NaYF₄:Yb³⁺, Ln³⁺@NaYF₄:Yb³⁺@NaYF₄(Ln=Ho, Tm)核-双层壳纳米晶中Yb³⁺调控的高效上转换发光

{ "defaultlang": "en", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Highly Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence Through Partially Isolate Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in Core-shell-shell Structured NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho, Tm) Nanocrystals" } ] }, { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho, Tm)核-双层壳纳米晶中Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "调控的高效上转换发光" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIAO", "givenname": "Hua-zhen", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "zh", "surname": "廖", "givenname": "华珍", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ "廖华珍(1995-), 女, 福建龙岩人, 博士研究生, 2017年于华侨大学获得学士学位, 主要从事稀土掺杂发光材料的研究。E-mail:liaohuazhen@tongji.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [], "data": [ [ { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "廖华珍" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1995-), 女, 福建龙岩人, 博士研究生, 2017年于华侨大学获得学士学位, 主要从事稀土掺杂发光材料的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "liaohuazhen@tongji.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "liaohuazhen@tongji.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "en", "surname": "XIAO", "givenname": "Ping", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "zh", "surname": "肖", "givenname": "萍", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "en", "surname": "YE", "givenname": "Song", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "zh", "surname": "叶", "givenname": "松", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "YE Song.E-mail:yesong@tongji.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "YE Song.E-mail:yesong@tongji.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ "叶松(1978-), 女, 辽宁鞍山人, 博士, 副教授, 博士研究生导师, 2007年于中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位, 主要从事稀土掺杂发光材料的研究。E-mail:yesong@tongji.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [], "data": [ [ { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "叶松" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1978-), 女, 辽宁鞍山人, 博士, 副教授, 博士研究生导师, 2007年于中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所获得博士学位, 主要从事稀土掺杂发光材料的研究。E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "yesong@tongji.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "yesong@tongji.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "en", "surname": "WANG", "givenname": "De-ping", "namestyle": "western", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "zh", "surname": "王", "givenname": "德平", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "en", "label": "", "text": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China" } ] }, { "lang": "zh", "label": "", "text": "同济大学 材料科学与工程学院, 上海 201804", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "同济大学 材料科学与工程学院, 上海 201804" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In this research, the Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") doped β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core nanocrystals(NCs) with sub-10 nm size were synthesized with co-precipitation method, based on which the core-shell-shell structured NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs were constructed. The successfully growth of the middle active-shell and the outmost inert-shell were proved by XRD and TEM measurements. The spectral results indicated that partially isolate Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dopant in active-core and active-shell and the growth of the outmost inert-shell can effectively improve the upconversion(UC) emission intensity of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which is resulted from the enhanced absorption of 980 nm excitation light and energy transfer efficiency ascribing to the increased Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration quenching threshold. Moreover, through adjusting Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping concentration in the middle-shell, the tunable emission can be obtained. This research suggested a general route for the development of highly-efficient luminescent upconversion nanocrystals(UCNCs) in a broad color range." } ] } ] }, { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "采用共沉淀法合成了尺寸小于10 nm的Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）掺杂β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "核纳米晶，在此基础上构建了NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "核-双层壳结构纳米晶，并通过XRD和TEM测试证明了中间活性壳和最外层惰性壳的成功包覆。光谱结果表明，在活性核和活性壳中分别掺杂Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、并进一步生长最外层的惰性壳能够有效地提高Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的上转换发射强度，这是由核-双层壳结构纳米晶对980 nm激发光的吸收增强以及Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "浓度猝灭阈值的提高所引起的高效能量传递共同导致的。此外，通过调节中间壳层中的Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂浓度，可以获得高效可调发光。本研究为开发多色高效上转换发光纳米晶提供了一条有效的途径。" } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "upconversion" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "core-shell-shell structure" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } ] ] }, { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "上转换发光" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "核-双层壳结构" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Introduction" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Upconversion(UC) luminescence is an anti-Stokes process in which the near infrared(NIR) light can be converted into shorter wavelength light in ultraviolet or visible ranges" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "via" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " multi-photon processes" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b1", "b2", "b3" ], "text": "1-3", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In recent years, the lanthanide-doped upconversion crystals(UCNCs) have provoked considerable interest due to their prominent luminescence properties of narrow emission bands, long excited-state lifetimes, tunable emissions, low background interference and deep tissue penetration" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b4", "b5", "b6", "b7" ], "text": "4-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which thus have been prevalent in many applications like bioimaging, detection, photothermal therapy, and optical temperature sensors" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b8", "b9", "b10", "b11" ], "text": "8-11", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". As we know, the accomplishment of strong UC emission intensity is of particular significance for UCNCs to determine their application depth and width. However, it still remains a challenge to obtain high-efficient UC luminescence due to the influences of nonradiative decays, small excitation cross sections of the rare earth ions and abundant surface quenching centers caused by the large surface-to-volume ratio of the UCNCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b12", "b13", "b14" ], "text": "12-14", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". So far, many efforts have been made to overcome these negative factors, and one commonly used method is to choose low phonon energy fluorides like Na" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Y, Gd and Lu), CaF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and YF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as doping host to reduce nonradiative transitions" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b15", "b16", "b17" ], "text": "15-17", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Besides, many other attempts have also been tried to improve UC emission intensity, such as increasing excitation power density" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b18", "b19" ], "text": "18-19", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", changing the crystal field symmetry through doping cations" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and attaching noble metals nanoparticles on UCNCs to generate surface plasmon resonance(SPR) enhancement" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b21", "b22" ], "text": "21-22", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". However, the above-mentioned methods show limited enhancements and also involve complex preparation procedures or suffer from high cost." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Alternatively, one effective strategy for achieving enhanced UC emission is to increase the dopant concentration, which can simultaneously improve absorption ability and energy transfer efficiency" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". However, the excessive doping of lanthanide ions in the same spatial structure will induce deleterious interaction between doped ions and thus leads to severely concentration quenching" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b24", "b25" ], "text": "24-25", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Therefore, another protocol of fabricating core-shell structured nanoparticles was proposed to improve the UC luminescence properties, which can not only separate the luminescent centers from surface defects and ligands but also make it possible for higher doping concentration as well as tunable emission with diverse dopants" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b26", "b27", "b28", "b29" ], "text": "26-29", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". For example, Zhang " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". grew the monolayer NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell outside the NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb, Er core NCs to passivate the surface defects of the NCs and thus enhance the overall UC emission intensity" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Apart from coating inert-shell, the active shell was also applied to construct core-shell structured nanoparticles. Chien " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". overcoated the LiYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core nanoparticles with an active LiYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell and thus obtained 3 times enhanced UC emission intensity by suppressing surface-related deactivations" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Moreover, in addition to improving UC efficiency, multifunctionality or multicolor emission was realized through the construction of core-shell-shell structured UCNCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b32", "b33", "b34", "b35" ], "text": "32-35", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". For instance, Peng " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". prepared NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb/Er@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb@NaNdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb core-shell-shell nanoparticles that can be effectively excited by 808 nm or 980 nm laser " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".Siefe " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". designed a unique β-NaYbF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaY" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.8-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Er" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Gd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaY" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Gd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core-shell-shell architecture, in which sensitizers and activators were respectively partitioned into the core and the interior shell, and thus the core-shell-shell design was 2-fold brighter than the standard NaY" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.58" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Gd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Yb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Er" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.02" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaY" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Gd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core-shell design" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". By constructing NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Eu/Tb@NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb, Tm@NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb, Nd core-shell-shell UCNCs, intense and multicolor emissions can be obtained with 808 nm excitation" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The magnetic-optical dual-modal imaging was also reported by fabricating NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb, Ho, Ce/NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Nd, Yb/NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core/double-shell structured nanoparticles" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Therefore, the proper design of core-shell or core-shell-shell structured NCs can essentially improve the UC emission properties of lanthanides as it can greatly increase their doping level by isolating them into separated spatial structures." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In our research, the pure β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho, Tm) core NCs were firstly prepared, and then through the construction of active-core@active-shell@inert-shell structured β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "%Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs, the greatly enhanced UC emission can be obtained. The Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration dependent UC luminescence properties of the core-shell and core-shell-shell NCs were investigated, and the importance of partially isolate Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dopant in the core and middle-shell, as well as the outmost inert shell growth on the enhancement of UC emission intensity were systematically discussed." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Experiments" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Materials" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2-1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "YbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O, HoCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O, TmCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O and YCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O with 99.99% purity were purchased by Jiangxi Anrre Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. Ammonium fluoride(NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F, 99.99%), sodium oleate(NaOA, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "97%), oleic acid(OA, 90%), methanol(MeOH, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.7%), 1-octadecene(ODE, 90%) and cyclohexane(" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "97%) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-chem Technology Co., Ltd. Absolute ethanol(" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.7%) was supplied from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Synthesis of β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RE" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho and Tm) Core NCs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2-2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":0.1Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", 0.02Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":0.1Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", 0.01Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core NCs (named as C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", respectively) were synthesized through co-precipitation method" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In the synthesis of C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core NCs, 0.88 mmol YCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O, 0.10 mmol YbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O together with 0.02 mmol HoCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O or 0.01 mmol TmCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O were firstly dropped in a three-necked flask with 15 mL ODE and 6 mL OA, and then the above mixed solution was heated to 150 ℃ and kept for 35 min under argon(Ar) atmosphere. After the above solution cooled down naturally, 4 mmol NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F and 2.5 mmol NaOA that dissolved in two sets of 10 mL MeOH were dropped, and then the mixed solution was incubated at 65 ℃ and kept for 40 min. Finally, the resulting solution was heated to 280 ℃ for 30 min under Ar atmosphere and then naturally cooled down. The resulted core NCs were firstly precipitated, collected and re-dispersed." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Synthesis of β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RE" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho and Tm)@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Core-shell NCs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2-3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The core-shell NCs with various Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping levels in shell layer, including β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":0.1Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", 0.02Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7, named as C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", respectively) and β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":0.1Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", 0.01 Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "y" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "y" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, named as C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", respectively) were synthesized with the as-prepared core NCs as seeds by using seed-mediated growth method. In the typical synthetic procedure, 1 mmol YCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O and YbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O were firstly added into a three-necked flask together with 15 mL ODE and 6 mL OA. And then, the above mixed solution was heated to 160 ℃ and kept for 35 min under Ar atmosphere. After the solution was cooled down, the as-synthesized core NCs were added with a core to shell molar ratio of 1:4 and the temperature was maintained at 85 ℃ for around 15 min to remove the cyclohexane. When the mixture was cooled down to room temperature, 4 mmol NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F and 2.5 mmol NaOA were dissolved in two sets of 10 mL MeOH respectively under ultrasound and slowly dropped into the above solution. After that, the MeOH was completely removed by keeping the temperature at 60℃ for 40 min. Finally, the solution was heated to 270 ℃ and kept for 120 min under Ar atmosphere. After cooled down to room temperature, the obtained core-shell NCs were precipitated, collected and re-dispersed." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Synthesis of β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RE" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho and Tm)@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " @NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Core-shell-shell NCs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2-4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "By using seed-mediated growth method, the core-shell-shell NCs were synthesized with the as-synthesized core-shell NCs as seeds. Firstly, 1 mmol YCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·6H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O was firstly dropped into a three-necked flask together with 6 mL OA and 15 mL ODE, and then this solution was heated to 150 ℃ and kept over 35 min under Ar atmosphere. After that, the as-synthesized core-shell NCs were dropped into the above solution with a core-shell to shell molar ratio of 1:4 and then maintained at 85 ℃ for around 15 min to remove the cyclohexane. When the mixture was cooled down, 2.5 mmol NaOA and 4 mmol NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F were dissolved in two sets of 10 mL MeOH respectively under ultrasound before slowly dropped into the above solution. After that, the MeOH can be completely removed by keeping the temperature at 60 ℃ for 40 min. Subsequently, the solution was heated to 280 ℃ for 150 min and then cooled down to room temperature. The obtained core-shell-shell NCs were precipitated, collected and re-dispersed. According to Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping condition, the Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped core-shell-shell NCs were named as C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, respectively, and the Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped core-shell-shell NCs were named as C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, respectively." } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Characterization" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2-5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The structure and phase of the NCs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement using RigakuD/maxrB diffractometer. The morphology and size of the NCs were determined by transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100F). The UC emission spectra were acquired with photomultiplier detector (Zolix DlnGaAs1700 InGaAs Detector and PMTH-S1-CR131 Photomultiplier Tube with Housing) together with a 980 nm laser as an external excitation source." } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Results and Discussion" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Crystal Structure, Phase and Morphology" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3-1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The structure and phase purity of the as-synthesized core NCs of C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " were firstly characterized with XRD measurements. As can be observed from " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 1", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " that both of which are identified as pure β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " phase, and the broad diffraction peaks suggests very small particle sizes. The TEM images of these as-synthesized core NCs are shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 2", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", the spherical core NCs are well dispersed and uniform in size with statistical average diameter around 7.2 nm for C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and 6.3 nm for C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", respectively, by random measurements of 200 particles." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure1", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "XRD patterns for the core NCs of C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964889&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964889&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964889&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure2", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TEM images of the core NCs of C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ((a), (b)) and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ((c), (d))" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964890&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964890&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964890&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "By using C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as seeds, the core-shell NCs with increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping concentrations in the shell were synthesized through seed-mediated growth method. The XRD patterns in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 3(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 3(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " revealed that the core-shell NCs are pure β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " phase as no other peaks from impurities were detected, even for the high-level Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped samples, which indicates a good solid solubility of NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Besides, the sharpened diffraction peak profile for those core-shell NCs in comparison with the core NPs verified the successful growth of the shell layer. Furthermore, the core-shell-shell structured NC with an inert outmost NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " layer epitaxial grown on the core-shell NCs was synthesized and the corresponding XRD patterns in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 3(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 3(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " indicated the final products still keep pure β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " phase." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure3", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "XRD patterns for the Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped core-shell NCs(a) and core-shell-shell NCs(b), and the Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped core-shell NCs(c) and core-shell-shell NCs(d), respectively." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964892&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964892&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964892&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The morphology as well as the size distribution of the core-shell and the core-shell-shell NCs were further studied with TEM measurements. As can be observed in the representative TEM images for C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 4", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", along with the size increasing by growing the middle and the outmost shells, the morphology of the resultant NCs changed from sphere to hexagon for the core-shell NCs and then to ellipse for the core-shell-shell NCs, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the resultant core-shell NCs and core-shell-shell NCs were still highly monodisperse and uniform. The diameters for the core-shell structured C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " were estimated to be 12.6 nm and 12.3 nm, respectively. While for the ellipse core-shell-shell NCs, the statistical average sizes are 29.1 nm(length)×18.2 nm (width) for C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, and 27.3 nm (length)×17.5 nm (width) for C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, respectively." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure4", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TEM images for C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ((a), (b)), C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S((c), (d)), C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ((e), (f)) and C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S((g), (h))." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964894&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964894&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964894&type=middle" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "UC Luminescence Properties of Core-shell-shell Structured NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3-2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The UC luminescence spectra of those core NCs and core-shell NCs under the excitation of 980 nm are presented in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 5(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", the characteristic Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " emission peaked at 491, 546, 651 nm can be clearly observed for all the NCs, which can be assigned to Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " →" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", 5S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/ " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " →" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " transitions, respectively, as shown in" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 6", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". It is noticed that the UC emission intensity of the core NCs C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is extremely weak caused by the strong surface quenching effect, while the growth of inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell can effectively enhance the UC emission intensities because of the spatial separation of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions from surface quenching centers like defects and organic ligands" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Moreover, if Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " was also doped in shell, the emission intensity of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can be further improved, and the maximum intensity increase of 64 times can be obtained in C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ho" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". As can be observed in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 5(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "－(b), the UC emission intensity obviously enhanced with the increase of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration up to 2.5%, and then rapidly decreased when 5% or higher Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " was doped in the shell. The first enhancement of UC emission intensity with the increase of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration can be explained from two aspects: more effective absorption of 980 nm excitation light resulted from the increased absorption centers, and more efficient energy transfer to Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " resulted from the faster energy migration between Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". While the major reason for the reduction in UC emission intensity with high Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping is resulted from the concentration quenching effect, which imposed a loss in transferring the excitation energy to Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b39", "b40" ], "text": "39-40", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure5", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "UC luminescence spectra for the core, core-shell(a) and core-shell-shell(d) NCs, integrated emission intensities for the core-shell(b) and core-shell-shell(e) NCs, and green to red emission intensity ratios for the core-shell(c) and core-shell-shell(f) NCs, respectively." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964896&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964896&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964896&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In order to further increase the UC emission intensity, an outmost NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell was grown on the as-synthesized NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "core-shell NCs to reduce surface quenching. As we can observe from " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 5(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "－" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(b", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(b" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ") and " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "－" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(e)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(e)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", the core-shell-shell structured NCs exhibit over one magnitude enhanced UC emission intensity compared with the core-shell NCs with the same Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping concentration in the shell. More interestingly, the UC emission intensity for the core-shell-shell NCs exhibits different Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration dependency from the core-shell NCs, which monotonously increases with increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration up to 30%, and then decreases when further increase Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration. This phenomenon can be reasonably explained as following: the coating of an inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " layer can spatially separate Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " from surface defects, and therefore effectively minimized the concentration quenching of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", or in another word, the concentration quenching threshold for the Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " located in the middle-shell can be greatly enhanced with the growth of the outmost inert-shell. As a result, further enhanced UC emission was obtained in the core-shell-shell NCs caused by both the improved absorption efficiency of 980 nm excitation light and the increased energy transfer efficiency to Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " with high Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping in the middle-shell. However, the intrinsic quenching centers like defects cannot be modified through surface coating. As a result, when the concentration of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the middle-shell is too high and the energy migration becomes very fast, the concentration quenching will become dominate and therefore a decreased UC emission was observed." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "It was noticed that the green to red emission intensity ratio(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "R" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G/R" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " changes with the increase of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping level in shell, and which shows different Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration dependency for the core-shell and the core-shell-shell NCs, as shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 5(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(f)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(f)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". For the core-shell NCs, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "R" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G/R" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " firstly increases with the increase of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping up to 30% and then decreases when continue increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration. This is because the energy transfer efficiency from Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " increases with increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration, which effectively promote the population of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/ " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " energy level, and therefore " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "R" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G/R" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " increases accordingly" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "b41", "b42" ], "text": "41-42", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Nevertheless, with increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration, the population of " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/ " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " level is gradually restrained caused by the energy back transfer from Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "b42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", while the population of " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " level is promoted due to the saturation of the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " level, which thus leads to decreased " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "R" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G/R" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " when Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration is higher than 30%. While for the core-shell-shell NCs, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "R" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G/R" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shows monotonous decrease with increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doping concentration in middle active-shell. This is because the coating of an inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell can effectively separate Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " from surface quenching centers and thus persistently promote the energy transfer from Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which resulted in the saturation of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", and the following " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") cross-relaxation process effectively populated the red emission level of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", as shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 6", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure6", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic energy levels of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " showing the UC emission process" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964898&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964898&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964898&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The luminescence photographs of the core-shell and core-shell-shell NCs under 980 nm excitation were shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 7(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 7(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", from which the drastically enhanced UC emission intensity after the optimizing of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration and the coating of inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell can be clearly observed. " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 7(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 7(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " and " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " presented the shifting of chromaticity coordinates for the core-shell and core-shell-shell NCs with increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration. It can be seen that the CIE chromaticity coordinate of the core NCs is (0.337, 0.403), corresponding to a yellowish green. With increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration in the active-shell, the chromaticity coordinates shifted from (0.355, 0.527) to (0.342, 0.408) for the core-shell NCs and from (0.302, 0.624) to (0.361, 0.549) for the core-shell-shell NCs. Therefore, tunable color emission can be achieved simply by tuning Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration in the middle-shell, suggesting potential applications in display technology, multicolor biolabeling and multiplexed detection." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure7", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Luminescence photographs and CIE chromaticity of the core-shell((a), (c)) and core-shell-shell NCs((b), (d))" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964901&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964901&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964901&type=middle" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "UC Luminescence Properties of The Core-shell-shell Structured NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " @NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3-3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "According to the above experimental results, the construction of β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " structure is an effective method to improve the UC emission intensity of Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The doping of sensitizer ions of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the core and middle-shell can effectively increase the absorption efficiency of 980 nm excitation light and meanwhile minimize the concentration quenching, since the Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions were separated in different spatial structure. On the other hand, the growth of outmost inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell can effectively increase the concentration quenching threshold of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the middle-shell, and therefore further increased absorption efficiency and energy transfer efficiency can be obtained in higher Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped NCs. The improvement of UC emission intensity through the construction of active-core@active-shell@inert-shell structure is also applicable for other Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " sensitized UC systems, such as the Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " couple. " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 8(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 8(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "－" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " present the UC emission spectra of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " codoped core, core-shell and core-shell-shell NCs under 980 nm laser excitation, from which the blue and red emissions due to Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (455 nm), " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→ " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (478 nm), and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (650 nm) transitions can be clearly observed, and the UC conversion process was described in" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 9", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". We can also observe that the core NCs exhibit drastically increased emission intensity after the coating of an inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell, while when an active-shell containing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ion was grown, the emission intensity gradually decreased in comparing with C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " when increasing Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration. This phenomenon can be explained by the fast energy migration between Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which led to the quenching of excitation energy through energy transfer to the surface quenching centers. Fortunately, the surface quenching can be suppressed after the growth of an outmost inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell, and therefore greatly improved emission intensity can be obtained, as shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 8(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 8(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The greatly increased UC emission after the growth of inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell can be directly seen from the luminescence photographs from " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 8(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 8(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": " by our naked eyes. According to the integrated emission intensity ratio of the core-shell-shell NCs over the core-shell NCs in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig. 8(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "Figure8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 8(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", the higher the Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration in the middle active-shell, the higher magnitude the UC luminescence enhanced. This is in accordance with our previous results that the surface modification is of great importance for the improvement of UC emission intensity when the energy migration between Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " became fast. Besides, it is worthy of mentioning that the different behavior of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " codoped couples on the growth of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " contained middle active-shell and the after growth of outmost NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " inert-shell may due to the different Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration dependent energy transfer efficiency from Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " to Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure8", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "UC luminescence spectra for the core, core-shell NCs(a) and core-shell-shell NCs(b). (c)Luminescence photographs for the core-shell NCs of C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(above, from left to right), and the core-shell-shell NCs of C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S, C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tm" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S(bottom, from left to right), respectively. (d)Integrated UC emission intensity ratio of core-shell-shell NCs over core-shell NCs." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964903&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964903&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964903&type=middle" } ] } }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "Figure9", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig 9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic energy levels for Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " showing the UC emission process" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964905&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964905&type=small", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=2964905&type=middle" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Conclusion" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ln" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") codoped pure β-NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " core NCs with sub-10 nm size were synthesized by co-precipitation method, based on which the Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " doped active-shell and the inert-shell were grown in sequence, and the successfully growth of the middle active-shell and the outmost inert-shell were proved by XRD and TEM measurements. The spectral results indicated that partially isolate Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dopant in the core-shell-shell NCs is a desirable method to improve UC emission intensity, as it can effectively increase the absorption efficiency of 980 nm excitation light and meanwhile minimize Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration quenching. Besides, the growth of outmost inert NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " shell can effectively increase the concentration quenching threshold of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the middle-shell, and therefore further increased absorption efficiency and energy transfer efficiency can be obtained. 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