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Semi-transparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Photovoltaic Smart Windows: Unity of Opposites between Transparency and Efficiency
Luminescence Industry and Technology Frontier | Updated：2021-02-08
|
Semi-transparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Photovoltaic Smart Windows: Unity of Opposites between Transparency and Efficiency
- Chinese Journal of Luminescence Vol.42, Issue 2, (2021)
- Affiliations：Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Information & Technology, Jilin Normal University;State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University
- Author bio：
- Funds：National Natural Science Foundation of China;National Natural Science Foundation of China;International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of Jilin;Project of Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20200337 CLC： TM914.4
Published：2021-2，
Received：5 November 2020，
Accepted：30 November 2020
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Cite this article
Xin JIANG, Chen CHEN, Chao YU, et al. Semi-transparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Photovoltaic Smart Windows: Unity of Opposites between Transparency and Efficiency. [J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence 42(2):264-277(2021)
Xin JIANG, Chen CHEN, Chao YU, et al. Semi-transparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Photovoltaic Smart Windows: Unity of Opposites between Transparency and Efficiency. [J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence 42(2):264-277(2021) DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20200337.
Semi-transparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Photovoltaic Smart Windows: Unity of Opposites between Transparency and Efficiency
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"data": "。浙江大学郑荣进等的研究表明，窗户作为建筑围护结构中对外开口的部位，经由其损失的照明、空调、采暖能耗超过建筑围护结构能源消费总量的50%"
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"text": "图 1(b)",
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"data": [
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"data": ")，光致变色"
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"text": "图 1(d)",
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"name": "text",
"data": ")。目前，电致变色技术由于不依赖于开采难度较大的稀土元素，并且电致变色器件中的电解质可以基于生态友好的生物混合物"
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"data": "17"
}
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"data": "-"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，然而，由于电致变色较为复杂的机理与材料制备工艺，在当时没有得到大规模推广"
},
{
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{
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{
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"data": "19"
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},
{
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]
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"caption": [
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "电致变色(a)、气致变色(b)、热致变色(c)、光致变色(d)智能窗示意图。"
}
]
},
{
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"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of electrochromic(a), gasochromic(b), thermochromic(c), and photochromic(d) smart windows."
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2008年，波音787飞机使用了电致变色的智能窗玻璃，有5档明暗度调节，如"
},
{
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"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure2",
"data": [
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},
{
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"data": "所示。"
}
]
},
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{
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"label": [
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{
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"data": "波音787飞机智能玻璃"
},
{
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{
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"data": "["
},
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"text": "20",
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"rid": "b20",
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"data": "20"
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}
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{
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"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Boeing 787 smart glass"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "20",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b20",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "20"
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]
}
},
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"data": "]"
}
]
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]
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "但是，传统的电致变色智能窗，通常需要额外的外部供电，并且对阻挡的太阳光没有储存，造成了一定的能源浪费。为进一步开发利用太阳能，新型智能窗——光伏型智能窗应运而生。其设计思想是把变色玻璃与太阳能电池结合在一起，真正做到在利用太阳能的基础上实现变色功能，同时免除外部供电，实现能源利用最大化。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2017年，商用太阳能电池出货量的市场占有率分别为单晶硅(49%)、多晶硅(46%)、碲化镉(CdTe)(3%)、铜铟镓硒(CIGS)(2%)等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "21",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b21",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "21"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "表 1",
"type": "table",
"rid": "Table1",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表 1"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "总结了使用不同光伏技术太阳能电池的主要性能参数。晶体硅是应用最为广泛的太阳能电池，然而，其本身是不透光的，且单晶硅的成本高昂，加工工艺也较为复杂；多晶硅虽然降低了成本，但牺牲了一定的转换效率，因此不适合应用到新型智能窗"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "26",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b26",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "26"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "table",
"data": {
"id": "Table1",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "不同光伏技术性能参数总结"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Table 1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Summary of performance parameters of different photovoltaic technologies"
}
]
}
],
"note": [],
"table": [
{
"head": [
[
{
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"data": [
{
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"data": "光伏技术"
}
]
},
{
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"style": "class:table_top_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PCE @AVT/"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "效率/"
},
{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "%"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "制备成本"
}
]
},
{
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"style": "class:table_top_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "制备难度"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_top_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "材料广泛性"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_top_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "稳定性"
}
]
}
]
],
"body": [
[
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "晶体硅"
}
]
},
{
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"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "26.7±0.5"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "高"
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "大"
}
]
},
{
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"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "高"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "高"
}
]
}
],
[
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "OPV"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "7.7 @37 AVT"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "23",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b23",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "23"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "13.45±0.2"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "低"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "小"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "高"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "低"
}
]
}
],
[
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "DSSC"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.66 @60.3 500~600 nm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "24",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b24",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "24"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11.9±0.4"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "低"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "小"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "高"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "低"
}
]
}
],
[
{
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"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PSC"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "12.6 @21.5 AVT"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "25",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b25",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "25"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "21.6±0.6"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "低"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "小"
}
]
},
{
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"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "高"
}
]
},
{
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"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "低"
}
]
}
]
],
"foot": []
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "有机太阳能电池由于加工工艺较为简单，且透明度可调节，材料价格比无机太阳能电池更低，可应用于新型光伏型智能窗。但是，其载流子迁移率较低，效率方面也差强人意，限制了其在工业上的发展"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "27",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b27",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "27"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "近年来，钙钛矿太阳能电池(Perovskite solar cells, PSCs)因其成本低廉、易大面积制备、加工工艺简单、色彩可调、并且能够实现对可见光透明等特点，引起了学界的广泛关注。使用钙钛矿制备的半透明光伏器件，具有易调节的功率转换效率(Power conversion efficiency，PCE)与可见光区平均透过率(Average visible transmittance, AVT)，在光伏窗领域具有广阔的应用前景"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
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"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "28",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b28",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "28"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"b28",
"b29",
"b30",
"b31",
"b32",
"b33"
],
"text": "28-33",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "综上所述，人口发展和全球能源危机等因素使新型光伏型智能窗的设计与研发日益迫切，然而在技术层面仍然有一些问题尚未解决。第一，太阳能电池的机理是将吸收的太阳能转化为电能，光伏窗的透明度与能源利用效率之间无法兼顾；第二，由于目前光伏窗的制备技术仍不完备，因此尚不能达成大规模批量生产；第三，光伏模块的成本较为高昂，不利于推广使用。针对上述问题，未来可使用喷墨打印、丝网印刷等技术制备光伏窗，也可调整器件结构，使用金属纳米线或石墨烯等新型透明电极提高器件透明度。本文就光伏型智能窗及半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展现状做了详细总结，阐述了光伏窗的透明度与效率间的对立与统一，通过分析成本与收益展望了光伏窗的应用前景。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": {
"label": [
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"title": [
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"data": "光伏型智能窗结构设计"
}
],
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"id": "s2"
}
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "目前，钙钛矿光伏型智能窗领域内比较常见的变色技术是电致变色和热致变色。电致变色器件的变色原理通常基于氧化还原反应，如"
},
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"data": {
"text": "图 1(a)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure1",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 1(a)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，在外加电场下，电致变色层中发生了离子的注入和抽出，使整个电致变色器件出现了着色和褪色的变化"
},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "4",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "7",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b7",
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"data": "7"
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]
}
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],
"rid": [
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"b5",
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"b7"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。热致变色("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 1(c)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure1",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 1(c)"
}
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")器件的主要工作原理是基于变色材料的相变，随着材料晶格的改变，材料对光的吸收、反射也发生了改变，导致整个器件的颜色变化"
},
{
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{
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"data": "["
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "10",
"type": "bibr",
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{
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"data": "10"
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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"data": {
"text": "12",
"type": "bibr",
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"data": "12"
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}
}
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}
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{
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "理想的光伏型智能窗需要快速可逆的颜色变换，变换过程中不需要外部供电，经过多次循环使用后效率降低不明显，并且能够储存智能窗收集到的电能，供给家庭用电所需。然而，由于材料和技术的限制，目前的光伏型智能窗仍不能同时实现以上功能。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 3(a)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 3(a)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "展示了浙江大学Xia等在2016年设计的基于钙钛矿的光伏型智能窗的结构，在智能窗内整合了钙钛矿电池和固态电致变色电池，具有太阳能收集、电化学存储和再利用功能——钙钛矿太阳能电池收集到的电能存储在电致变色玻璃中，为外部设备(如LED灯)供电。伴随着固态电致变色电池能量的存储与释放，智能窗实现了高度可逆的蓝色态和透明态间的转换，并且在红外区域的光学调节能力尤为突出——2 000 nm处的透过率从蓝色态的69%降到了透明态的7%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这项工作解决了光伏窗太阳能的存储问题，然而，由于制备的钙钛矿电池不是透明的，没有集成到可变色的大面积窗玻璃中，太阳能利用率较低。"
}
]
},
{
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"data": {
"id": "Figure3",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a) 基于钙钛矿的光伏型智能窗结构"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；(b)共阳极PVCS的光充电过程和放电过程的电压-时间曲线"
},
{
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"data": [
{
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"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；(c)共阴极PVCS的光充电过程和放电过程的电压-时间曲线"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
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}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；(d)基于钙钛矿的热致变色光伏型智能窗的器件结构与变色过程示意图"
},
{
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"data": [
{
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"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Photovoltaic smart window structure based on perovskite"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". (b)Voltage-time curve of the photocharging and discharging process of co-anode PVCS"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". (c)Voltage-time curve of the photocharging and discharging processes of co-cathode PVCS"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". (d)Schematic of device structure and discoloration process of thermochromic photovoltaic smart window based on perovskite"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
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}
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},
{
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"data": "."
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}
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "同年，中国香港理工大学Chai等设计了一种新型光伏电致变色超级电容器(Photovoltachromic supercapacitors，简称PVCSs)，解决了上文所述智能窗太阳能利用率较低的问题。该器件集成了钙钛矿太阳能电池与电致变色超级电容器，实现了太阳能的收集与存储。在共阳极与共阴极结构PVCSs中，光伏组件的PCE分别为8.25%与11.89%，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 3(b)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 3(b)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "3(c)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3(c)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，其在储能的同时，电致变色电容器的颜色由半透明变为深蓝色(共阳极(共阴极)结构PVCSs变色层在可见光区的平均透过率(AVT)由85%(76.2%)降至35.1%(23.0%))，阻挡了大部分光照，电容器自动停止充电，防止了PSCs长时间曝光，延长了其寿命"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "由于钙钛矿光伏窗颜色变换的速度普遍较为缓慢，2017年，针对该问题，美国国家可再生能源实验室Wheeler等设计了基于钙钛矿的热致变色光伏型智能窗。器件结构及变色原理如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 3(d)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 3(d)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。器件经过太阳光辐射加热，分解出CH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
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"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，可见光透射率从68%逐渐下降到低于3%，颜色变为深红，PCE达到了11.3%，冷却后重新形成CH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "·"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "CH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，恢复至透明状态。该器件可在3 min内实现颜色变换。然而，器件的稳定性较差，经过20次循环，最大电流从1 mA降至0.18 mA"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "随后，在2018年，美国加州大学伯克利分校Yang等设计了结构为Glass/FTO/NiO"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/CsPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3-"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-Br"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/ZnO/Al-doped ZnO/ITO的基于钙钛矿的热致变色光伏型智能窗，引起了学术界的广泛关注。研究表明，当吸光层为CsPbIBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "时，器件可在低温相的可见光透过率81.7%和高温相的可见光透过率35.4%间相互转换，相应的PCE为0.15%和4.69%。该结构显著提升了器件的循环稳定性，在经过40次循环测试后，峰值PCE仍保持在85%以上"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。遗憾的是，该器件的相变温度高达105 ℃，不能直接应用到实际的光伏型智能窗中。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为了解决光伏窗颜色变换温度过高的问题，2019年，江汉大学Liu等设计了双层钙钛矿光伏型智能窗，内层为液晶/聚合物复合材料(LCPC)层，以控制智能窗的透明度，外层为半透明的钙钛矿太阳能电池，提供电能。在高温状态(37.8~67 ℃)下，智能窗由半透明转为不透明的红橙色，再经过电场，可以实现不透明到半透明的转换，即在高温情况下光伏窗也可以是半透明的。平均PCE在低温半透明状态、高温半透明状态和高温不透明状态下分别为16.66%±1.0%、16.60%± 0.9%、17.84%±0.9%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这项工作为钙钛矿光伏窗的实际应用奠定了基础，其优秀的PCE性能、良好的循环稳定性、贴合实际的颜色转换温度，为接下来的研究指引了方向。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "综上，制备钙钛矿光伏型智能窗的技术手段主要有两种：第一种将光伏窗中变色模块和光伏模块分开制备，再通过结构设计组合到一起以实现光伏窗的功能。这种方法可以很方便地调节窗户的透明度，然而多数使用的是只有单一色态的钙钛矿太阳能电池，在透明度与效率间无法兼顾。另一种是直接制备热致变色的钙钛矿光伏窗，通过温度调节器件的透明度，在深色态器件会获得较高的PCE, 但器件的色态转换较为困难，温度控制仍是后续研究的重点。尽管目前基于钙钛矿的光伏型智能窗已经实现了光电转换效率的飞跃，颜色调节、能量存储等功能也日趋完善，但是想要真正实现商用，钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性以及铅的毒性等问题都亟需解决。"
}
]
}
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"data": "钙钛矿材料因其独特的光电特性，所制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池已经可以实现超过25%的光电转换效率"
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
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"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
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"type": "bibr",
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{
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"data": {
"text": "40",
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"data": [
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"data": "40"
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}
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{
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，可与目前大规模应用的硅电池相媲美。通过调节钙钛矿的带隙，或者改变钙钛矿在电池中的布局结构(比如减少钙钛矿层的厚度、降低其表面覆盖率)，可以实现器件的半透明化"
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{
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{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "，为制造钙钛矿光伏型智能窗提供了可能。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "对于智能窗应用，半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池需要具有以下特性：较高的可见光区平均透过率(Average visible transmittance, AVT)、较大的颜色对比度及较好的显色指数(Color rendering index，CRI)。"
}
]
},
{
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{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.1"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "超薄钙钛矿层"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3-1"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过减薄钙钛矿层的厚度，可以增加半透明太阳能电池的透射率。2015年，澳大利亚莫纳什大学Cheng等使用约50 nm厚的CH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "层以及电介质-金属-电介质(DMD)(MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-Au-MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")透明电极，制备的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池实现了31%的AVT与5.3%的PCE。如果增加CH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "层的厚度(约290 nm)，相应的PCE也会增加(13.6%)，但AVT降至7%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "42",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b42",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "42"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。2016年，中国香港科技大学Yang等基于约100 nm厚的超薄钙钛矿层，使用PEDOT :PSS作为背电极，制备了双支架(准介孔TiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "作无机支架，苯基-C61-丁酸异甲酯(PCBM)网作有机支架)半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池。这种特殊的双支架结构改善了电荷收集效率，最后得到了8.21%的PCE和23%的AVT"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "43",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b43",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "43"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。2019年，澳大利亚新南威尔士大学Upama等在低温环境下，用溶液处理的方式制备了具有n-i-p结构的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池，所使用的MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Ag/MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "背电极厚度仅为51 nm。通过改变钙钛矿层的厚度，实现对器件透明度的调节，当MAPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "厚度为40 nm时，可以实现AVT最大值20.5%，此时PCE约为3.5%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "44",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b44",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "44"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用微凝胶辅助制备半透明钙钛矿薄膜过程示意图"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "45",
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"data": "45"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic of semi-transparent perovskite film preparation assisted by microgels"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b45",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "45"
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]
}
},
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}
]
}
]
}
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "虽然减小钙钛矿层厚度的方法可以增加太阳能电池的透明度，但它却牺牲了器件的PCE和稳定性。2019年，英国曼彻斯特大学Saunders等针对钙钛矿薄膜的均匀性覆盖问题，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，在制备CH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(MAPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")的钙钛矿薄膜的过程中使用亚微米级的可膨胀聚合物胶体颗粒做添加剂，10 nm的半透明薄膜下AVT达到了46.8%，PCE也达到了7.69%，展现了其应用于半透明光伏型智能窗的巨大潜力"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b45",
"data": [
{
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"data": "45"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "降低活性层表面覆盖率"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3-2"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "由于钙钛矿本身呈现黄棕色或者红棕色，由超薄钙钛矿层制备的钙钛矿太阳能电池也避免不了颜色偏棕，限制了其在光伏型智能窗上的应用。另一种比较常见的实现钙钛矿太阳能电池半透明化的方法是降低活性层的覆盖率，可以实现中性色的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2014年，英国牛津大学Snaith等通过去湿来控制钙钛矿薄膜的形态，形成钙钛矿“岛”状结构，所制备的半透明太阳能电池结构如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 5(a)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 5(a)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，在7% ~30%的AVT下，PCE约为8%~3.5%。"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 5(b)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 5(b)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "展示了制备在玻璃上的钙钛矿薄膜，表现出了优秀的中性色。将D102染料溶解于Spiro-OMeTAD中，器件呈现出了漂亮的“玫瑰色”，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 5(c)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 5(c)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这项工作体现了良好的颜色性能，为之后的研究提供了很好的思路。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "Figure5",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a) 钙钛矿太阳能电池结构图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；(b)半透明钙钛矿薄膜照片"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
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"data": "["
},
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"data": {
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"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b29",
"data": [
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"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；(c)添加D102染料(右)与没添加(左)的器件对照图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b29",
"data": [
{
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"data": "29"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Structure diagram of perovskite solar cell"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
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"type": "bibr",
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]
}
},
{
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". (b) Photograph of semi-transparent perovskite film"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
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"type": "bibr",
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}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ".(c)A comparison of devices with(right) and without(left) D102 dyes"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
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"data": {
"text": "29",
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}
},
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2016年，韩国庆熙大学Im等采用岛状结构的MAPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "制备中性色的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池。为了解决电子传输层TiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和空穴传输层PTAA因直接接触引起的载流子复合问题，引入聚苯乙烯(PS)作钝化层。器件反向扫描PCE为10.6%，AVT为20.9%，同时也表现出了优秀的稳定性，30 d效率仅下降5%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "46",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b46",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "46"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2018年，韩国全北国立大学Hahn等在大气环境下用溶液法制备了岛状结构(MAPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3-"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Cl"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-NiO纳米颗粒)的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池，并使用Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/NiO界面工程来降低界面复合，器件在AVT为27%的情况下，PCE可达到10%。同时，器件展现出优异的稳定性，在25 ~30 ℃和45% ~ 50%湿度的大气环境下存放270 d后，未经封装的器件仍能保持在初始PCE的93%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "47",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b47",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "47"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这项工作不仅制备条件较为宽松，器件的稳定性也十分优秀，具有广阔的应用前景。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "除了构建钙钛矿“岛”来实现活性层覆盖率的降低，还可以通过改变钙钛矿微观结构的方式。2015年，英国牛津大学Snaith等以PS为模板制备了SiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "蜂窝薄膜，钙钛矿随后渗透其中，形成了具有特殊图案的钙钛矿薄膜，制备的器件具有较高的AVT(37%)，同时PCE也高达9.5%。相比他们之前以去湿技术制备的基于岛状钙钛矿的半透明太阳能电池，器件的PCE和AVT都有了明显的提升，这是由于该结构提升了开路电压"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "V"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "oc"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "与填充因子FF。SiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "蜂窝薄膜另一个显著的优点在于分离了电子传输层和空穴传输层，避免了分流电阻的产生"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "48",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b48",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "48"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2016年，韩国延世大学Moon等使用阳极氧化铝(AAO)作为支架，将钙钛矿通过旋涂渗入其中，形成纳米柱状结构，抑制了离子迁移，从而使器件的稳定性有所增强。使用AAO模板可以很方便地控制钙钛矿的高度与体积，改变器件的透过率。经过优化的器件在PCE为9.6%时，AVT为33.4%；PCE为7.5%时，AVT达到41.7%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。最近，Moon等基于之前的工作，制备了40.8 cm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "半透明钙钛矿太阳能组件，器件结构如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 6 (a)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 6 (a)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，其包含9个子电池，PCE和AVT分别为9.04%和30.2%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "30",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b30",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "30"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这项工作表明钙钛矿材料在制备大面积半透明太阳能电池这方面可以有十分优秀的表现，是光伏型智能窗的最佳候选材料之一。"
}
]
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"label": [
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"data": "图6"
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a) 使用AAO支架的钙钛矿太阳能电池结构示意图与横截面形貌图"
},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "30",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b30",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "30"
}
]
}
},
{
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；(b)制备钙钛矿网格的1.5步沉积法"
},
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"data": [
{
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"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b50",
"data": [
{
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"data": "50"
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]
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},
{
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
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{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 6"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Schematic and cross section morphology of perovskite solar cell using AAO scaffold"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "30",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b30",
"data": [
{
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"data": "30"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". (b)Preparation of perovskite grid by 1.5 step deposition"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
"graphics": [
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2018年，新加坡南洋理工大学Wong等设计了一种制备钙钛矿网格的1.5步沉积法，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 6(b)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 6(b)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示。他们先是沉积具有网格结构的钙钛矿，随后将其浸入到碘化甲脒(FAI)与异丙醇(IPA)的热溶液中，该方法使网格孔隙填充得更好，同时也提高了晶体的质量，提升了稳定性。器件在28%的AVT下PCE也可以达到10%，表现出了较为优秀的光电性能"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。由于采用了丝网印刷技术，可以预期其在制备大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池方面广阔的应用前景。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "除了上述制备半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的方法，还有一些其他技术值得关注，比如无铅的半透明器件。2020年，北京大学Xiao等使用无铅卤化物双钙钛矿制备了半透明太阳能电池，器件结构为ITO/SnO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/ Cs"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "AgBiBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/ Spiro-OMeTAD/MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/ITO，尽管PCE稍低(1.56%)，但AVT高达72.6%，Cs"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "AgBiBr"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜可吸收约90%的紫外光，器件表现出了优秀的紫外防护性能。在实际应用中，可以结合红外防护器件，保留可见光区的光透射，同时降低由红外光引起的温度升高以及紫外光对人体造成的伤害"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "51",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b51",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "51"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "表 2",
"type": "table",
"rid": "Table2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表 2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "总结了制备半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的技术方法及其性能。虽然目前半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池在智能窗应用领域中的器件效率与可见光区平均透过率已有了较大进展，然而，其在大面积半透明器件上的应用报道较少，距离实际应用仍有明显差距。因此，制备大面积光伏器件仍是以后研究的重点。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "table",
"data": {
"id": "Table2",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的技术方法与性能总结"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Table 2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Summary of technical methods and performance for semi-transparent perovskite solar cells"
}
]
}
],
"note": [],
"table": [
{
"head": [
[
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_top_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "半透明器件实现方式"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_top_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "器件结构"
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PCE/%"
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "AVT/%"
}
]
},
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"data": [
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"data": "参考文献"
}
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}
]
],
"body": [
[
{
"align": "left",
"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "超薄钙钛矿层"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "FTO/TiO"
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{
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"data": "2"
}
]
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "/CH"
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{
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"data": "3"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "NH"
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PbI"
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{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Spiro-OMeTAD/MoO"
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{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Au/MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
}
]
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "5.3"
}
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "31"
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"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "42",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b42",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "42"
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}
},
{
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}
]
}
],
[
{
"align": "center",
"data": []
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "FTO/Dual scaffold/Perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/PEDOT:PSS"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "8.21"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "23"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "43",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b43",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "43"
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
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]
}
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "ITO/PC"
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "71"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "BM/MAPbI"
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{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Spiro-OMeTAD/MoO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
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"data": "3"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Ag/MoO"
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{
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{
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"data": [
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"data": "3.4~9.23"
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"data": [
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"data": "14.1~20.5"
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"data": "["
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "44",
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"rid": "b44",
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"data": "44"
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},
{
"name": "text",
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}
]
}
],
[
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "岛状结构钙钛矿"
}
]
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "FTO/TiO"
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"data": "2"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au"
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]
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"data": "7~30"
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"text": "29",
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{
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]
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"data": [
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"data": "10.6"
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"data": "20.9"
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"data": "["
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{
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{
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"data": "/Al"
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{
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"data": [
{
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
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{
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"data": [
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{
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{
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}
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"data": "18"
}
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"title": [
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"data": "光伏型智能窗的透明度与效率间的对立统一关系"
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"level": "1",
"id": "s4"
}
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "光是我们工作和生活中必不可少的因素，光的直接照射可以给我们带来光明，光的反射可以让我们看清物体。意大利那不勒斯费德里克二世大学Bellia等的研究表明，不适当或者不充分的光照会对人的生活节律造成影响"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
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"data": {
"text": "54",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b54",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "54"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。出于对健康、实用和美观等方面的需求，光伏型智能窗需要具有较高的透明度，AVT至少要达到25%。然而，更高的AVT通常意味着较薄的钙钛矿层，直接影响智能窗的光电转换效率。"
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{
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"data": "2017年，日本东京大学Tatsuma等在制备半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池时考虑到了人眼对不同波长的光所感受到的明暗程度不同。在光线充足的条件下，人眼对550 nm的绿色光最敏感，视见函数曲线如"
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"data": {
"text": "图 7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure7",
"data": [
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"data": "图 7"
}
]
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"data": "所示。制备的器件主要在深红和深蓝等人眼不太敏感的光区收集光子，因此可以提供视觉上较为透明的器件"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "55",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b55",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "55"
}
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},
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"data": "]"
}
]
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
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"data": "图7"
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"data": "视见函数曲线"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "55",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b55",
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{
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"data": "55"
}
]
}
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
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"label": [
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"data": "Fig 7"
}
],
"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "Human luminosity curve"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
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"rid": "b55",
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"data": "55"
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"name": "text",
"data": "一般来说，半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的颜色主要取决于钙钛矿中X点位的元素种类和器件的吸收光谱。"
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"data": {
"text": "表 3",
"type": "table",
"rid": "Table3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表 3"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "总结了目前一些典型的半透明钙钛矿光伏型智能窗活性层使用的材料及相应的深色、浅色态的PCE与AVT，并估算了其在可见光区内的透射光谱。由于太阳能电池的固有属性，活性层对光子的吸收越多，可转化的能量越多，PCE随之升高，而AVT随之下降。因此，需要在PCE和AVT中寻找一个平衡。一个办法是让太阳能电池主要吸收非可见光，保留可见光区较高的透过率，这可能需要设计一些特殊的功能材料配合新颖的器件结构来实现。"
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}
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"label": [
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"data": "Table 3"
}
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Summary of parameters of semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic smart windows"
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"head": [
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"data": "活性层"
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "深色态PCE/%"
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]
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"data": "透明态PCE/%"
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"data": "透明态AVT/%"
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4.69"
}
]
},
{
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"style": "class:table_top_border2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35.4"
}
]
},
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "580~800"
}
]
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "0.15"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "81.7"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "430~800"
}
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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}
]
}
],
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},
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"data": "3-"
},
{
"name": "italic",
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}
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}
]
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.26/3.73"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35.1/23.0"
}
]
},
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
}
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},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "5.78/7.98"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "85/76.2"
}
]
},
{
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{
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}
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{
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{
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{
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"name": "text",
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}
]
}
],
[
{
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"data": [
{
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},
{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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}
]
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{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "68"
}
]
},
{
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},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
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}
]
}
],
[
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "MAPbI"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3-"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
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"data": "x"
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{
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}
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
}
]
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{
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}
]
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}
]
},
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"data": "(FAPbI"
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"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
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},
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{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "x"
}
]
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},
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"data": "(MAPbBr"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "1-"
},
{
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"data": [
{
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"data": "x"
}
]
}
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}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "18.02"
}
]
},
{
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
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"name": "text",
"data": "无"
}
]
},
{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "16.70"
}
]
},
{
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
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"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
],
[
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"data": [
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"data": "MAPbI"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
}
]
},
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"data": [
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"data": "8.4"
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "450~600"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
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"data": "3.7"
}
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"data": "26"
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "450~700"
}
]
},
{
"align": "center",
"style": "class:table_bottom_border",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "56",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b56",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "56"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
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}
]
}
]
],
"foot": []
}
]
}
}
]
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"data": [
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"data": {
"label": [
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"data": "5"
}
],
"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "光伏型智能窗发展前景"
}
],
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"id": "s5"
}
},
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}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s5-1"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为了考察用户对光伏窗的接受程度，我们对吉林省长春市的居民进行了问卷调研，共发放220份调查问卷，收到194份回执，回收率为88.18%。调查结果如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 8",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure8",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 8"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，约有71%的居民对光伏型智能窗的使用寿命期望年限在15~25年之间，约86"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "%"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的居民希望将成本控制在每平方米2 000元以内，约48"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "%"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "居民希望能在10~15年内回本(即通过光伏发电的方式，收益能够抵消前期的资金投入与每年的维护费用)。"
}
]
},
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"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图8"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "居民对光伏型智能窗的期望寿命(a)、期望成本(b)、期望回本时间(c)。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 8"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Residents' expectation of life(a), expected cost(b) and expected return time(c) of photovoltaic smart windows."
}
]
}
],
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"name": "text",
"data": "光伏型智能窗成本分析"
}
],
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"id": "s5-2"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "我国户用分布式光伏安装主要有三种运营模式：全部自用，全部上网，自发自用、余电上网"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。其中，大多数家庭选择“自发自用、余电上网”"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "58",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b58",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "58"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。本文从“自发自用、余电上网”的角度进行成本核算，具有较为广泛的意义。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "投资方面，主要考虑光伏模块成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "pvm"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、逆变器成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "inv"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、线缆和支架等成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "oth"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "以及每年的维护成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "mai"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。公式为："
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "dispformula",
"data": {
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "1"
}
],
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
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"data": " "
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "其中，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为总投资，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为使用年限，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "sv"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为固定资产残值。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "收益方面，主要包括“自发自用、余电上网”中上网的收入和因发电节省的电费，考虑到政策变化产生的影响，因此不把国家和地方政府的政策补贴计算在内。公式为："
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "dispformula",
"data": {
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
],
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "math",
"data": {
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},
{
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"data": " "
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "其中，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "E"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为总收益，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "P"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "u"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为每年自用的电量，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "P"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "o"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为每年上网的电量，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "u"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为每千瓦时的市价电费，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "o"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为每千瓦时的上网收入，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为使用年限。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "光伏型智能窗的年发电量方面，计算公式如下："
}
]
},
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"data": [
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"data": " "
},
{
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"data": {
"label": [
{
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"data": "3"
}
],
"data": [
{
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"data": " "
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
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"data": {
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},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "dispformula",
"data": {
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
],
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
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"data": {
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{
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"data": " "
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "其中，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "P"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为每年发电量，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "R"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为太阳年总辐射量，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "T"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为光伏窗太阳能转换效率"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，A"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为光伏窗的面积。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "下面以吉林省长春市为例，对光伏窗的成本进行核算。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "目前，长春市的电价标准为：年用电量低于2 040 kWh，"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "u"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=0.525 0元。按照国家发展改革委制定的集中式光伏发电指导价，吉林省0.4元/kWh，即"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "B"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "o"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=0.4元。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "据国家能源局发布的统计数据，2019年，城乡居民生活用电量为10 250亿千瓦时"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "59",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b59",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "59"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；根据中国人口与发展研究中心的预测，2020年我国家庭户数量约为4.57亿"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "60",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b60",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "60"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。经过计算，平均每户家庭每年用电量约为2 243 kWh。考虑到阴雨天气以及夜晚期间光伏窗发电大大降低，用户需使用电网供电，因此"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "P"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "u"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " "
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "<"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " 2 243，为简化计算，令 "
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "P"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "u"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "= 2243×60%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "长春市太阳年总辐射的观测值为4 941.793 3 MJ/m"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "61",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b61",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "61"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，换算后为1 372.7 kWh/m"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，即"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "R"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=1 372.7 kWh/m"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "假设每年的维护成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "mai"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "是光伏模块成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "pvm"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、逆变器成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "inv"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、线缆和支架等成本"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "oth"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和的2%，固定资产残值"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "sv"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "每年减少"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "pvm"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "inv"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "oth"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和的5%，光伏窗面积"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "A"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=20 m"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(根据《绿色建筑评价标准》，在居住建筑中，20%的窗地面积比评分最高"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "62",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b62",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "62"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，为计算方便，令"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "A"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=20)，光伏窗太阳能转换效率"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "T"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "为20%(目前钙钛矿太阳能电池效率高达25.5%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "40",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b40",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "40"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，此处为简化计算，令"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "T"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=20%)。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "经过计算，当"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "pvm"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "inv"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "C"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "oth"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "= 33 779.2元时，可以达到投资与收益的平衡。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"label": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "5.3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "光伏产业政策扶持"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s5-3"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "截至目前，全世界有超过10个国家或地区在分布式储能方面提供了补贴政策"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "63",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b63",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "63"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，我国在近年来也大力支持光伏产业的发展。2020年4月，《关于2020年光伏发电上网电价政策有关事项的通知》中指出，在户用分布式光伏发电方面，补贴标准为0.08元/kWh"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "64",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "b64",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "64"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。除了国家补贴，各地也出台了相应的补贴扶持政策。在政策的利好下，光伏技术不断成熟，成本随之下降。因此，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 9",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "Figure9",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 9"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "所示，国家补贴也在逐年下调。可以预期在不久的将来，光伏发电将实现平价上网，让光伏技术走进千家万户。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "Figure9",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图9"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2017—2020年国家发展改革委制定的光伏发电上网电价"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig 9"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Feed-in tariff for photovoltaic power generation set by the National Development and Reform Commission from 2017 to 2020"
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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{
"print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=6971184&type=",
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"data": "总结"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s6"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "钙钛矿材料因其带隙可调、价格低廉、可大面积制备等特点，在半透明太阳能电池和光伏型智能窗领域均有着优秀的表现。制备光伏型智能窗的技术方法是十分多样的，本文介绍了使用钙钛矿材料制备光伏窗的最新进展，并对半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展现状做了详细的说明，展现其可应用于光伏窗的良好性能：在较高透明度下功率转换效率依然出色、可制备成中性色、具有优秀的颜色调节能力。另外，我们从光伏窗成本的角度对其进行了分析，可以预见其广阔的商业前景。但是，目前钙钛矿光伏型智能窗的研究领域内仍存在着一些问题亟需解决，归纳为以下几点：(1)钙钛矿热致变色光伏窗不同色态间的转换条件较为苛刻，在温度控制方面仍有待后续研究；(2)钙钛矿太阳能电池的长期稳定性较差，需加强对器件的封装，选择循环稳定性更好的材料；(3)钙钛矿电池中铅的毒性较大，应替换为其他无毒或低毒的材料，比如锡；(4)目前半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的面积较小，不能达到窗户所需尺寸，需设计大面积适用的器件结构；(5)光伏窗中效率与透明度在一定程度上存在着取舍问题，后续的研究重点可放在探索吸收紫外光和红外光的新型材料上。"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"footnote": [],
"reflist": {
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"lang": "zh",
"text": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "国家自然科学基金（61974054，61675088）；吉林省国际科技合作项目（20190701023GH）；吉林省科技发展计划（20200401045GX）资助项目"
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"text": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(61974054, 61675088); International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of Jilin(20190701023GH); Project of Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province(20200401045GX)"
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"history": {
"received": "2020-11-05",
"accepted": "2020-11-30",
"opub": "2021-02-08"
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"data": [
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"data": [
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"data": "版权所有©《发光学报》编辑部2021"
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"type": "copyright"
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"data": [
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"data": "Copyright ©2021 Chinese Journal of Luminescence.All rights reserved."
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],
"year": "2021"
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},
"appendix": [],
"type": "research-article",
"ethics": [],
"supplementary": [],
"journalTitle": "发光学报",
"issue": "2",
"volume": "42",
"originalSource": []
}
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