Progress of Carbon Dots Regulating Plant Photosynthesis

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{ "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "雷", "givenname": "炳富", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LEI", "givenname": "Bing-fu", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail: tleibf@scau.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail: tleibf@scau.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "雷炳富(1977-)，男，广东茂名人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，2007年于中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事设施农业用光转换材料、纳米农业用光电功能材料、碳基农业功能材料、农业环境检测及传感材料的研究。E-mail:tleibf@scau.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208205&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208212&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208215&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "雷炳富" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1977-)，男，广东茂名人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，2007年于中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位，主要从事设施农业用光转换材料、纳米农业用光电功能材料、碳基农业功能材料、农业环境检测及传感材料的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "tleibf@scau.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "tleibf@scau.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "刘", "givenname": "应亮", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIU", "givenname": "Ying-liang", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "tliuyl@scau.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "tliuyl@scau.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "刘应亮(1960-)，男，湖南隆回人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事光功能材料——新型发光材料的探索、光学性能及其在农业和能源领域的应用，新型碳材料——生物质碳材料的设计制备、光电性能及其在能源和农业领域应用的研究。E-mail: tliuyl@scau.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208219&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208225&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208228&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "刘应亮" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1960-)，男，湖南隆回人，博士，教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事光功能材料——新型发光材料的探索、光学性能及其在农业和能源领域的应用，新型碳材料——生物质碳材料的设计制备、光电性能及其在能源和农业领域应用的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "tliuyl@scau.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "tliuyl@scau.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "华南农业大学　材料与能源学院，广东 　 广州 　 510642", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "华南农业大学　材料与能源学院，广东 　 广州 　 510642" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室，广东 　 广州 　 510642", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室，广东 　 广州 　 510642" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点(CDs)作为一种碳基纳米材料，因其粒径小、水溶性好、生物相容性高、无毒性、制备简便、原料来源广等优势，吸引了众多研究人员的关注，已在医学成像技术、环境监测、化学分析、催化剂制备、能源开发等诸多领域表现出较好的应用前景。近些年，CDs开始被应用于农业领域，尤其对植物光合作用具有优异的调控作用。一方面，CDs具有良好的光学性能，可以向叶绿体传递能量或转换光能，提高光合电子的传递速率，进而加快光合作用中光能向活跃的化学能的转化。另一方面，CDs还可以促进植物叶绿素的合成、上调光合作用相关酶的活性，提高植物对光能的捕获能力以及对CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定速率。鉴于CDs在农业生产中的应用前景，本文从CDs的性质和植物的生理过程出发，系统地综述了CDs在调控植物光合作用中的研究进展，并对目前限制CDs应用的问题进行了总结，为其未来的发展提供了参考。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Carbon dots(CDs), a kind of carbon nanomaterials, have various superiorities, such as small size, good water solubility, high biocompatibility, non-tixicity, simple preparation, and wide raw material sources, thereby attracting more and more attentions from researchers in medical imaging technology, environmental monitoring, chemical analysis, catalyst preparation, energy development. In recent years, CDs have begun to be applied in the field of agriculture, especially in regulating the plant photosynthesis. On the one hand, CDs, due to their good optical properties, can transfer energy or convert light to chloroplasts to improve the electron transport rate, thus accelerating the transformation of light energy to active chemical energy in photosynthesis. On the other hand, CDs can also promote the synthesis of chlorophyll and the activity of photosynthesis-related enzymes, thereby improving the ability of plants to capture light energy and CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " assimilation. In view of the application prospect of CDs in agriculture, this paper systematically reviewed the research progress of CDs in regulating plant photosynthesis based on the property of CDs and the physiological process of plants. Subsequently, the current problems restricting the application of CDs were summarized. This paper provides reference for the future development of CDs in agriculture." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "植物" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "光合作用" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "农业" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "carbon dots" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "plant" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "photosynthesis" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "agriculture" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "农业生产是有人类文明出现以来最重要的人类活动，不仅为人类提供源源不断的食物，同时还为许多工业生产提供了丰富的原材料。通过不断的技术革新，世界粮食产量逐年增长，相比于20年前，世界范围内营养不良的人口数量已经减少了一半(http://www.fao.org/faostat/zh/#data)。但是，仍然有将近10亿人的温饱问题无法解决" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。为了提高粮食产量，农业生产过程中会使用大量的农药和化肥，用于保证农作物对营养的需求及抵抗有害生物的入侵和不良气候环境的胁迫。长期大量地使用这些化学制品，虽然为保证粮食产量做出了巨大的贡献，但也增加了农业生产的成本，牺牲了环境生态安全和耕地质量，造成了严重的空气、水和土壤污染，破坏了土壤的结构和生物多样性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R2", "R3", "R4" ], "text": "2-4", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。大量研究已经证明，目前农业生产对环境的影响正在逐年升高，而产出-投入比和农业生产的弹性正在逐年降低" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。为了农业生产的绿色可持续发展，亟待解决的问题就是减少农药和化肥等化学制品的使用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "据报道，植物的生物量有超过90%产自于光合作用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。植物的叶片细胞中含有大量可以进行光合作用的叶绿体，叶绿体内分布有类囊体。类囊体通常是几十个垛叠在一起，其膜上有光合色素和电子传递系统" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。当植物叶片受到光照时，类囊体膜上的反应中心色素分子受光激发而发生电荷分离，将光能转化为电能，产生的高能电子推动类囊体膜上光系统Ⅰ和光系统Ⅱ的电子传递，造成水分子的裂解放氧和还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)的生成。同时在水裂解和电子传递的过程中形成了跨膜的质子动力势，进而推动光合磷酸化生成三磷酸腺苷(ATP)。活跃的NADPH和ATP可以为暗反应中CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定提供能量。最终，叶绿体吸收的光能通过电能的形势转化为活跃的化学能，用于CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定，生成生物质" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，理论上可以通过调控植物光合作用速率提高作物产量" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "纳米材料的快速发展为许多社会问题提供了更好的解决方案，包括农业和环境领域" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R9", "R10", "R11" ], "text": "9-11", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。根据光合作用的原理，利用荧光材料调节光合作用中的光捕获、电子传递和能量转化被认为是一种理想的提高植物光合效率的方法，例如有机荧光分子" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R12", "R13" ], "text": "12-13", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和无机金属荧光量子点" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等。但是有机荧光分子的荧光发射不稳定，易猝灭" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R15", "R16" ], "text": "15-16", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，限制了其实际应用。相比于有机分子，无机金属荧光量子点具有较宽的光谱范围、高效的激发能量转化和相对稳定的荧光发射，但是荧光量子点中往往含有重金属离子成分，对生物体的毒性较高" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R17", "R18" ], "text": "17-18", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳点(CDs)是一种荧光碳纳米材料，粒径" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "10nm，具有优异的光学性能、良好的水溶性、低毒性、环境友好性、生物相容性、原料来源广、制备成本低等诸多优点" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。目前，众多研究报道表明CDs在促进植物生长、提高植物抗逆性和光合作用等方面具有巨大应用潜力(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。CDs优异的光致发光特性使之既是电子供体，也是电子受体，成为一种良好的能量传递中间体" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在植物光合作用中，研究人员发现CDs的荧光发射光谱与叶绿体的光吸收谱重合时，CDs的激发能可以被叶绿体捕获，进而加快类囊体膜上的光合电子传递速率，促进植物的光合作用和生长速率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R22", "R23", "R24" ], "text": "22-24", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同时，CDs还对光合作用中叶绿素的合成和CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定发挥积极的促进作用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R25", "R26" ], "text": "25-26", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。本文将从CDs的合成原料、光学性质以及作用机理出发，系统地综述CDs调控植物光合作用的研究进展，并对目前亟需解决的问题及未来的发展趋势进行展望。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs在调控植物不同生理过程中的作用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Effect of CDs in the regulation of different physiological processes in plants" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208232&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208239&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208235&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　不同来源CDs对光合作用的影响" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs的制备原料来源十分广泛，包括生物质和碳材料等大块物质的剥离(Top-down)和小分子有机试剂的聚合-碳化(Bottom-up)两种制备路径" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。研究发现，两种方式制备的CDs均可以对植物光合作用产生积极的调控作用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Chandra等利用抗坏血酸和2,2'-(乙烯二氧)双(乙胺)为原料，通过微波法制备了一种生物相容的胺功能化的荧光CDs，分离产量达到了克级。该CDs表面富含氨基(—NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")、羟基(—OH)和部分残留的—COO" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，使其可以通过静电作用或共价键结合的方式与叶绿体膜(表面呈电负性)发生强结合。该CDs的荧光发射为蓝色(400~550 nm)，与叶绿体在蓝光区域的光吸收谱重合。因此，叶绿体可以捕获CDs被激发的光子，并以电子的形式传递到光合系统，进而加快光合电子传递速率，提高光合效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Budak等利用柠檬酸、尿素和硼酸，通过微波法制备了富含硼和氮的石墨量子点，可使光合色素在670 nm处的荧光增强20%，说明该石墨量子点可作为人工光合生物天线系统的重要组成部分" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Li等利用电化学刻蚀法剥离石墨棒制备了一种CDs，对水稻植株进行叶面喷施后，发现其可以提高水稻光合作用中CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "固定所需关键酶1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(RuBisCO酶)的活性，加快碳水化合物的合成，最终使水稻幼苗的生物量提高了14.8%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后该研究团队又将该CDs加入MS培养基中培养8种双子叶植物，结果表明其生物量均增加20%以上" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在本课题组的研究中，利用一种中药材生物质黄柏制备了一种具有红、蓝光双荧光发射的CDs，其荧光发射光谱与植物光合作用所吸收利用的光谱相吻合。利用该CDs处理叶绿体后，其光合效率提高了2.8倍。根施处理罗马生菜后，其叶片的光合电子速率提高了25%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "两种路径制备的CDs均可以提高植物光合作用效率，说明CDs的制备原料和方法对其调控植物光合作用并不发挥决定作用。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　CDs的光学性质对光合作用的影响" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着对CDs研究的逐步深入，其发光机理开始被人们逐渐熟知，目前主要有三种解释:(1)共轭π-键的能带跃迁。对于具有较大共轭π键和表面官能团较少的CDs来说，其荧光发射主要来源于其内核的sp" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "结构共轭π电子的量子限域效应，并且CDs内核尺寸越大，其荧光发射峰位置越红移" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。(2)表面缺陷态。当CDs表面含有sp" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和sp" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "杂化碳衍生的基团，或环氧基、羟基和羧基等含氧基团时，这些基团会引入缺陷，在带隙中形成新的能级。这些新的能级会捕获光生电子，进而激子在缺陷位点复合而发出荧光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R30", "R31" ], "text": "30-31", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。(3)荧光分子或荧光团。在利用一些小分子制备CDs时，随着碳化温度升高和时间延长，其表面会形成某些荧光分子或荧光团，从而使CDs发射荧光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。一般这种CDs的荧光量子效率(QY)较前两种更高。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "植物光合作用的最初动力来源于光照，两个强吸收区分别为640~660 nm的红光区和430~450 nm的蓝光区。被光激发后，反应中心色素分子发生电荷分离，将光能转化为电能，推动类囊体膜上的光合电子传递，进而引起水分子的裂解产氧及NADPH和ATP的生成，为CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "固定提供能量。因此，相较于CDs的制备原料和方法，其光学性质在调控植物光合作用中应发挥更重要的作用。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　CDs的发光中心" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前报道的CDs的荧光发射几乎覆盖了整个可见光区，并且其荧光发射具有高度可调节性。虽然对光合作用有效的可见光波长为400~700 nm，但是叶绿素对光波吸收最强的区为蓝光区(430~450 nm)和红光区(640~660 nm)。在理论上，如果CDs荧光发射光谱与植物光合作用的吸收光谱相吻合，CDs的激发能便可被叶绿体重吸收用于光合作用，从而提高光合效率。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "蓝色荧光发射的CDs是最常见的，在最早的研究中，Chandra等就利用蓝色荧光发射的CDs研究其对植物光合作用的调控" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。他们发现CDs的荧光发射光谱与光合作用吸收利用的蓝光区光谱几乎完全重合，将该CDs与离体叶绿体复合后，二者之间会发生能量共振转移，CDs被激发的光子可以被叶绿体捕获吸收用于光合作用，使光系统Ⅰ(PS-Ⅰ)和光系统Ⅱ(PS-Ⅱ)的光合电子传递速率分别提高26%和74.3%。最终增加了叶绿体的产氧量、NADPH(提高了191.52 mmol/mg 叶绿体)和ATP(~8.7倍)的生成。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "蓝光的能量较高，可将叶绿素分子激发到第二单线态，而能量较弱的红光可将叶绿素分子激发到第一单线态。虽然处于第二单线态的叶绿素分子具有更高的能量，但是超过的部分不能被转移到光合反应中心，而是以热的形式耗散掉" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，光合作用对红光能量的利用率要高于对蓝光的。虽然利用红色荧光CDs调控植物光合作用的研究尚未见报道，但是本课题组在前期的研究中制备了一种具有红色和蓝色双发射的荧光CDs，其发射光谱与光合作用的吸收光谱重合。将该CDs与叶绿体复合后，叶绿体PS-Ⅰ和PS-Ⅱ的光合电子传递速率被显著加快(促进效果优于仅具有蓝光发射的CDs)，使ATP的生成量提高了2.8倍。用于根施培养罗马生菜后，其叶片中的光合电子传递速率提高了25%，并增加了植株的生物量" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。该CDs对叶绿体ATP产量的提高低于前文提到的蓝色荧光发射CDs(~8.7倍)，应该是二者的QY不同或不同批次试验条件不同导致的。不同荧光发射的CDs对光合作用的影响需要进一步在同一批次的试验中加以验证，以规避其他因素对结果的影响。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然远红光(" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "685 nm)不能直接被光合作用吸收利用，还会使光合量子产率急剧下降，但是当远红光和红光(650 nm)同时照射时，其量子产率会显著升高，并且超过二者单独照射时量子产率之和，该现象被称为爱默生效应(Emerson effect)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在本课题组的研究中，利用还原性谷胱甘肽的甲酰胺溶液通过微波法制备了一种具有紫外吸收、远红外发射的荧光CDs，其发射峰位于625~800 nm(中心峰位为683 nm)。在离体叶绿体和生菜中，通过对紫外辐射的转换，该CDs加快了光合电子传递速率和光合效率，其促进效果优于仅有蓝光或红光发射的CDs。最终，使生菜的鲜重和干重分别提高了51.14%和24.60%。由于该CDs的荧光发射峰较宽(625~800 nm)，覆盖了红光和远红光，因此作者将该CDs对光合作用的促进效果归因于爱默生效应" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　CDs的量子效率(QY)" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光照是光合作用所需能量的最初来源。光照强度是影响光合作用的一个重要因素。在光合作用中存在两个光照强度节点:光补偿点(Light compensation point)和光饱和点(Light saturation point)。当叶片的光合生产速率与呼吸消耗速率相等时，即净光合速率为零时的光照强度称为光补偿点。当光合速率达到最大值时的光照强度称为光饱和点。当光照强度低于光补偿点时，净光合效率为负值；当光照强度高于光饱和点时，光合效率不再提高，甚至会生成活性氧，破坏光合结构，造成光抑制作用。只有光照强度介于光补偿点和光饱和点之间时，光合效率会随着光照强度的升高而提高" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在我们的研究中，通过调控CDs中氮元素的掺杂量，制备了QY梯度变化的CDs，并且研究了CDs对光合作用的QY效应。结果发现，该CDs可以均匀分布于离体叶绿体和水稻叶片中，在光的激发下可以将紫外光转换为蓝光，进而被叶绿体捕获用于光合作用。但是，只有QY适中的CDs(QY=46.42%)才会对光合作用产生积极的促进作用。我们认为，CDs的存在会对叶绿体对光的捕获产生一定的干扰作用。当QY较低时，CDs转光作用无法补偿干扰作用，造成对光合作用的抑制；当QY较高时，CDs的转光作用太强，使得叶绿体接收到的总光照强度超过了其光饱和点，对其光合作用产生了抑制作用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "因此，当在农业生产中利用CDs调控植物光合作用时，应根据当地的实际太阳辐射强度，选择适当QY的CDs，以防对植物光合作用造成不利影响。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　CDs调控光合作用机理" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.1　电子传递" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "植物的光合作用一般可分为两个阶段:类囊体膜上的光反应(Light reaction)阶段和叶绿体基质中的碳同化(CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " assimilation)，其中光反应包含光能的吸收转换、电子的传递和光合磷酸化(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。当绿色植物叶片受到光照时，类囊体膜上的天线色素分子吸收光子后被激发，随后将能量传递给中心色素分子引起光化学反应，通过类囊体膜上的电子传递链从水分子中夺得电子并最终传递给NADP" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，引起水分子裂解放氧和NADPH的生成。同时，ATP合酶利用电子传递形成的质子跨膜动力势合成ATP。活跃的NADPH和ATP可以为暗反应中CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定提供能量。最终，叶绿体吸收的光能通过电能的形势转化为活跃的化学能，用于CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定，生成生物质" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)叶绿体内光合作用:光合作用的光反应发生在类囊体膜上，而暗反应发生在叶绿体基质上；(b)光合电子和质子传递链:从水到NADP" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "形成NADPH的线性电子转移途径导致在类囊体膜上形成质子梯度，ATP合酶利用这种梯度来制造ATP" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Photosynthesis in chloroplast: The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membrane, whereas the dark reactions are located in the chloroplast stroma. (b)Photosynthetic electron and proton transfer chain: the linear electron transfer pathway from water to reduce NADP" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to NADPH, forming a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane that is used by the ATP synthase enzyme to produce ATP" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208244&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208253&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=21208248&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs可同时作为电子供体和电子受体，目前关于其调控植物光合作用的研究提出的作用机理主要围绕CDs向叶绿体的光转换和能量传递展开。一般来讲，大多数CDs的荧光发射位于蓝光区，并且CDs具有较强的荧光发射可协调性，可以做到与光合作用吸收光谱的重合。因此，在被光激发后CDs的能量可以传递给叶绿体，或者发挥转光作用，使叶绿体吸收捕获到更多的光能，加快类囊体膜上的电子传递速率，进而提高光合效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R22", "R23" ], "text": "22-23", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Chandra等首次利用离体的叶绿体与CDs复合后证明了CDs在光合作用中向叶绿体的能量传递作用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，其他研究者在不同CDs和不同植株上进一步验证了CDs的这一作用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。但是，在我们的一项研究中发现，将柠檬酸和乙醇胺制备的CDs与叶绿体复合后，CDs并不能向叶绿体进行能量传递，而是在叶绿体中发挥了光转化的作用(紫外光-蓝光)，进而加快了光合电子的传递速率，最终提高了光合效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由此可以看出，CDs在光合作用光反应中的作用可能与CDs的种类有关，有待进一步研究分析，以确定除了CDs的光学性质外影响光反应的其他因素。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.2　RuBisCO酶活性" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在植物光合作用中光反应将光能转换为活跃的化学能，为后续CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定过程提供能量。在高等植物的碳同化过程中，卡尔文循环(Calvin cycle)是植物合成有机物的重要生理过程" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBisCO)是卡尔文循环中CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "固定的关键酶，可以催化1,5-二磷酸核酮糖与CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "结合生成3-磷酸甘油酸。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs在植物光合作用中除了可以发挥自身优异的光学性质外，还可以上调RuBisCO酶活性，提高植物对CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定速率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R25", "R26" ], "text": "25-26", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Wang等研究发现，经CDs催芽萌发后的绿豆幼苗，其RuBisCO酶活性相较于对照组提高了30.9%，进一步研究发现CDs与RuBisCO酶结合后，后者的二级结构发生了变化。因此，作者认为CDs通过改变酶的二级结构提高了其活性，进而加快了CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Zhang等研究发现植物的RuBisCO酶活性会受到CDs手性的影响，相较于L-CDs,D-CDs对RuBisCO活性的提高效果更佳" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。CDs提高RuBisCO酶活性的作用在水稻、拟南芥和三叶草中都得以验证" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R25", "R26" ], "text": "25-26", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。除了影响RuBisCO酶活性外，Li等研究发现CDs在植物体内会被辣根过氧化物酶催化降解为植物激素类似物和CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。前者可调控植物的生长，而后者会参与卡尔文循环作为原料合成有机物" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.3　叶绿素合成" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "叶绿素是光合作用过程中重要的色素，负责光能的捕获，并参与后续光能向化学能的转化。植物叶绿素含量的增加有利于光合作用中光吸收效率的提高和碳水化合物的生成。叶绿素含量已成为光合作用相关研究的关键指标。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在CDs调控植物光合作用的研究中，CDs对叶绿素含量的影响可能与其种类有关。Li等利用电化学刻蚀石墨棒制备的CDs处理水稻、拟南芥和三叶草之后，发现虽然该CDs可以显著提高植物的RuBisCO酶活性、碳水化合物的含量以及最终植物的生物量，并不会显著影响植物叶片中叶绿素的含量" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然而，同一研究团队的Wang等将利用石墨电解刻蚀得到的CDs与氨水进行水热反应，用于催芽处理绿豆幼苗后，绿豆叶片中的叶绿素含量相较于对照组提高了14.8%，并促进了植株光合系统的电子传递速率和光合效率以及RuBisCO酶活性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。一般认为利用电化学刻蚀法制备得到的CDs表面官能团含量较少，且其QY较低。经过氨化之后，不仅在CDs表面引入了氨基，还可以提高CDs的QY。由于植物叶绿素的合成与光照息息相关" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，因此，我们推断CDs对植物叶绿素含量的作用会受到其表面官能团和QY影响。在我们的研究中，利用中药材黄柏制备的具有红蓝光双发射的CDs，表面具有丰富的官能团，其在水中蓝光和红光的QY达到了8.6%和6.0%。将其用于培养罗马生菜之后，其叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素以及总叶绿素含量均较对照组得到了显著提高" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，我们利用柠檬酸和乙醇胺制备的CDs，表面同样具有丰富的羧基、羟基和氨基等官能团，相对QY达到了46.42%，将其叶面喷施水稻后同样可以提高叶片中叶绿素的含量" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Li等研究证明了CDs表面的亲水官能团可以吸附培养基质中的营养元素，一同被植物吸收和同化，并且CDs在植物体内会被酶水解为植物激素类似物，用于调控植物生长" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。CDs表面的官能团会使其在植物体内易于转运，以及与其他分子相结合，使其更易于参与植物体内的反应过程和降解代谢。这些研究证实了CDs表面官能团和QY在植物叶绿素合成中发挥的作用，但具体的作用方式需要进一步研究证明。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5　CDs调控其他光合生物的光合作用" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除了绿色植物外，可以进行光合作用的生物还包括一些藻类，它们具有优越的特性，已被认为是一种很有潜力的生物能源和生物质原料。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs同样可以调控藻类的光合作用，并且其调控机理与绿色植物相似。Zhang等在小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的培养液中加入CDs，发现CDs(0~20 μg/mL)不仅不会对小球藻产生毒性，而且还可以保护小球藻免受紫外辐射的影响。同时，CDs(10 μg/mL)还可以提高小球藻的叶绿素含量、RuBisCO酶活性，进而提高碳水化合物的含量和小球藻的生长速率。另外，作者还发现CDs可被辣根过氧化物酶降解为CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，参与卡尔文循环生成有机物" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。类似地，Xue等制备了一种红色荧光发射的CDs，将其用于培养小球藻(Chlorella regularis,FACHB-729)，发现该CDs(1 mg/L)同样可以提高小球藻的叶绿素含量、碳水化合物含量，并且可以提高光系统Ⅱ的活性。另外，作者还发现，经CDs(1 mg/L)处理后小球藻中有关光捕获复合体的基因表达量被显著上调" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "对比绿色植物和藻类，不难发现CDs对不同光合生物体的光合作用的调控机理基本是一致的。首先，CDs可以提高光合生物中叶绿素的生物合成，提高其对光能的吸收和转化能力。其次，CDs自身优异的光学性能可以在光反应中发挥光转换和能量传递的作用，加快光反应中的电子传递速率，促进光能向活跃的化学能(NADPH和ATP)转化。最后，CDs可以通过改变CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "固定关键酶RuBisCO酶的二级结构，提高其活性，进而促进CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "固定。总之，CDs调控光合生物的光合作用机理并不是单一模式的，而是全方位的整体性调控，避免了“木桶效应”，展现了其在农业生产中的巨大应用潜力。并且，CDs调控光合作用不受作用对象的影响，对不同植物和藻类均可以发挥积极的作用。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6　总结与展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s6" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，世界农业生产需要提高粮食产量，以满足人们的生存需求和工业发展需要。传统的提高和保证粮食产量的措施基本已经发挥到极致，继续提高粮食产量的潜力不大，并且已经给农业生产造成了沉重的负担，给环境生态安全带来了极大的威胁。因此，农业生产亟需进行改革，发展绿色、环境友好的技术保障粮食的产量和安全。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "农作物的生长依赖于光合作用。虽然目前CDs通过调控植物光合作用促进植物生长的研究尚且处于萌芽阶段，但是其已经展现出巨大的应用潜力。从叶绿素合成，到光能的吸收和转化、电子传递，再到CO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的固定，CDs可以整体性地提高植物的光合作用，并且不受作物种类的影响。此外，除了光合作用外，研究还发现，CDs还可以调控植物的抗逆性，保护植物免受不良环境和有害生物的影响" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R41", "R42" ], "text": "41-42", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，提高植物对营养物质的同化能力" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，提高土壤中固氮菌的活性，增强土壤肥力" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，甚至还具有抗菌活性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R44", "R45" ], "text": "44-45", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由此可见，CDs在农业生产中具有十分巨大的应用潜力。但是仍存在一些问题尚待解决:" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(1)低成本、高产率合成CDs" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然目前关于CDs的研究十分火热，但是低成本、高产率合成CDs依然是其发展亟需解决的关键问题。大多数研究者都在关注CDs的性能，而对制备方法的改进的研究相对薄弱。即使一些研究者将CDs的产量提高到了克级甚至千克级，但其产率较低，或者产率很高、产量很低，均不适用于产业化生产。并且CDs的制备一般需要高温、高压条件，对制备工艺要求较高，尤其是某些具有特定性能的CDs。因此，CDs的低成本、高产率、简便化制备是其产业化和应用所面临的最大困境。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(2)CDs的类型、粒径、表面官能团等对调控植物光合作用的影响" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，研究人员在CDs调控植物光合作用中的研究主要针对其光学性能促进光反应、植物叶绿素和光合作用相关酶活性的变化，而CDs的结构与光合作用之间的构-效关系的研究处于空白状态。众所周知，CDs的各种性能大多源自其结构，尤其是表面官能团，而且CDs易于调控结构和功能化。因此，CDs的结构与其调控光合作用的性能之间可能存在某种联系，需要进一步研究证明。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(3)CDs调控植物光合作用的分子机理以及向生长和产量的转化率" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前关于CDs调控植物光合作用的研究仍然停留在植物生理水平，对CDs调控植物光合作用的分子机理尚未见报道。该部分内容也是后续的一大研究方向。另外，目前CDs对植物光合作用的调控仍然止步于光合作用本身，或部分延伸到植株的生物量。而CDs通过调控光合作用对植物生长速率和粮食产量的贡献率才是该项研究的最终目的，但是依然未见相关报道。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(4)CDs在植物体内的代谢途径与产物" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了实现CDs在农业生产中的实际应用，CDs的生物毒性评价不容忽视，这就必须要明确CDs在植物体内的代谢途径以及产物。由于CDs粒径极小，自身荧光较强，为利用透射电镜和拉曼光谱在植物体内的观察和检测带来了不便。同时，由于植物体内的物质组成复杂，而CDs的使用剂量较低，使得利用质谱或核磁进行检测带来不便。因此，CDs在植物体内的代谢可能需要研究人员利用多种技术手段和灵活的试验设计进行研究。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址:http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20210019." } ] } ] } ], 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