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Application of Fluorescent Carbon Dots in Fingerprint Detection
Invited Paper | Updated：2021-09-03
|
Application of Fluorescent Carbon Dots in Fingerprint Detection
- Chinese Journal of Luminescence Vol.42, Issue 8, (2021)
- Affiliations：Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University,Shanghai,China,200438
- Author bio：
- Funds：National Natural Science Foundation of China(21771039;21975048);the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(19DZ2270100)
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20200334 CLC： O482.31;O613.71
Published：01 August 2021，
Received：02 November 2020，
Revised：26 November 2020，
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Cite this article
Jun LIU, Xi-rong ZHANG, Huan-ming XIONG. Application of Fluorescent Carbon Dots in Fingerprint Detection. [J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence 42(8):1095-1113(2021)
Jun LIU, Xi-rong ZHANG, Huan-ming XIONG. Application of Fluorescent Carbon Dots in Fingerprint Detection. [J]. Chinese Journal of Luminescence 42(8):1095-1113(2021) DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20200334.
Application of Fluorescent Carbon Dots in Fingerprint Detection
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"data": "经过一个世纪的发展，指纹显现技术和方法层出不穷，历久弥新。根据显现基底的不同，目前发展了一系列不同种类的检测方法。如果指纹是留在聚乙烯塑料袋、玻璃、涂釉陶瓷、光亮的金属等非渗透性客体表面，检测技术一般有:指纹粉末法、小微粒悬浮液法、“502”胶熏显法。指纹粉末包括添加了树脂材料的着色剂、铝粉、荧光粉末、磁性粉末等。指纹粉末法的成本较低，使用方法简单，但是现在市场上流通的指纹粉末使用操作多依靠经验判断，灵敏度较低，通常只能显现新鲜的指纹。小微粒悬浮液法是指将待显客体浸入微粒悬浮液中，再用水进行漂洗，即可显现出客体上遗留的潜在指纹。“502”胶熏显法是利用“502”胶中的a-氰基丙烯酸乙酯，其单体挥发后，在指纹残留物的引发下会发生聚合，并选择性地聚合到乳突纹线上，形成坚硬的白色固体，从而能显出指纹。但是，传统的“502”胶熏显法安全性不足，温度一旦失控容易引起火灾或者产生有毒的氰化物气体；并且“502”真空熏显法得到的指纹多是透明或者半透明状的，肉眼不易观察，需要进一步荧光染色，而染色剂一般都会有一定毒性，对环境可能存在一定的污染，且真空熏显柜价格较为昂贵，报价为1万美元左右。"
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"data": "如果指纹是留在纸张、硬纸板、纤维织物、未处理的木材等渗透性的物体表面，检测技术一般有:茚三酮法、DFO法、物理显影液法、多金属沉积法等。茚三酮法是利用茚三酮能够与一级胺、二级胺(包括氨基酸、蛋白质及多肽)反应生成深紫色产物的原理。手指分泌物中含有大量的氨基酸，把待测检材稍稍浸泡于茚三酮溶液中，待检材浸润均匀后取出晾干，室温下24~48 h即可显出紫色的指纹。这种方法获得的指纹一般需要用金属盐进行二次处理，现有技术下价格也较为昂贵，且操作复杂。DFO即1,8-二氮杂芴-9-酮，也是一种氨基酸显现剂，与氨基酸反应会生成浅紫色物质。该方法无需二次处理，简便快捷，但是价格也十分昂贵，每克DFO售价3 000多元。物理显影液法的灵敏度很高，但是有操作繁琐耗时、价格昂贵、工作液使用寿命较短、显现过程对检材具有损坏性等诸多缺点。多金属沉积法对一些传统技术无法显现的疑难客体上的潜在指纹有良好的显现效果，但是所需化学试剂昂贵，且易受污染以及操作过程繁琐。"
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"data": "如果指纹是留在介于两者之间的半渗透性客体表面，比如蜡纸、光面纸、高聚物钞票、哑光喷涂的客体等表面，可以使用碘熏法——即利用晶体碘受热升华时的紫色碘蒸汽接触指纹，根据相似相溶的原理，碘蒸汽就会溶解于指纹中的油脂中，形成棕黄色的指纹纹线。由于皮肤表面的指纹是凹凸不平的，低的地方油脂多，高的地方油脂少，留下的指纹中油脂的分布也是不均匀的，从而提取的就是颜色深浅不一的指纹。碘熏法简单、快速、经济适用。但是，该方法显出的指纹颜色较淡、与背景反差小且留存时间短，此外，升华的碘蒸汽有一定毒性和腐蚀性。"
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"name": "text",
"data": "最近10年，纳米荧光材料(如量子点"
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"data": "、上转换纳米材料"
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"data": "、荧光染料掺杂的二氧化硅纳米粒子"
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"text": "10",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "10"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "11",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R11",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R10",
"R11"
],
"text": "10-11",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "等)由于具有良好的光学、电子和表面可修饰等性能，并可以通过设计物理吸附或化学作用与指纹残留物结合，为潜指纹的显现提供了创新的思路"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "12",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R12",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "12"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "13",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R13",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "13"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R12",
"R13"
],
"text": "12-13",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。例如，Yang等报告了共轭低聚物掺杂的二氧化硅纳米粒子，其对指纹的亲和力增强，在潜指纹检测中表现出很高的性能"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "14",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R14",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "14"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，甚至可以检测具有荧光背景的底物，比如塑料和纸张。Algarra等制备了可以用于潜指纹高效成像的P掺杂的碳量子点"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "15",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R15",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "15"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Wu等研发了一种双发射量子点纳米杂化物，可以在机场和火车站等许多公共场合应用"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Wang等合成了各种形状的二氧化硅包覆的NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "上转换纳米材料，并将所制备的纳米哑铃状物有效地应用于潜在指纹领域"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "17",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R17",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "17"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。 另外，Wang等还合成了Eu、Sm、Mn共掺杂的CaS纳米颗粒的稀土掺杂上转换发光纳米材料，并应用于潜指纹检测"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "18",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R18",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "18"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。但是，这些已知的方法仍然存在一些缺点。例如，上转换纳米材料通常使用稀土金属、量子点通常包含有毒的重金属离子"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "19",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R19",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "19"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "21",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R21",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "21"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R19",
"R20",
"R21"
],
"text": "19-21",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这些不可忽视的毒性、昂贵的合成原料、复杂的合成过程和较低的光稳定性等缺点"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，极大地限制了已报道的实验室成果的实际应用。虽然AIE材料相比于其他几种材料具有高对比度、高分辨率和低毒性等优点，例如Wang等最近发表的基于AIE的水溶性探针TPA-1OH，能够在405 nm处发射红色荧光，应用于潜指纹成像，在不经过任何后处理的情况下能够显示LFP的3级微观细节(如指纹脊的宽度和汗孔之间的距离和数量)，甚至可以应用于超分辨率成像以更深入地探究LFP的微观结构"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。但是，AIE材料仍然存在着粉尘损害检查人员健康、常见的二元溶剂体系容易造成指纹损坏"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "23",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R23",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "23"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R23",
"R24",
"R25",
"R26",
"R27",
"R28",
"R29"
],
"text": "23-29",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、纳米粒子不稳定易团聚不利于保存、后续处理麻烦、大多数染料的激发波长在紫外光区不利于检察人员身体健康等多种弊端。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "碳点(CDs)作为一种新型的发光材料，其尺寸主要在1~10 nm之间，主要元素是碳，对生物体的毒性以及环境的危害几乎可以忽略不计"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "30",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R30",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "30"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "31",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R31",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "31"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R30",
"R31"
],
"text": "30-31",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。碳点发光性能强、光稳定性好、合成方法简单、原料丰富且廉价，以其众多的优点和潜在的应用吸引了大量的科研工作者广泛的关注和研究"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "32",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R32",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "32"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R32",
"R33"
],
"text": "32-33",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。2015年，Fernandes及其同事报道了在纳米级碳点粉末中混合大量的二氧化硅、二氧化钛、锂皂石、白色指纹粉来得到均匀分散、超低浓度的固相碳点(通常低于1%)，并首次将其应用于潜指纹增强即犯罪现场的指纹检测"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "6",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。随后，以各种发射波段的碳点(从蓝色波段到红色波段)为发光材料主体进行掺杂的策略被扩展分类为物理掺杂和化学掺杂。研究人员成功克服了碳点聚集态荧光猝灭的效应，发展了包括粉末法、喷雾法、小微粒悬浮液法、转印法等在内的多种方法以应用于潜指纹检测("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图1",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F1",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图1"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。随着科学技术的迅猛发展，碳点更多的优点被发现和开发，有关碳点应用于潜指纹检测的论文逐年增长。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F1",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)TPA-1OH 的制备过程及其在LFP检测中的应用"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ";(b)碳点应用于指纹检测的各种示意图，包括粉末法"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、喷雾法"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、小微粒悬浮液法"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、转印法"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Preparation process of TPA-1OH and its application in LFP detection"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". (b)Various schematic diagrams of applying carbon dots to fingerprint detection, including powder method"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ", spray method"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ", small particle suspension method"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " and transfer method"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "本文从碳点的制备和性质出发，综述了自2015年以来碳点在指纹检测方面的应用，总结了这一领域的发展所面临的问题，并提出了未来的发展方向。"
}
]
}
]
},
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"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2 碳点的制备及性质"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s2"
}
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.1 碳点的制备方法"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s2a"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "碳是自然界大量存在的元素，碳源的选择十分广泛，这为碳点的制备提供了众多的原料和方法。合成碳点的方法主要分为两大类:Top-down和Bottom-up。Top-down即“自上而下”，利用石墨、活性炭、煤等，通过激光烧蚀、化学氧化等方法把块体的碳剥离成纳米级的碳点。Bottom-up 即“自下而上”，以含碳的有机小分子为前驱体合成碳点，其在原料的选择上更加广泛，并且由于原料简单使得研究其反应机理的可能性大大增加。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.1.1 “自上而下”法"
}
],
"level": "3",
"id": "s2a1"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(1)电弧放电法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2004年，Xu等用电弧放电方法制备了碳纳米管，在电泳纯化之后首次发现了一种在365 nm处激发能够产生明亮发光的碳纳米粒子"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "32",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R32",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "32"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(2)激光切割法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2006年，Sun等利用激光切割石墨的方式得到了具有光致发光性能的碳点("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")，对这种新型材料进行了全面的表征，包括提出TEM、荧光光谱等用于鉴定碳点的基本表征手段"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F2",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)PEG1500N 表面钝化的碳点SEM图；(b)从400~600 nm增量为20 nm的不同激发波长下的吸收和发射光谱；(c)上述不同激发波长下的荧光图像"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)STEM image of PEG1500N surface-passivated carbon dots. (b)Absorption and emission spectra for different excitation wavelengths from 400 nm to 600 nm with an increase step of 20 nm. (c)Photographs following excitation by different excitation wavelengths as indicated in the figures"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
"graphics": [
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(3)电化学方法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2007年，Ding的团队首次采用电化学方法从多壁碳纳米管出发，合成了蓝色发光的碳点，量子产率达6.4%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。除了石墨和碳纳米管外，其他大量碳源(例如石墨烯薄膜，碳纤维)也已经通过电化学方法合成出了碳点。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(4)化学剥离法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2007年，Liu等首次采用化学剥离法，用硝酸回流氧化蜡烛灰，获得了多色荧光碳点，并用凝胶电泳进行纯化分离"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "39",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R39",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "39"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。除蜡烛灰外，在浓硫酸和硝酸的作用下，碳纤维也被用于化学剥离合成碳点。"
}
]
}
]
},
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{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.1.2 “自下而上”法"
}
],
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"id": "s2a2"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(1)热解法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2008年，Giannelis团队首次使用该策略通过一步热解柠檬酸铵盐得到了碳点，该团队后续的研究结果支持了分子假说，认为碳点的荧光发射与其表面的与酰胺相关的官能团有关，并且过高的温度会导致碳点聚合，使荧光性和量子产率均下降"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "40",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R40",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "40"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "41",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R41",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "41"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R40",
"R41"
],
"text": "40-41",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Wang等在氩气氛围下，将柠檬酸在熔融的LiNO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "中热氧化来合成白光碳点，碱金属硝酸盐的熔点低，与大多数固态反应相比，熔融硝酸盐的反应代表了软化学的一个分支，这也为碳点的合成开发了一个较为温和的反应条件的先例。且硝酸根阴离子可以形成O"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2-"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "或氧原子，也具备一定的氧化能力，可以用于代替具有强腐蚀性的硝酸和浓硫酸。用该方法制备出的碳点量子产率达到10%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "42",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R42",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "42"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(2)水热法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2011年，Yang等以葡萄糖为原料，用水热方法合成了具有可调发射波段的碳点，这是水热法首次应用于碳点的制备。该制备方法可以通过调节葡萄糖和磷酸二氢钾的量比来调节碳点的发射波长，从而实现发射波长从蓝光到绿光的改变。且将该碳点用于细胞毒性测试的结果显示，在碳点浓度高达0.625 mg·mL"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-1"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的情况下，72 h之后，细胞存活率仍然高达95%，表明碳点几乎没有生物毒性"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "43",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R43",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "43"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "随后，许多天然物质如橙汁"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "44",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R44",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "44"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、苹果汁"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R45",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "45"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、红茶"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "46",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R46",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "46"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、甘蓝"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "47",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R47",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "47"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "等也通过水热法合成出了碳点，并且XPS和FTIR分析表明碳点的表面存在许多亲水性官能团。受此启发， 2012年，Hsu提出含有氨基和羧基官能团的有机分子可能有利于碳点的形成。该团队的研究结果认为，碳点的形成经历了4个步骤:脱水、聚合、碳化和钝化。其中加热促使聚合反应发生，从而导致碳核爆发式形成。最后，溶质通过扩散到达核的表面，形成碳点"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "48",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R48",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "48"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(3)微波加热法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2009年，Yang等以聚乙二醇和糖类为原料用微波辅助加热的方法合成了绿色荧光碳点，这是微波加热法首次应用于碳点的制备。该方法制备出的碳点的量子产率(QY)显示出从6.3%~3.1%的激发依赖行为"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这种新颖的方法为合成碳点开辟了一条新途径"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，利用该方法，Sourov"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "51",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R51",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "51"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "及Qu"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "52",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R52",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "52"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "等分别合成了高量子产率的绿色荧光碳点，Jiang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "53",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R53",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "53"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "合成了量子产率高达44.9%的蓝色荧光碳点，Tang"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "54",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R54",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "54"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "及Sun"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "55",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R55",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "55"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "等甚至合成了深紫外到近红外波段的碳点。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(4)模板法"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Liu等以二氧化硅球作为载体，用F127表面活性剂对二氧化硅进行表面处理，从而在二氧化硅表面触发类似胶束化的自组装，以二氧化硅抑制碳点的聚集，有利于均匀尺寸碳点的形成"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "56",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R56",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "56"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2017年，Gu等利用金属有机框架(MOF)均一稳定的孔径作为模板来合成碳点。该碳点尺寸接近模板孔径且尺寸分布均一，且具有良好的发光性能，发射波长随着尺寸的增加而红移("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图3",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F3",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "用MOF孔径为模板制备碳点示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Illustration of carbon dots prepared by using the MOF pores as templates"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
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]
}
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "碳点早期的合成条件比较苛刻，多为高温分解"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "58",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R58",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "58"
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]
}
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "]"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、激光烧蚀"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "59",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R59",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "59"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
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{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "62",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R62",
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{
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"data": "62"
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}
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],
"rid": [
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"R61",
"R62"
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"text": "59-62",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "或电化学氧化"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "63",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R63",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "63"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
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{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "66",
"type": "bibr",
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],
"rid": [
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}
},
{
"name": "text",
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}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "等，由于能源及设备的限制，在一定程度上限制了实际应用的发展。近些年来碳点的合成方法逐步温和化，比如溶剂热水热"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "67",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R67",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "67"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "75",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R75",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "75"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R67",
"R68",
"R69",
"R70",
"R71",
"R72",
"R73",
"R74",
"R75"
],
"text": "67-75",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、超声"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "76",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R76",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "76"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "甚至室温反应"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "77",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R77",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "77"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "80",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R80",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "80"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R77",
"R78",
"R79",
"R80"
],
"text": "77-80",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "也能够得到明亮荧光的碳点，这些合成手段的发展进步极大地推动了碳点在实际生活中的应用。"
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.2 碳点的光学性质"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s2b"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "根据之前的报道，碳点的荧光性质强烈地依赖于激发波长、合成原料、反应条件，这是碳点具有多波段发射的重要原因，并且相应的荧光机理非常复杂。已经提出的发光机理主要包括以下三个方面。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "共轭p结构的量子尺寸效应"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "41",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R41",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "41"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "81",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R81",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "81"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ":例如， 2010年Kang等报道运用内在量子尺寸效应使荧光显示出了从蓝到红的显著变化"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "63",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R63",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "63"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ";2016年，Fan等通过调节反应前驱体和反应时间合成了带隙发射的碳点，该碳点表现出与激发无关的PL，结合PL寿命、TEM和AFM等表征，作者认为不同的带隙是由不同的量子尺寸限制效应引起的"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "82",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R82",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "82"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "碳核心和表面的分子荧光团"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "83",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R83",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "83"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "84",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R84",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "84"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R83",
"R84"
],
"text": "83-84",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ":Giannelis等用柠檬酸和乙醇胺为碳源，合成了高量子产率的荧光碳点，随后通过调整反应温度发现碳点的荧光主要由两部分组成，即碳核心和表面分子态。当反应温度较低时，碳点的发光主要表现为表面分子荧光团，有点类似于有机分子荧光，此时的量子产率达到50%；当反应温度进一步升高到300 ℃甚至到400 ℃时，碳点的量子产率会显著下降，这是因为在高温时碳点会进一步碳化，碳点前体和表面分子荧光团产生了碳共生核，碳共生核成为主要的发射中心"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "41",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R41",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "41"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表面态发射"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "54",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R54",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "54"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "60",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R60",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "60"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "85",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R85",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "85"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "90",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R90",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "90"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R85",
"R86",
"R87",
"R88",
"R89",
"R90"
],
"text": "85-90",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ":例如，我们课题组用硅胶柱色谱法纯化水热法合成了碳点，纯净的碳点显示出与激发波长无关的荧光发射行为，且TEM显示所有碳点表现出相似的尺寸分布以及相同的晶格常数，而红外光谱显示随着碳点发射波长红移，氧化程度在持续增加，XPS结果也证实了这一结论"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "74",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R74",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "74"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Bao等通过调整施加电压的大小探究了碳点表面氧化程度与发光机制的关系，推测表面氧化会导致表面缺陷，从而捕获激子，而激子复合产生的辐射导致发射波长红移"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "64",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R64",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "64"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Wang等通过用NaBH"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "还原碳点来实现不同的发射光谱，FTIR光谱分析表明，碳点还原前后的主要官能团都是羰基、羧基和羟基，因此，作者将碳点的荧光发射归因于表面的羟基和羧基官能团，且认为正是由于碳点还原前后表面羧基数量的不同导致发射光谱位置的不同"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "91",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R91",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "91"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "简而言之，依据量子尺寸效应挑选合适的前驱体、依据分子态理论改变反应时间和温度、依据表面态理论改变碳点表面的官能团等都可以调节碳点的发射波长和量子产率。"
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3 应用于指纹检测"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s3"
}
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.1 粉末法"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3a"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "碳点粉末一般通过粉末法应用于指纹检测。通常的碳点由于聚集态荧光猝灭效应，固体发光很弱甚至没有荧光，无法直接应用于指纹检测。为了克服这个问题，研究者们采用了二氧化硅分散、淀粉稀释及化学掺杂碳点等方法。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2012年，Kelarakis等以柠檬酸和乙醇胺为原料，通过高温热解方法合成了一系列双波长发光的碳纳米颗粒"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "41",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R41",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "41"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ";2015年，又将其和二氧化硅粉末混合在一起应用于潜指纹检测"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "6",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。根据指纹自动识别系统(AFIS)评估指纹图像质量，商业用白色指纹粉的AFIS分析显示有65个细节点，在相同条件下，基于碳点的混合纳米粉可产生显示71个细节点("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4(a)、(b)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4(a)、(b)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")，且在不同的激发波长下显示不同的荧光颜色("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4(c)、(d)、(e)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4(c)、(d)、(e)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。这是碳点第一次被应用于指纹检测， Kelarakis的这项工作开辟了指纹检测材料的新方向。后来，Feng等以柠檬酸和甘氨酸为原料通过水热法制备了绿色荧光碳点，并通过淀粉稀释克服聚集态荧光猝灭效应，将碳点的固体粉末应用于指纹检测，其最佳激发波长为480 nm，最强发射波长在545 nm，量子产率为29.8%，且具有光激发依赖性"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "92",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R92",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "92"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
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"data": {
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"caption": [
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"lang": "zh",
"label": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用商用白色指纹粉(a)和基于碳点的混合纳米粉(b)进行新鲜指纹的AFIS分析；紫色(c)、蓝色(d)、绿色(e)激发波长下掺杂的纳米粉末(0.7%碳点-SiO"
},
{
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"data": "2"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "粉末)在玻璃基底上的荧光显微图像。通过Photoshop软件将大量的荧光图像(放大100倍)合并，得到更大的图像"
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"type": "bibr",
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"label": [
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"data": "Fig.4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "AFIS analysis for fresh fingerprints developed using a commercial white fingerprint powder(a) and a C-dot based hybrid nanopowder(b). Fluorescence microscopy images of fingermarks developed with hybrid nanopowder(0.7% C-dot-silica) on a glass slide under violet(c), blue(d) and green(e) excitation wavelength. A number of fluorescence images(captured at 100× magnification) have been merged "
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"data": [
{
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"data": "via"
}
]
},
{
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"data": " the Photoshop software to create the larger images displayed"
},
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"name": "text",
"data": "["
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"data": {
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]
}
},
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"data": "]"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
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]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
"graphics": [
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "我们课题组以对苯二胺和柠檬酸为碳源，在植酸和甲酰胺的混合溶液中，水热形成了红色荧光碳点。将该荧光碳点与淀粉在甲醇溶液中回流24 h混合烘干后，应用于潜指纹检测("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5(a)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5(a)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。我们建立了一套客观识别潜指纹的数字处理程序，提取了不同基底(玻璃、纸张、塑料)上的潜指纹，并通过预处理得到单像素二值化指纹图，再通过特征提取获得特征点的矩阵，通过欧几里德距离公式计算指纹特征矩阵之间的匹配分数，量化待测图像和以FBI的标准方法获得的指纹图像两者之间的相似度，最高相似度可达93.34%("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5(b)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5(b)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "93",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R93",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "93"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F5",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)R-CDs/淀粉的制备过程及其在LFP检测中的应用示意图；(b)指纹用R-CD/淀粉(ⅰ)和罗丹明6G(ⅱ)染色后在玻璃片上的相似性数字化评估结果"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "93",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R93",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "93"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Preparation process of R-CDs/starch powder and its application in LFP detection. (b)Similarity assessment results of the sample stained with R-CDs/starch(ⅰ) and Rhodamine 6G(ⅱ) on the glass sheet"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "93",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R93",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "93"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
"graphics": [
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2018年，Li等用柠檬酸和甘氨酸为原料通过水热法合成出了在紫外灯下发射蓝光的碳点，通过调节激发波段为紫、蓝、绿色，发射波段分别显示蓝色、绿色、黄色荧光"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "94",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R94",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "94"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。荧光光谱显示发射波长随着激发波长的红移而红移。Li团队通过将碳点与ZIF-8复合，克服了聚集态荧光猝灭效应。该复合碳点通过粉末法能够很好地应用于指纹检测"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "94",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R94",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "94"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "基于这种化学掺杂稀释的原理，Zhai等以柠檬酸和尿素为原料通过微波辅助合成了绿色荧光碳点，并将其嵌入到蒙脱土(MMT)中，形成g-CDs@MMT结构"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "95",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R95",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "95"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。由于将g-CD限制在MMT粘土基质的层状结构中，因此g-CD均匀地分散在生成的g-CDs@MMT固态复合材料中，这有效地防止了聚集诱导的荧光猝灭。g-CDs@MMT复合材料在405 nm的光下可以实现11%的光致发光量子产率。通过粉末法获得的覆盖有g-CDs@MMT复合材料的指纹图像在紫外灯下可以看到清晰的指纹("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F6",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "g-CDs@MMT复合材料的制备及其在WLEDs和潜指纹检测中的应用示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "95",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R95",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "95"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.6"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematics of g-CDs@MMT composites preparation for WLEDs and the latent fingerprint detection"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "95",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R95",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "95"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "随着碳点发光性能的改善，越来越多的碳点在不进行稀释或化学掺杂复合的情况下依然表现出优异的固态发光性能。例如，2019年Kumari等以均苯四酸和五亚乙基六胺为原料，通过简单的溶剂热法制备了颜色可调节的荧光碳点。通过改变溶液的pH和反应物的物质的量，荧光碳点可以实现蓝色、绿色和橙色荧光的调控。粉末法获得的指纹图像在紫外灯下可以看到二级特征(分叉、点、纹线端点)("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。且细胞存活率测定显示，在碳点浓度高达500 μg·mL"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-1"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的情况下，24 h后细胞存活率仍高达90%，表明该碳点具有良好的生物相容性"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "96",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R96",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "96"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Ren等以柠檬酸钠和尿素为原料用溶剂热法合成了固态荧光碳点，随着激发波长在330~470 nm之间增加，发射波长逐渐红移"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "97",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R97",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "97"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。在紫、蓝、绿光激发下显示蓝、绿、红色荧光。该碳点量子产率高达67%，且在放置两个月和一年后，荧光强度依旧保持原始的93%和67%，这表明该碳点的光稳定性能良好。用粉末法可以得到潜在指纹的第三级细节特征("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图8",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F8",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图8"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。且生物毒性实验显示，在800 μg·mL"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-1"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的浓度下，24 h后细胞存活率超过86%。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F7",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O-CDs(a)与G-CDs(b)在称量纸(ⅰ)、铝箔(ⅱ)、玻璃(ⅲ)、塑料(ⅳ)上的LFPs图像"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "96",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R96",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "96"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.7"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "LFPs images of O-CDs(a) and G-CDs(b) on the weighing paper(ⅰ), aluminum foil(ⅱ) glass(ⅲ), and plastic(ⅳ)"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "96",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R96",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "96"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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"data": {
"id": "F8",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图8"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)~(c)365 nm激发下，在超-NCD-涂层的硅片上形成的指纹荧光图像；(d)NCDs粉末的指纹荧光图(e)((d)的对应局部放大图)展示了LFP的二级和三级特征。所有的指纹荧光图像都是在使用紫外光(360~380 nm)、蓝光(460~480 nm)和绿光(510~530 nm)激发NCD下制作的，这些荧光图像均位于超-NCDs-涂层硅片上(从左到右激发波长依次增加)"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "97",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R97",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "97"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.8"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)-(c)NCD-formed fluorescent fingerprint on the supra-NCD-coated silicon pieces under 365 nm excitation. (d)Fluorescent image of fingerprint with the NCDs powder. (e)magnified images(of the corresponding areas in (d)) showing the detail of the level 2 and level 3 characteristics of the LFPs. All of the fluorescent images were made after exciting the NCDs using UV light(360-380 nm), blue light(460-480 nm), and green light(510-530 nm) on the fingerprint located on the supra-NCD-coated silicon pieces(arranged by increasing wavelength number from left to right)"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "97",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R97",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "97"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Wang等以柠檬酸为碳源、哌嗪为钝化剂，通过简单的微波辅助合成了碳点。通过调节前体的质量比可以实现碳点的固体发射深蓝色、浅蓝色、黄绿色三种颜色的荧光。该碳点的显著优势是可以快速地大量制备，按文献所述，仅需两分钟的微波加热即可获得，且不需要进行后续处理。并且应用粉末法获得的指纹图像在紫外灯下可以看到二级特征信息("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图9",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F9",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图9"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "98",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R98",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "98"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F9",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图9"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)在紫外光照射下，在不同承印物(玻璃、塑料、锡纸及称重纸)上的CDs染色指纹照片；(b)上述CDs染色指纹的相应放大图片"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "98",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R98",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "98"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.9"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Photographs of CDs stained fingerprints on different substrate(glass, plastics, tinfoil and weighing paper) under UV light. (b)Corresponding magnified pictures of above CDs stained fingerprints"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "98",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R98",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "98"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2019年，Wang等以邻苯二甲酸和哌嗪为原料，通过微波辅助加热的方式合成了固态强黄绿色荧光碳点，固体量子产率高达48.7%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "99",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R99",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "99"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。在指纹图案中，可以识别和区分一些关键区域和特征，例如脊终止和分叉。这些细节被认为是指纹检测的基本，在实际识别中起着至关重要的作用。此外，由于指纹的荧光足够强，甚至可以克服来自玻璃和锡箔的反射光，因此在玻璃、锡纸、塑料、称量纸4个基板上几乎都没有蓝色背景荧光干扰。即使某些物体在其表面上有许多浮雕(例如硬币和瓶盖)，仍可以获得高质量的清晰的指纹PL图像，指纹识别的一些关键细节(如纹线端点和分叉)仍然可以识别("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。这些结果表明，p-CDs可以用作快速潜指纹检测的荧光着色剂。指纹成像的机制可能与常规粉末相同，即带电荷的CDs表面官能团(胺，酰胺和羧酸)与水分、指纹残渣的碱性蛋白质或油性成分之间产生静电相互作用。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F10",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)合成CDs示意图；桌上(b)、试剂瓶盖(c)、硬币上(d)的CDs染色指纹照片(从左至右:基底上红圈内的潜在指纹、CDs染色指纹照片及相应红色矩形的放大图)"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "99",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R99",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "99"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.10"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Schematic illustration for the synthesis CDs. Photographs of CDs stained fingerprints on desk(b), reagent bottle cap(c) and coin(d)(from left to right: latent fingerprint in the red circle on the substrate, photographs of CDs stained fingerprints and the enlarge picture of corresponding red rectangles)"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "99",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R99",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "99"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.2 喷雾法"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3b"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "喷雾法一般是将碳点溶液雾化后喷在指纹基底上，干燥后在紫外灯下即可观测。2017年，我们课题组以对苯二胺和磷酸为原料通过水热的方法合成出了与激发波长无关的发射波长在620 nm处的红色荧光碳点，并将其溶于盐酸溶液，通过喷雾法将碳点溶液喷到各种固体基材上，在空气中干燥后，可以在紫外线灯下看到清晰的指纹，并能够保持稳定1 d("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图11(a)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F11",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图11(a)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。共聚焦显微镜等详细的特征表明，在干燥过程中，巧妙地利用了溶液蒸发的咖啡环效应和碳点本身固体荧光猝灭效应，被指纹油脂保护减缓蒸发的碳点水溶液清晰地显现了指纹("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图11(b)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F11",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图11(b)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。这类碳点的Zeta电位为18.7 mV，与那些表面带负电的常规CD有所区别。正表面电荷对于指纹检测非常重要，因为汗液和皮脂的残留物带负电荷。该碳点的量子产率为11.2%。可以识别第二级详细信息，例如终点和分叉("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图12",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F12",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图12"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F11",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图11"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)在固体底物上用R-CDs染色指纹的荧光染色过程和机理示意图；(b)用R-CD喷洒玻璃片上的指纹10~100 min的CLSM图像"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.11"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Fluorescence staining process and mechanism of R-CDs toward the fingerprints on solid substrates. (b)CLSM image of the R-CDs sprayed fingerprints on a glass sheet. The time is from 10 min to 100 min after spray"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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"id": "F12",
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{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图12"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在玻璃基底上用R-CDs喷洒指纹的荧光图像，分别展示了二级特征细节中的终止和分歧"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
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"data": "35"
}
]
}
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.12"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fluorescence images of the R-CDs sprayed fingerprints on a glass sheet. The second-level details, termination and bifurcation, are shown respectively"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2018年，Chan等以L-谷胱甘肽和柠檬酸为前驱体，用微波辅助的方法合成了氮、硫双掺杂的荧光碳点，在360 nm光源激发下，在445 nm处荧光强度最高，量子产率超过48%。该碳点荧光光谱可调，随着激发波长从400 nm增加到460 nm，发射波长从460 nm增加到600 nm("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图13",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F13",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图13"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。因此可以通过使用不同的激发波长来获得多色荧光，有效地解决基底的颜色干扰"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F13",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图13"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N,S-SFCD:(a)在300~460 nm激发波长处记录的PL光谱；(b)归一化发射光谱。N,S-SFCD水溶液:(c)340~430 nm激发波长下的PL光谱；(d)归一化发射光谱"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.13"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N,S-SFCD: (a)PL spectra recorded at incrementally longer excitation wavelengths from 300 nm to 460 nm, (b)normalized emission spectra. N,S-SFCD aqueous solution: (c)PL spectra recorded at incrementally longer excitation wavelengths from 340 nm to 430 nm, (d)normalized emission spectra"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Chan等经过研究发现，喷涂过程中的液滴尺寸是LFP发展的一个非常重要的因素"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "100",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R100",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "100"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，微小的液滴有利于产生可分辨的山脊"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "101",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R101",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "101"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " 。普通的喷雾法则会产生较大的液滴，而这样的液滴干燥后会模糊指纹的细节。因此，Chan等使用超声雾化喷雾法代替传统的喷雾法，通过2.0 MHz的超声雾化器将碳点的水溶液喷在指纹上，得到了第二级详细信息(分叉、纹线端点、点)和第三级信息(汗孔)("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图14",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F14",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图14"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F14",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图14"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在激发波长365 nm(a)、420 nm(b)、440 nm(c)和460 nm(d)下，通过粉末法用N,S-SFCD在铝箔上制备的LFPs图像。放大后的图像显示如下具体细节，如(1)汗孔、(2)疤痕、(3)核心、(4)分叉、(5)三角洲、(6)桥、(7)钩、(8)终止、(9)岛、(10)短脊、(11)交叉"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.14"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Images of LFPs on the aluminum foil developed through powder method with N,S-SFCD under excitation wavelength 365 nm(a), 420 nm(b), 440 nm(c), and 460 nm(d), respectively. The magnified images show specific details as listed below, such as (1)sweat pore, (2)scar, (3)core, (4)bifurcation, (5)delta, (6)bridge, (7)hook, (8)termination, (9)island, (10)short ridge, and (11)crossover"
},
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"data": [
{
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"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3.3 小微粒悬浮液法"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3c"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2018年，Jiang等以浓硫酸和磷酸作为氧化剂，用聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯一步碳化法制备了表面含有大量长烷基链的白色发光碳点"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "102",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R102",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "102"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。长链烷基结构能够有效防止聚集态荧光猝灭。该碳点最大激发波长为363 nm，最大发射波长为435 nm，随着激发波长从350 nm增加到510 nm，发射波长从440 nm增加到550 nm，溶液的绝对量子产率为2.1%，相对量子产率为4.2%，产率颇高，达18%，有望大规模制备。将收集在玻璃上的指纹浸入碳点溶液中，用水洗涤干燥后可见指纹的二级信息，包括分叉和交叉("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图15",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F15",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图15"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。同年，Zhao等以DL-苹果酸和乙二胺为原料通过水热法制备了绿色发光碳点，该碳点具有光激发依赖性，量子产率提高到19.6%，且在pH=2~12范围内都有良好的发光性能。采用小微粒悬浮液法获得的荧光潜指纹在60 d内依旧保持着较清晰的细节特征("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图16",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F16",
"data": [
{
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"data": "图16"
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"data": ")"
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"text": "36",
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"data": "36"
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}
]
},
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"data": {
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"label": [
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"data": "图15"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)WCDs的固态PL光谱，"
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"data": "λ"
}
]
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"data": "=365 nm，插图:固体粉末WCDs在黑暗(左)和365 nm紫外光(右)下的照片；(b)CIE 1931色度图上固体粉末WCD的色度坐标，使用Biotek Cytation 5对WCDs在日光灯下(左)和365 nm紫外光照射下(右)显微镜玻璃上的皮脂丰富区(c)和皮脂缺乏区(d)的指纹图像进行了分析。插图:二级特征细节，包括分岔和交叉"
},
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"data": {
"text": "102",
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"data": [
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"data": "102"
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{
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"data": "。"
}
]
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{
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"label": [
{
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"data": "Fig.15"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Solid-state PL spectrum of WCDs, "
},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "λ"
}
]
},
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "=365 nm. Inset: photographs of solid-power WCDs under dark(left) and 365 nm UV light(right). (b)Chromaticity coordinate of solid-power WCDs on the CIE 1931 chromaticity chart. Images of sebum-rich(c) and sebum-poor(d) fingerprints on microscopic glass stained by WCDs under day light(left) and 365 nm UV light(right) using Biotek Cytation 5. Inset: the second-level details, including bifurcation and crossover"
},
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"data": [
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"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "102",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R102",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "102"
}
]
}
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{
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"data": "]"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
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]
}
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "保存时间1 d(a)、60 d(b)后G-CDs在透明胶带上显现的手印"
},
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"data": [
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"text": "36",
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"data": "Fingermarks developed on the transparent tape by G-CDs of preserving time. (a)1 d. (b)60 d"
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"data": "3.4 转印法"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3d"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2018年，Wang等以猪小肠为原料通过一步热解法制备出碳点，在不同的激发波长下分别显示出蓝、绿、红三种颜色的荧光("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图17(k)、(l)、(m)",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F17",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图17(k)、(l)、(m)"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。随后将碳点溶于聚乙烯醇后滴在指纹上，溶剂蒸发后得到自支撑柔性透明膜，该透明膜很容易剥落，且不会破坏沉积在基材上的LFP图案("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图18",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F18",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图18"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。该印有指纹的薄膜能够清晰看到指纹的二级结构，且能够稳定存在于空气中2.5年"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。这种便携式用薄膜提取指纹的方法能够有效克服基底的背景干扰，且复合膜上的指纹图案稳定的时间非常长，相比于之前的工作，也是一个很重要的突破。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F17",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图17"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)用CD/PVA薄膜转印LFP到玻璃基底上的图像；(b)用365 nm紫外光照射在CD/PVA薄膜上所收集的指纹照片；(c)如(b)所示的指纹随机区域的SEM图像；(d)在400 nm激发下指纹沟槽区(黑色，弱)和脊区(红色，强)的PL发射光谱；不同表面采集的指纹荧光图像:(e)聚丙烯表面，(f)铝板，(g)锈钢，(h)红玉髓，以及LFP在空气中暴露30 d(i)和60 d(j)的载玻片；在不同的激发波长360 nm(k)、430 nm(l)和530 nm(m)下，载玻片上PVA/CDs薄膜的指纹荧光显微镜成像"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.17"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Photograph of a CD/PVA film picking up a LFP on a glass slide. (b)Photograph of the collected fingerprint on the CD/PVA film taken under irradiation with a 365 nm UV light. (c)SEM image of a random zone of the fingerprint shown in (b). (d)PL emission spectra of furrow zone(black, weak) and ridge zone(red, strong) of the fingerprint under excitation at 400 nm. Fluorescence images of fingerprints collected from different surfaces of polypropylene surface(e), aluminum sheet(f), stain steel(g), and carnelian(h), and collected from a glass slide where a LFP exposed prior in air atmosphere for 30 d(i), and 60 d(j). Fluorescence microscopy images of fingerprints developed on PVA/CDs film from glass slide under different excitation wavelengths: (k)360 nm, (l)430 nm, (m)530 nm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
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"data": "["
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
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"title": [
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"data": "(a)猪小肠制备CD的合成原理图和用于无油墨图案衬底膜的CD/PVA溶液的制备；(b)利用CD/PVA薄膜进行LFP采集和识别的处理示意图"
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"data": "。"
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"label": [
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"data": "Fig.18"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "(a)Schematic synthesis of CDs from the small intestine of pig and preparation of CD/PVA solutions for ink-free patterned substrate films. (b)Sketch process of LFP collection and recognition by means of CD/PVA films"
},
{
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"data": [
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"data": "["
},
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"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
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"data": "37"
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]
}
},
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{
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"data": "."
}
]
}
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "2019年，Li等以柠檬酸和半胱氨酸为原料，通过热解的方法制备碳点，通过调节溶液的pH来调节碳点的荧光发射峰位置。先将碳点与Eu(Ⅲ)常温反应形成微棒结构，再制备成PVA/微棒电纺NFs膜，指纹直接按压在PVA/微棒电纺NFs膜上，3 s后膜上的指纹会出现强烈的蓝色荧光，和红色的基底形成明显对比，指纹的一级特征特征、二级特征甚至三级特征(汗孔和山脊)得以显现("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图19",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F19",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图19"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "103",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R103",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "103"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F19",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图19"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "PVA/微棒电纺NFs膜的安全性应用。(a)~(b)手指触摸前PVA/微棒电纺NFs膜上小猫照片的日光和荧光图像，使用华为智能手机记录膜在紫外光(365 nm)下的荧光图像。(c)~(d)手指触摸后PVA/微棒电纺NFs膜上小猫照片的日光和荧光图像，标尺为1.0 cm;(e)佳能相机(EOS 77D)记录的放大的指纹图像，标尺为0.2 cm;(f)蓝色方框的放大图像显示了二级特征，包括(1)交叉、(2)终止、(3)分叉和(4)岛，以及三级细节(2、3和4中的汗孔)"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
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"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "103",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R103",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "103"
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"data": "]"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
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"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.19"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Security application of PVA/microrods electrospun NFs membrane. (a)-(b)Daylight and fluorescence images of a kitten picture on PVA/microrods NFs membrane before finger touch. The fluorescence image of the membrane was recorded with a Huawei smartphone under UV light(365 nm). (c)-(d)Bright light and fluorescence images of the kitten on PVA/microrods NFs membrane after finger touch. Scale bar, 1.0 cm. (e)Magnified fingerprints recorded by a Canon camera (EOS 77D). Scale bar, 0.2 cm. (f)Magnified images of blue boxes showing level 2 details including crossover(1), termination(2), bifurcation(3), and island(4), and level 3 details(pores in 2, 3, and 4)"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
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"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "103",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R103",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "103"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
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"data": "."
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]
}
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"data": {
"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "3.5 检测效果分析比较"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s3e"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在指纹的采集过程中，选取哪一种采集方法主要取决于指纹所处的客体的性质。粉末法和小微粒悬浮液法多应用于非渗透性客体，喷雾法多应用于渗透性的客体表面，转印法多应用于人体皮肤。为了更加直观地感受不同碳点在指纹检测中的应用，我们将现已公开发表的应用于指纹检测的碳点从合成原料、合成方法、荧光性能、检测方法、检测性能、安全性能六个方面进行了对比("
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "表1",
"type": "table",
"rid": "T1",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表1"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ")。其中粉末法因其简单便捷，是目前采用最多的方法。但是碳点在干燥形成粉末的时候，难免会发生团聚从纳米尺度变成微米尺度，因此将碳点粉末应用于指纹检测很难做到高清晰度的表征，目前仅一篇文献做到了三级特征"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "97",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R97",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "97"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。喷雾法和小微粒悬浮液法虽然能够避免颗粒聚集的问题，但是任何涉及外来引入液体环境的检测，都需要考虑处理之后的准确性，比如溶剂是否对基底以及潜指纹存在一定的溶解性或反应性。"
}
]
},
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"data": {
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"caption": [
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"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "表1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "应用于指纹检测的碳点对比图"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Tab.1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Comparison of CDs applied in fingerprint detection"
}
]
}
],
"note": [],
"table": [
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"rowspan": "2",
"align": "center",
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"data": [
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"data": "碳点原料"
}
]
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"align": "center",
"style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;",
"data": [
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"data": "合成方法"
}
]
},
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"align": "center",
"style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;",
"data": [
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"data": "荧光性能"
}
]
},
{
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{
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},
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{
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{
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},
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"align": "left",
"data": [
{
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},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
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]
},
{
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"rowspan": "1",
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
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}
]
},
{
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"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/"
}
]
},
{
"colspan": "1",
"rowspan": "1",
"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "粉末法"
}
]
},
{
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{
"name": "text",
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}
]
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{
"name": "text",
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}
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"data": "["
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{
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}
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},
{
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"align": "left",
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{
"name": "text",
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}
]
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"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/"
}
]
},
{
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"align": "left",
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{
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"data": "粉末法"
}
]
},
{
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"align": "left",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/"
}
]
},
{
"colspan": "1",
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"align": "left",
"data": [
{
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}
]
},
{
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
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{
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]
}
},
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}
]
}
],
[
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{
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]
},
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{
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}
]
},
{
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}
]
},
{
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{
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}
]
},
{
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{
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}
]
},
{
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"align": "left",
"data": [
{
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"data": "粉末法"
}
]
},
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{
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"data": "三级特征，相似度达93.34%"
}
]
},
{
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}
]
},
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"align": "center",
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"data": "["
},
{
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{
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}
},
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}
]
}
],
[
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]
},
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]
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}
]
},
{
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}
]
},
{
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"align": "left",
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]
},
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}
]
},
{
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"align": "left",
"data": [
{
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}
]
},
{
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{
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"data": "["
},
{
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{
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}
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}
]
}
],
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},
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]
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]
},
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}
]
},
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}
]
},
{
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}
]
},
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]
}
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]
},
{
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"align": "left",
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[
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{
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}
]
},
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],
[
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}
],
[
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"data": [
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}
]
},
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}
]
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"data": "转印法"
}
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"data": "二级特征"
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{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "目前，在碳点与指纹的结合原理部分，我们仅查到4篇文献做相关的讨论。其中，我们课题组参考了前人的工作，认为潜指纹的表面带负电荷，因此合成了在酸性条件下表面带正电荷的碳点，Zeta电位为18.7 mV，通过静电相互作用使碳点与潜指纹结合"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Song课题组通过AFM图像分析，认为LFP是电正性的，且喷雾溶液的pH值对LFP的表面电性没有影响。他们合成的N,S双掺杂的碳点在碱性环境下Zeta电位为负值，与LFP可以通过静电相互作用结合。同时通过参考前人的工作，他们认为碳链的亲脂性嵌段会与LFP的疏水表面发生疏水相互作用，从而促进碳点与LFP的结合"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Xiao课题组通过FTIR和XPS分析出所合成的绿色荧光碳点表面含有大量的羟基、羰基和氨基官能团，认为其可以通过静电相互作用和化学偶联作用与LFP中的油脂、氨基酸和脂肪酸相结合"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。Zhang课题组提到碳点与指纹结合机制可能与常规粉末相同，即碳点表面官能团(胺，酰胺和羧酸)与水分、指纹残渣的碱性蛋白质或油性成分之间通过静电相互作用结合。4篇文献分别提出了不同的结合机制，其中静电相互作用是他们都认同的观点，但是对于LFP的表面电荷性质仍然存在争议"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "99",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R99",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "99"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在碳点检测指纹性能部分，第一篇将碳点应用于指纹检测的文献通过AFIS评估指纹图像质量，相比于商业用白色指纹粉的65个细节点，碳点的混合纳米粉能够产生71个细节点"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "6",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。我们课题组建立了一套客观识别潜指纹的数字处理程序，量化待测的指纹图像和FBI的标准指纹图像相似度高达93.34%"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "93",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R93",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "93"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。其他的文献仅报道了可观测到的指纹的细节特征级别。就荧光成像性能而言，碳点与其他的荧光材料都可以做到指纹的三级特征"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "14",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R14",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "14"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "97",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R97",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "97"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "103",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R103",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "103"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，碳点能够做到比商业用白色指纹粉展示更多的细节点"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "6",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，但是类似于基于AIE的水溶性探针TPA-1OH这种可以观测到潜指纹中的汗孔之间的距离和数量的碳点，目前还没有报道。并且影响碳点应用于潜指纹成像的因素有很多种，例如合成原料、合成方法、存放的时间、环境、基底材料和处理手段等等，更加客观的单一变量的对比实验依旧有待报道。"
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4 结论"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s4"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "将生物毒性低、光稳定性强、荧光可调变、合成成本低、安全又环保的碳点应用于潜指纹检测不仅丰富拓宽了碳点的实际应用，也为潜指纹的检测提供了一种更加绿色环保、高效便捷的方法。这是目前相关文献达成的共识，可以说碳点与生俱来的优点决定了它非常适合应用于指纹检测。但是，该领域的研究现状还存在以下不足:"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "首先，大部分相关报道都是先合成了某种碳点，然后顺带应用于潜指纹显现，指纹检测既不是研究的主题也不是合成碳点的目标。这样初浅的研究对该领域的深入发展没有实质性贡献，因为有很多种粉末包括碳粉、铁粉、面粉、荧光粉，只要足够细小，都能用来刷指纹。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "其次，尽管有些文献讨论到碳点对指纹残留物特异性识别的问题，认为碳点和指纹的结合主要包括静电相互作用、疏水相互作用和化学偶联作用，但是由于碳点本身的精准可控合成目前还无法实现，究竟让碳点携带什么样的表面基团，或者具有哪些形式的表面态，才能够选择性地结合指纹残留物，仍然是一个亟待解决的难题。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "最后，绝大多数的相关研究缺乏系统性，只停留在利用碳点显现潜指纹这个初级层面上。即使荧光照片显示了指纹所有的细节特征，也无法保证这些信号都是准确无误的。由于在粉末刷指纹、溶液喷雾、气体熏显等手工操作中不可避免地存在对指纹痕迹的破坏，显色剂使用过度或滞留在非指纹区，拍摄过程中光线、角度、曝光、背景等干扰，导致最终成像的信号失真。为了解决这个问题，需要设定参照物和标准比对方法，设计人工智能程序对图像进行数字化处理，去伪存真，根据计算比对的相似度参数判定荧光成像的准确性。我们课题组最近两年在这个方向上做了一些探索，引导该领域的研究向纵深发展。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "上述系统性识别与鉴定指纹的问题，似乎和碳点无关，但是实际上要建立在碳点从精准合成到性能调控多方面取得成功的基础之上。例如，很多基体材料有背景荧光，为了克服背景荧光需要开发红光发射并且固体荧光效率高的碳点，即便如此，也不能完全克服背景的干扰。理想的材料应该是具有长寿命磷光发射的固态碳点，并且该碳点对指纹有特异性识别的表面基团。到目前为止，具有红色固态磷光发射的碳点还未见报道，碳点发光的高度一致性和表面基团选择性的问题更是巨大的挑战。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
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"response": [],
"contributions": [],
"acknowledgements": [],
"conflict": [],
"supportedby": [],
"articlemeta": {
"doi": "10.37188/CJL.20200334",
"clc": [
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"data": "O482.31;O613.71"
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"dc": [
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"data": "A"
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"publisherid": "1000-7032(2021)08-1095-19",
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"fundinggroup": [
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"text": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "国家自然科学基金（21771039, 21975048）；上海市科学技术委员会专项经费项目（19DZ2270100）资助"
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"text": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (21771039, 21975048); Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (19DZ2270100)"
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]
}
],
"history": {
"received": "2020-11-02",
"revised": "2020-11-26",
"ppub": "2021-08-01",
"opub": "2021-10-19"
},
"copyright": {
"data": [],
"year": "2021"
}
},
"appendix": [],
"type": "research-article",
"ethics": [],
"supplementary": [],
"journalTitle": "发光学报",
"issue": "08",
"volume": "42",
"originalSource": []
}
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