxyft@hbu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "张", "givenname": "鲁娜", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHANG", "givenname": "Lu-na", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": 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"1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "北京交通大学光波技术研究所　全光网络与现代通信网教育部重点实验室，北京 　 100044", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "北京交通大学光波技术研究所　全光网络与现代通信网教育部重点实验室，北京 　 100044" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network, Ministry of Education, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network, Ministry of Education, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "河北大学物理科学与技术学院　光信息技术创新中心，河北 　 保定 　 071002", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "河北大学物理科学与技术学院　光信息技术创新中心，河北 　 保定 　 071002" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "Photonics Information Innovation Center, College of Physics Science & Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Photonics Information Innovation Center, College of Physics Science & Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "搭建了一个连续波高功率掺铥光纤激光器，并进行了生物组织切割研究。利用自制光纤光栅搭建了线形腔掺铥光纤激光种子源，种子源输出波长为1 941.10 nm，光信噪比为75 dB,50 min内的波长抖动和功率抖动分别小于0.04 nm和0.265 dB，斜率效率和最大输出功率分别为5.6%和186 mW。基于主振荡功率放大结构，分别搭建了前置光放大器和主光放大器，两放大器的斜率效率分别为14.3%和35.86%，经过两级放大后得到21.9 W的激光输出。利用经光束整形后的激光光束进行了生物组织切割实验。设计了多组实验观察该激光器在不同功率和移动速度情况下，切割深度的变化情况。实验表明该掺铥光纤激光器具有良好的切割作用，在生物医学领域具有应用潜力。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "A continuous-wave high-power thulium-doped fiber laser was proposed and its biological tissue cutting was studied. A linear cavity thulium-doped fiber laser source was built by using homemade fiber gratings. The output wavelength of the laser source was 1 941.10 nm, and the optical signal-to-noise ratio is 75 dB. The wavelength and power fluctuations within 50 min were less than 0.04 nm and 0.265 dB, respectively. The slope efficiency and the maximum output power were 5.6% and 186 mW, respectively. According to the master-oscillator power amplifier technology, a pre-amplifier and a main-amplifier were built. The slope efficiencies of the two amplifiers were 14.3% and 35.86%, respectively. After two-stage amplification, the final output power was 21.9 W. The biological tissue cutting experiment was carried out by using the laser beam after beam shaping. Several groups of experiments were designed to observe the cutting depth of the laser under different power and moving speed. The experimental results show that the thulium-doped fiber laser has good cutting effect, and it has potential application in biomedical field." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "光纤激光器" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺铥光纤" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "高功率" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "组织切割" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "fiber laser" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "thulium-doped fiber" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "high-power" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "tissue cutting" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺铥光纤激光器(Thulium-doped fiber laser, TDFL)的工作波长为2 μm波段附近，该波段属于人眼安全波段，且其中存在OH" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的强烈吸收峰" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ",1 9081 940 nm范围内水的吸收系数高达14 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，穿透深度可达70 μm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。生物体的软硬组织中均含有大量的水分，当受2 μm波段的激光照射时会产生强烈的热效应，这种强烈热效应可以起到手术刀的作用。与传统手术刀不同的是，激光手术刀在切开组织的同时能对组织切面产生汽化和凝固作用，因而具有良好的止血效果，有利于缩短术后康复时间" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，激光手术刀还具有体积小、效率高、切口更精确、几乎无交叉感染等优点。目前，连续掺铥光纤激光系统可作为手术刀应用于多种手术当中" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R4", "R5", "R6" ], "text": "4-6", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如神经外科的脑部肿瘤手术、囊肿切除手术、泌尿科碎石手术以及普通的组织汽化手术等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R7", "R8", "R9" ], "text": "7-9", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "用于手术的掺铥光纤激光系统的输出功率一般为W量级" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。基于大芯径增益光纤的掺铥光纤激光器可满足这一输出功率，但其光束质量一般，光功率密度较小，与普通石英基光纤兼容性差，因此不适宜用作激光手术刀。小芯径掺铥光纤激光器的输出功率一般为mW量级，经过光放大器后可得到合适的输出功率，可以满足手术条件。主振荡功率放大(Master-oscillator power amplifier,MOPA)技术可以对低功率激光器进行放大，输出特性由种子源决定，且结构简单、易于搭建" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R11", "R12" ], "text": "11-12", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。MOPA光纤激光系统可根据需要采用种子源加一级放大或多级放大得到所需功率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R13", "R14" ], "text": "13-14", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "将掺铥光纤激光器用于生物组织切割在国外已有研究" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，然而在国内却鲜有报导。本文提出了一种高功率连续光掺铥光纤激光系统，并利用该系统进行了组织切割实验。利用自制光纤光栅搭建了线形腔掺铥光纤激光器，种子源结构简单，在室温下具有高光信噪比(Optical signal-to-noise ratio,OSNR)和高稳定性;分别搭建了前置光放大器和主光放大器，种子源经两级放大后，得到21.9 W的1.94 μm波段连续光输出;利用经过光束整形后的激光光束进行了生物组织切割实验，在不同参数下进行了多组实验，对切割结果进行了观察和分析。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　掺铥光纤激光系统" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2 μm波段掺Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "光纤激光器的实验系统结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)、(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)、(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别为系统的实验结构图和实物图。该系统由激光种子源(Laser source)、前置光放大器(Pre-amplifier)、主光放大器(Main-amplifier)和光束整形(Beam shaping)透镜组成，种子源输出激光经过两级放大达到预定功率，经过光束整形透镜实现聚焦，最终形成可用于组织切割的激光光束。下面分别对种子源、前置光放大和主光放大部分的结构和输出特性进行分析。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "掺Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "光纤激光系统。 (a)实验结构图;(b)系统实物图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped fiber laser system. (a)Experimental setup. (b)Picture of system." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350534&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350541&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350537&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　种子源特性" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "种子源结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，种子源使用最大输出功率为12 W的793 nm半导体激光器(Laser diode,LD)作为泵浦源、一个高反射率窄带均匀光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg grating,FBG)和一个低反射率啁啾光纤布拉格光栅(Chirped fiber Bragg grating,CFBG)作为腔镜、一段Nufern公司生产的石英基掺Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "双包层光纤(Thulium-doped fiber,TDF)作为增益介质。TDF内包层为八边形结构，可以防止泵浦功率在圆形内包层中形成螺旋效应，其长度约为2 m，芯径/内包层直径为10/130 μm，纤芯数值孔径为0.15，在793 nm处吸收系数为4.5 dB/m。FBG作为腔内高反射镜，其反射谱和透射谱测量结果如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，反射率大于99%，中心反射波长为1 941.1 nm;CFBG为低反射镜，反射率为68%，反射带宽大于5 nm，其反射谱和透射谱测量结果如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其中，实验所用光谱仪的最小分辨率为0.05 nm。两支光栅均采用周期为1 347.30 nm的相位掩膜板在10/130 μm光敏匹配光纤上写制，使用匹配光纤可减小其在与增益光纤熔接时引入的熔接点损耗。由" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以看出,CFBG的反射谱可以完全覆盖FBG的反射谱。利用FBG一端作为泵浦光输入端，用于波长选择;利用CFBG一端作为激光输出端，可以保证线形谐振腔内激光的稳定激射。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光纤光栅的反射谱和透射谱。(a)FBG;(b)CFBG。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Reflection and transmission spectra of fiber gratings. (a)FBG. (b)CFBG." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350545&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350553&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350549&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在种子源激光器搭建过程中，为尽可能小地引入损耗需要尽量减少熔接点的个数，整个种子源部分只包含3个熔接点，分别为LD输出尾纤与FBG输入端的熔接点、FBG输出端与TDF一端的熔接点、TDF另一端与CFBG输入端的熔接点。实验过程中发现，由于TDF的掺杂浓度较高且Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子在高温下容易扩散，而FBG和CFBG使用的匹配光纤没有掺杂Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子，所以两种光纤在熔接时存在较严重的模场失配，在泵浦功率较大时会存在较大的损耗，需要仔细调整光纤熔接机的放电参数;另外，由于匹配光纤内包层为圆形，而增益光纤内包层为八边形，所以熔接时也容易导致包层功率在熔接点处泄漏并产生热效应，需要仔细处理熔接点才能使得泵浦光以较高效率耦合到TDF中。此外，由于在FBG和CFBG写制过程中会对光纤包层有一定的损伤，在光栅处也存在热效应。因此，为了使得种子源保持较高的光束质量，输入泵浦光功率和输出信号光功率均不宜过高。由于激光器功率及功率相关参数是软组织切割实验的关键参数，因此首先对激光器的光信噪比、输出功率、波长以及功率抖动等参数进行了表征。由于能感应2 μm激光的相机或探头十分昂贵，课题组暂时不具备测量2 μm激光光束质量的条件，因此并未测量光束质量。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了测量激光输出特性，在CFBG输出端熔接了一段单模光纤跳线。在泵浦功率为5 W时，种子源输出光谱如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，可见输出激光的中心波长为1 941.1 nm，与FBG的中心反射波长一致，输出光信噪比大于75 dB，激光中心波长处的峰值功率达到22.7 dBm，即186 mW。由于单模光纤与10/130匹配光纤存在一定的模场失配，可以断定实际输出功率更高。为了考察输出激光的稳定性，保持对激光光谱进行时间间隔5 min、总长50 min的连续扫描,50 min内激光的稳定性如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其中心波长偏移量小于0.04 nm，峰值功率的抖动范围小于0.265 dB。为了进一步测量种子源的光光转换特性，将单模跳线去除，并熔接上一个带10/130 μm匹配光纤尾纤的泵浦功率剥离器，使用激光功率计测量不同泵浦功率时的激光输出功率，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，可见阈值功率约为1.8 W，斜率效率为5.6%。斜率效率较低主要是由谐振腔内的熔接点和光纤光栅处泄漏掉了较多的泵浦光造成的。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "种子源输出特性。(a)输出光谱图;(b)输出波长和功率抖动;(c)输出功率随泵浦功率变化。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Output characteristics of laser source. (a)output laser spectrum. (b)Fluctuations of output wavelength and power. (c)Output power " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "versus" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " pump power." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350557&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350563&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350560&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　前置光放大器特性" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "前置光放大器结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其中包括两个最大输出功率为12 W的793 nm泵浦源、一个(2+1)×1的光纤合束器(Fiber combiner,FC)和一段Nufern公司生产的石英基掺Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "双包层光纤。FC的泵浦光纤和信号光输入光纤的纤芯/包层直径分别为105/125 μm和10/130 μm，输出端光纤的纤芯/包层直径为10/130 μm。TDF作为放大器增益光纤，长度为3 m，其结构和特性参数与种子源激光器中的TDF相同。前置光放大器实验系统的实物图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。其中TDF铺设于一块特殊设计的铝板上，且光纤盘绕于铝板上的螺旋细槽之中，细槽为矩形槽，深度和宽度均为1 mm。由于所有没有转化成输出激光的泵浦能量最终几乎都会变成热量释放出来，如果不能及时散热，局部热量聚集将造成该处温度持续升高，轻则影响激光输出和光束质量，重则直接导致光纤熔毁。因此，光纤置于铝板中有助于工作时散热。前置光放大器搭建时，同样涉及到匹配光纤和增益光纤的熔接质量问题，需要尽可能地减少熔接点处的泵浦光泄露。将种子光源输出光纤与FC的种子光输入光纤熔接，由于不涉及到增益光纤，且两种光纤均为10/130 μm匹配光纤，该连接点熔接性能良好。一方面可以保证种子光有效地耦合到放大器中;另一方面可以将种子光源剩余泵浦光也有效传递到前置放大器增益光纤中，以回收利用。将种子光源输出功率设定为174 mW时，经过前置光放大器放大后的输出功率随放大器泵浦光功率变化情况如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，可见前置放大器的斜率效率为14.3%，泵浦功率为10.76 W时，放大后输出功率为1.55 W。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "前置光放大器特性。(a)放大器实物图;(b)输出功率随泵浦功率变化。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Characteristics of pre-amplifier. (a)Picture of pre-amplifier. (b)Output power " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "versus" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " pump power." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350566&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350572&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350569&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3　主光放大器特性" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "主光放大器结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其由两个德国DILAS公司生产的最大输出功率为30 W的793 nm泵浦激光器、一个(2+1)×1的光纤合束器、一段Nufern公司生产的石英基掺Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "双包层光纤和一个泵浦光剥离器(Cladding power stripper,CPS)组成。其中，两个泵浦激光器串联且由同一个驱动电源控制器供电和控制,TDF长度为4 m,CPS的输入和输出光纤均为纤芯/包层直径为10/130 μm的匹配光纤。实验过程中发现，将输出光纤部分涂覆层剥除后浸入到甘油中也可以有效剥除剩余的泵浦光，实验时可以作为CPS使用，且能够减少熔接点的数量，以便更准确地测量输出激光功率。主光放大器实验系统的实物图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其中TDF铺设于一块特殊设计的水冷铝板上，且光纤盘绕于铝板上的螺旋细槽之中，细槽为矩形槽，深度和宽度均为1 mm，且使用导热硅脂填充光纤与细槽的空隙，以使其充分接触散热。两个泵浦激光器同样置于两块定制的水冷板上，二者之间填充少许导热硅脂。主光放大器搭建时，同样涉及到匹配光纤和增益光纤的熔接质量问题，需要尽可能地减小熔接点处的泵浦光泄露。由于主放大器部分泵浦功率较高，为防止增益光纤烧毁，实验时将匹配光纤与增益光纤的熔接点置于水槽中以有效散热。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "主光放大器特性。(a)放大器实物图;(b)输出功率随泵浦功率变化。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Characteristics of main-amplifier. (a)Picture of main-amplifier. (b)Output power " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "versus" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " pump power." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350574&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350579&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350576&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "将前置光放大器输出光纤与主光放大器的FC输入光纤熔接，同样，两光纤连接点熔接性能良好。主光放大器经过CPS后的输出端与带有FC/APC连接头的普通单模光纤跳线连接，以测量输出功率。由于普通单模与10/130匹配光纤类型不同，于是根据以下公式计算了1 940 nm处两光纤熔接点的模场失配损耗:" } ] }, { "name": "dispformula", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(1)" } ], "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " }, { "name": "math", "data": { "graphicsData": { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350582&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350584&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350586&type=" } } }, { "name": "text", "data": " " }, { "name": "text", "data": " " } ], "id": "DF1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "其中，普通单模光纤与10/130匹配光纤的模场直径分别为" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "D" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "=" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "10" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "88 μm和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "D" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "=" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "10" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "75 μm，模场失配损耗" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "α" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "仅为0.000 6 dB，可以忽略不计。将前置光放大器的输出调节为1.3 W，经主光放大器放大后的激光输出功率随泵浦光功率变化情况如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，可见主光放大器的斜率效率已高达35.86%，在两台泵浦激光器功率为30.26 W时，输出功率可达21.9 W。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了衡量所提出的激光器的性能，将该激光器与一些已经报道的掺铥光纤激光器进行了比较，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。可以看出所制作的TDFL呈现出最高的OSNR、中等水平的输出功率和较好的稳定性。接下来该激光器将用于生物组织的切割研究。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "所提出的激光器与已经报道的掺铥光纤激光器的比较" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Comparison of the proposed laser and the reported TDFLs" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Maximum OSNR/dB" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Output power/W" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Power stability" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Reference" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N/A" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26.0" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N/A" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.087 5" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "<0.95 dB" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N/A" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37.4" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "<1.0%" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.002" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.71 dB" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21.9" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.26 dB" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "This work" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350590&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350588&type=" } } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　生物组织切割实验" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "经两级放大得到的连续激光通过光束整形透镜实现聚焦后，可作为手术刀进行组织切割。利用激光光束切割涂有生理盐水膜的肌肉组织及切割结果如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6(a)、(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6(a)、(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。可见，该2 μm掺Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "光纤激光器可有效地进行组织切割。为了检验该激光系统的特性，分别设计了4组不同参数的实验对切割结果进行观察和分析。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "生物组织切割实验。(a)切割肌肉组织;(b)切割结果。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Cutting experiment of biological tissue. (a)Cutting of muscle tissue. (b)Cutting results." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350592&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350595&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350593&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　固定位置切割肌肉组织时，切割功率与切割深度关系实验" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "选取新鲜牛肌肉组织作为实验对象，肌肉组织切块放于距离透镜20 mm(透镜焦距)处，通过调节位移平台(Displacement platform,DP)选择5处不同位置进行切割，每次切割过程中激光器输出位置固定，每次切割持续时间为5 s,5次切割时激光器的功率" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "不同。切割完成后，将刀口处组织制成样本，在4倍显微镜下观察。显微镜下切割刀口图片如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，测量得到5组激光器功率与切割深度的数据如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "显微镜下激光器不同功率固定位置切割肌肉组织实验结果图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Experimental results of muscle tissue cutting at fixed position with different powers under microscope" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350598&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350602&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350600&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "固定位置切割时，切割深度随激光器功率的变化关系。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "When cutting at fixed position, the relationship between the laser power and cutting depth." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350603&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350609&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350606&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可得，定点切割时，随着激光器功率增大，切割深度也明显增加，当激光器功率为6.93 W时，切割深度为2 086.162 0 μm。对所得到的数据进行线性拟合，拟合优度为0.86。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　移动切割脂肪组织时，切割功率与切割深度关系实验" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "选取脂肪组织作为实验对象，脂肪切块放于距离透镜20 mm处，位移平台移动速度设为" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "v" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=5 mm/s，选择不同功率进行4组实验。切割完成后，将脂肪横截面制成样本，在4倍显微镜下观察。显微镜下切割刀口图片如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，测量得到4组激光器功率与切割深度的数据如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "显微镜下激光器不同功率移动切割脂肪实验结果图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Experimental results of adipose tissue cutting with different powers under microscope" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350612&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350617&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350615&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "固定速度切割时，脂肪组织的切割深度随激光器功率的变化关系。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "When cutting at a fix speed, the relationship between the laser power and cutting depth of adipose tissue." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350618&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350620&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350619&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可得，在相同移动速度切割时，切割深度随着激光器功率增大而增加，当激光器功率为6.93 W时，切割深度为572.636 5 μm。对所得到的数据进行线性拟合，拟合优度为0.94。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　移动切割肌肉组织时，切割功率与切割深度关系实验" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "选取鸡肌肉组织作为实验对象，组织切块放于距离透镜20 mm处，位移平台移动速度设为" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "v" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=5 mm/s，选择不同功率进行6组实验。切割完成后，将肌肉组织横截面制成样本，在4倍显微镜下观察。显微镜下切割刀口图片如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图11", "type": "fig", "rid": "F11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，测量得到6组功率与切割深度的数据如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图12", "type": "fig", "rid": "F12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F11", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "显微镜下激光器不同功率移动切割肌肉组织实验结果图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Experimental results of muscle tissue cutting with different powers under microscope" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350621&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350623&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350622&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F12", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "固定速度切割时，肌肉组织切割深度随激光器功率的变化关系。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "When cutting at a fix speed, the relationship between the laser power and cutting depth of muscle tissue." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350624&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350626&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350625&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图12", "type": "fig", "rid": "F12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以看出，在相同移动速度切割时，切割深度随着激光器功率增大而增加，当激光器功率为8.38 W时，切割深度为553.472 2 μm。对所得到的数据进行线性拟合，拟合优度为0.93。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4　移动切割肌肉组织时，移动速度与切割深度关系实验" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "选取新鲜猪肌肉组织作为实验对象，肌肉组织切块放于距离透镜20 mm处，激光器功率" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设定为2.73 W，选择不同位移平台移动速度" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "v" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "进行5组实验。切割完成后，将组织横截面制成样本，在4倍显微镜下观察。显微镜下切割刀口图片如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图13", "type": "fig", "rid": "F13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，由于最后两组移动速度过快，切割深度无法测量，因此测量得到的前3组移动速度与切割深度如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图14", "type": "fig", "rid": "F14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F13", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "显微镜下激光器不同移动速度切割肌肉组织实验结果图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Experimental results of muscle tissue cutting with different moving speed under microscope" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350628&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350632&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350630&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F14", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图14" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "切割深度随移动速度的变化关系" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.14" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Relationship between the cutting depth and the moving speed" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350634&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350638&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21350636&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图14", "type": "fig", "rid": "F14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以看出，在激光器功率一定时，当" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.73 W、" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "v" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=13 mm/s时，切割深度随着激光器移动速度的增加而减小。激光器移动速度为1 mm/s时，切割深度为258.827 9 μm。对所得到的数据进行线性拟合，拟合优度为0.96。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在实验中观察到生物组织碳化明显，这是因为所用的生物组织不是活体组织，其含水量远低于活体组织。在实际临床中使用的激光手术刀，需要用生理盐水冲洗患处。实验中使用的激光器输出头是特制的石英玻璃，光束为发散光束，因此只在离激光器输出12 mm内才有明显的热切除效应，稍远则功率密度迅速减小，不再能切除或者汽化。这种情况下，在生理盐水中切割是不受影响的，剧烈的热效应产生的热量来不及扩散，即便在水中，也能切割软组织、使软组织碳化甚至汽化。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　结论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文搭建了一个高功率连续光掺铥光纤激光系统，并验证了该系统在组织切割实验中的效果。利用自制光纤光栅搭建了线形腔掺铥光纤激光种子源，在室温下，种子源输出波长为1 941.1 nm，光信噪比为75 dB,50 min内的波长抖动和功率抖动分别小于0.04 nm和0.265 dB，斜率效率和最大输出功率分别为5.6%和186 mW。采用MOPA结构分别搭建了前置光放大器和主光放大器，种子源经前置光放大器后输出功率为1.55 W，前置光放大器的斜率效率为14.3%，经过主光放大器后得到21.9 W的连续光输出，主光放大器的斜率效率为35.86%。利用经过光束整形后的激光光束进行了多组生物组织切割实验。固定时长固定位置切割肌肉组织时，切割深度随着激光器功率增大而加深，当功率为6.93 W时，切割深度为2 086.162 0 μm;固定速度移动切割脂肪时，切割深度随着激光器功率增大而加深，当功率为6.93 W时，切割深度为572.636 5 μm;固定速度移动切割肌肉组织时，切割深度随着激光器功率增大而加深，当功率为8.38 W时，切割深度为553.472 2 μm;固定功率移动切割肌肉组织时，切割深度随着激光器速度减小而加深，当激光器移动速度为1 mm/s时，切割深度为258.827 9 μm。实验表明，该掺铥光纤激光系统具有良好的切割作用，在生物医学领域具有应用潜力。" } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献:" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "[1]", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "SAKATA H" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "ARAKI S" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "NUMANO T" }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al." }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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