双自组装单分子层修饰氧化镍制备高效率钙钛矿太阳电池及组件 增强出版

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"eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： tyanghd@jnu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： tyanghd@jnu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "杨恢东（1967-），男，博士，教授，2003年于南开大学获得博士学位，后加入暨南大学信息科学技术学院，现主要从事半导体纳米材料制备、光电特性及其应用等方面研究。 E-mail：tyanghd@jnu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826304&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826306&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826305&type=", "width": "21.25500107", "height": "28.36300659", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "杨恢东" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1967-），男，博士，教授，2003年于南开大学获得博士学位，后加入暨南大学信息科学技术学院，现主要从事半导体纳米材料制备、光电特性及其应用等方面研究。 E-mail：" }, { "name": "text", "data": "tyanghd@jnu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "tyanghd@jnu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "曾", "givenname": "艺琳", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZENG", "givenname": "Yilin", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "马", "givenname": "玉姣", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "MA", "givenname": "Yujiao", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "吴", "givenname": "绍航", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WU", "givenname": "Shaohang", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "刘", "givenname": "冲", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIU", "givenname": "Chong", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "chongliu@jnu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "chongliu@jnu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "刘冲（1989－），男，河北保定人，博士，副研究员，2020年于暨南大学获得博士学位，同年加入暨南大学新能源技术研究院任副研究员，主要从事新型钙钛矿太阳电池研发工作，涉及全无机钙钛矿太阳电池、大面积涂布和组件开发等领域。 E-mail：chongliu@jnu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826307&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826309&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826308&type=", "width": "21.06100464", "height": "27.69300842", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "刘冲" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1989－），男，河北保定人，博士，副研究员，2020年于暨南大学获得博士学位，同年加入暨南大学新能源技术研究院任副研究员，主要从事新型钙钛矿太阳电池研发工作，涉及全无机钙钛矿太阳电池、大面积涂布和组件开发等领域。 E-mail：" }, { "name": "text", "data": "chongliu@jnu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "chongliu@jnu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "麦", "givenname": "耀华", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "MAI", "givenname": "Yaohua", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "暨南大学 信息科学技术学院，新能源技术研究院，广东 广州 510632", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "暨南大学 信息科学技术学院，新能源技术研究院，广东 广州 510632" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "Institute of New Energy Technology， College of Information Science and Technology， Jinan University， Guangzhou， 510632 China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Institute of New Energy Technology， College of Information Science and Technology， Jinan University， Guangzhou， 510632 China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "五邑大学 智能制造学部，广东 江门 529020", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "五邑大学 智能制造学部，广东 江门 529020" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing， Wuyi University， Jiangmen 529020 China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing， Wuyi University， Jiangmen 529020 China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "氧化镍（NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）作为无机p型半导体，常用于倒置钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）中的空穴传输层（HTL），但本身存在的高缺陷密度和与钙钛矿不相匹配的能级排布限制了PSCs的能量转换效率。本文通过引入双自组装单分子层修饰氧化镍界面，钝化氧化镍材料自身缺陷，改善能级匹配，促进了界面处光生载流子的提取和传输，提高了PSCs的开路电压（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）和填充因子（FF），最终将刮涂氧化镍基PSCs的效率提升到20.38%，而且未封装的器件在氮气氛围中用85°C老化1000h后仍维持原始效率的96%。更重要的是，我们以此制备了孔径面积为60.84 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，由13节子电池串联而成的钙钛矿组件，效率达到了17.04%。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Nickel oxide （NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）， an inorganic P-type semiconductor， is commonly used as the hole transporting layer （HTL） for inverted perovskite solar cells （PSCs）. However， the high defect density of NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and mismatched energy levels with the perovskite layer strongly limit the efficiency of PSCs. In this work， the co-assembled monolayer is introduced to modify the interface of NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， which was demonstrated to passivate the defects and improve the energy level alignment， leading to the enhancement of charge extraction and transmission at the interface. Finally， the blade-coated PSCs yield a power conversion efficiency of 20.38% due to the improvement on open circuit voltage （" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） and filling factor （FF）. Moreover， the device without encapsulation can maintain 96% of the initial efficiency after aging at 85°C for 1000h in nitrogen atmosphere. More importantly， we have fabricated a perovskite solar module with an aperture area of 60.84 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， which is composed of 13 sub cells in series， and the efficiency has reached 17.04%." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿太阳电池" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "组件" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "能级匹配" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "电荷抽取" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "高效率" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "perovskite solar cells" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "module" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "bandgap alignment" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "charge extraction" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "high efficiency" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引 言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿太阳电池因其较高的光吸收系数、长的载流子寿命和高的缺陷容忍度等优异的光电特性，得到了广泛的关注。自2009年面世以来，钙钛矿太阳电池从最开始的3.8%能量转换效率（PCE）提升至当前认证的25.7%的能量转换效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2" ], "text": "1-2", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，已经非常接近晶体硅太阳电池26.81%的效率记录，加之可溶液法制备的优势，使其在效率和成本上显示出广阔的产业化前景。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近些年，随着钙钛矿产业化进程的不断推进，p-i-n型平面异质结钙钛矿太阳电池因结构简单并且兼容大面积生产工艺而得到了广泛的关注。在已报道的应用于反式p-i-n结构的空穴传输层中，p型无机半导体中的氧化镍以成本低廉、透光率高、化学性质稳定且容易大面积制备的优点，受到了格外的青睐。然而NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "也具有其重要的缺点，包括低本征电导率、高缺陷密度、与钙钛矿界面能级不匹配以及与钙钛矿前驱体发生反应等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R3", "R4" ], "text": "3-4", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。即使钙钛矿材料本身对缺陷容忍性比较高，但是未处理过的NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜与钙钛矿界面处存在的大量缺陷和深势阱会引起高度的非辐射复合" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，从而限制了NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "引入界面层进行修饰和改性是优化NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基钙钛矿太阳电池光伏性能的主要手段之一。使用不同的材料处理NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "界面，钝化NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜中的缺陷，改善能级排列，抑制界面处的非辐射复合从而提高器件的效率和稳定性。例如：在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和钙钛矿之间插入有机分子层，使用碱金属氯化物进行界面改性，引入光学塑料层和紫外臭氧处理等都是针对NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和钙钛矿界面之间引入的修饰处理，均取得了良好的效果" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R6", "R7", "R8", "R9" ], "text": "6-9", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，自组装材料（SAM）也获得了很多人的关注，其优点在于可以根据基底来精心设计多种组合的头基和末端基团来实现不同的功能，SAM用于充当PSCs中的界面改性剂已经被证明是一种简单有效的策略。Neha Singh等人报道了一系列对位取代的苯基磷酸SAM对NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "表面进行了修饰处理" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，使用不同的取代基赋予了不同的分子偶极子，改变了NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的表面功函数，提供了最接近钙钛矿的价带，从而获得了更高的开路电压和相对于参考器件21%的效率提升。Tao Zhu等人在TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和钙钛矿界面引入带有氯化物官能团的SAM " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，以桥接双齿结构附着到TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上，提高了器件结构连续性和钙钛矿的整体质量，减少了陷阱态。Juanjuan Sun等人将自组装材料[2-（3，6-二甲氧基-9H-咔唑-9-基）乙基]磷酸（MeO-2PACz）用于溅射的NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "种子层上" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，将MeO-2PACz和ITO之间的双齿结合促进为MeO-2PACz和种子NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "之间的三齿结合，减少了针孔和缺陷的形成，提高了空穴选择性并防止钙钛矿和ITO之间的直接接触，有助于提高PCE和器件稳定性。然而，单一分子的使用并不能充分发挥自组装材料的灵活性这一优势，因此有学者探索并证实了将不同的自组装材料混合使用来提高PSCs效率的可能性。Xiang Deng等人设计实现了由两种自组装材料组合而成的共组装分子" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，由（2，7-二甲氧基-9H-咔唑-9-基）甲基）膦酸（DC-PA）的甲氧基来降低给电子强度，增大分子偶极子，确保能级与钙钛矿良好对齐，同时用6-（碘-λ" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-氮酰基）己酸（IAHA）减少单层缺陷及钝化顶部钙钛矿的底界面，实现了倒置PSCs 23.59%的高效率。此外，Hairen Tan等人采用[2-（9H-咔唑-9-基）乙基]磷酸（2PACz）和MeO-2PACz的混合分子锚定在低温处理的NiO纳米晶薄膜上" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，实现了分子桥接空穴选择性接触，减少了界面复合，增强了空穴提取，以此取得了柔性全钙钛矿叠层电池的最高记录效率。研究表明，与单一成分的SAM相比，混合成分的SAM表面结构更加无序，而HTL/钙钛矿界面处更无序的小分子取向能有效提高PSCs的效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在本文工作中，我们通过引入MeO-2PACz和4-溴苯甲酸（Br-BA）混合自组装材料，对溶液法制备的NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "进行修饰，通过双基团锚定作用，显著改善了无机电荷传输层和钙钛矿层界面的载流子提取和传输。自组装单分子层的引入还提高了钙钛矿晶体的结晶质量，从而提高了器件的开路电压和填充因子，最终使用刮涂法沉积钙钛矿太阳电池获得了20.38%的能量转换效率。更重要的是，我们制备了基于10×10 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基底尺寸的钙钛矿光伏组件，在孔径面积为60.84 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的组件上获得了17.04 %的转换效率，在放大过程中表现出了高度可扩展性，为制备高效稳定的大面积组件提供了有效的指导。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　实 验" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　试剂与材料" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碘化铅（PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.99%）、碘化铯（CsI, 99.9%）、甲基氯化胺（MACl, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.99%）、氯化铅(PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.5%)、苯乙基碘化铵（PEAI, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.5%）、富勒烯C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.5%）均购自于西安宝莱特科技有限公司。碘化甲脒（FAI, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.99%）购自于Greatcell Solar Materials公司。N，N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.8%)、异丙醇（IPA, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.5%）、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.8%)、无水乙醇（EtOH, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "99.5%）均购自Sigma-Aldrich。[2-(3，6-二甲氧基-9H-咔唑-9-基)乙基]膦酸(MeO-2PACz, 98.0%)购自TCI。4-溴苯甲酸（4-Bromobenzoic Acid, " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "98.0%）购自上海吉至生化公司。所有药品无需进一步纯化直接使用。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　溶液配制" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿前驱体溶液：浓度为1.1 mol/L的钙钛矿前驱体溶液是通过在1.09 mL DMF:NMP溶液（体积比为6：1）中添加PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1.2 M)，MACl (0.42 M)，PbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(0.09 M)，FAI (1.10 M)，CsI (0.1 M)充分溶解制备得到的。自组装分子溶液：将0.3 mg MeO-2PACz溶解于1 mL无水乙醇中得到MeO-2PACz溶液；将2 mg Br-BA溶解于1 mL无水乙醇中得到4-溴苯甲酸溶液。将二者以体积比1：3混合，获得混合自组装分子溶液。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3　钙钛矿薄膜及器件制备" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "将经过激光刻蚀的FTO/玻璃基底依次在洗涤剂（2 vol% Hellmanex Ⅲ）、去离子水、乙醇中超声处理15分钟。然后用氮气吹干FTO/玻璃基底，并用紫外线臭氧处理10分钟。NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜的制备方法参考我们之前的工作" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然后，在干燥空气手套箱中使用旋涂法在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜上沉积自组装层，前驱体分别为MeO-2PACz溶液以及混合自组装分子溶液。自组装分子层以5000 rpm的转速持续30秒，在100 °C下退火10分钟后，再旋涂乙醇溶剂从而清洗去除多余的未与NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共价键合的SAM材料。随后，在干燥空气手套箱中使用刮刀涂布法制备钙钛矿薄膜。相关参数为：当基底尺寸为2.5×2.5 cm时，取30 μL前体溶液滴加于刮刀和基底之间，基底与刀片之间的间隙固定为300 μm，前驱体溶液在刀片移动下铺满整个基底，移动速度为3 mm/s，使用N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "风刀辅助萃取获得中间相薄膜，随后将中间相钙钛矿薄膜在120°C下退火10分钟，以形成高结晶度的钙钛矿薄膜。然后，钙钛矿薄膜表面旋涂PEAI溶液（2 mg/mL溶于IPA），并在100ºC下退火10 分钟。随后蒸镀厚度为30 nm的C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜，并通过原子层沉积技术沉积厚度为30 nm的SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜。最后将120 nm厚的Ag电极通过热蒸发法沉积在电池上。对于10×10 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基底尺寸的钙钛矿太阳组件，除吸取钙钛矿前驱体溶液为100 μL外，钙钛矿薄膜的制备过程的涂布参数与小面积电池器件相同。激光划线参数，参考我们之前的工作" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，即P1使用波长为1064 nm的纳秒激光器对FTO玻璃进行划线，在沉积完SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜之后，采用波长为532 nm的绿光激光器进行P2划线，脉宽为0.4 ns，功率为0.5 W。在沉积完成Ag金属电极后，采用与P2相同的激光器进行P3划线，功率为0.25 W。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.5　表征" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "晶体物相结构由Bruker D8 Advance X射线衍射仪（XRD）表征。薄膜表面和横截面形貌由扫描电子显微镜（SEM，仪器型号为FEI ApreoLoVac）分析。钙钛矿光伏器件的电流密度-电压（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）曲线通过使用数字源表（Keithley 2400）和具有AM 1.5 G光谱的Newport太阳能模拟器（ORIEL-SOI3A）进行表征。使用标准硅电池将光强调整为1000 W/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，并用孔径面积为0.09 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的黑色掩膜放在器件顶部以控制照明区域。光伏器件的外部量子效率（EQE）采用光谱响应系统（Enlitech QE-R）测量，该系统以硅参考太阳能电池校准。从电化学工作站（德国ZAHNERGIMPS）收集瞬态光电压衰减曲线（TPV）和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线。薄膜的能带和化学状态由紫外光电子能谱仪（UPS）分析得出。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　结果与讨论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　SAM的引入对能级的影响" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本工作中所使用p-i-n器件结构（FTO/NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/SAM/钙钛矿/PEAI/C" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Ag）的示意图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a所示。MeO-2PACz在之前的报道中表现出优异的空穴选择性和降低界面复合的特性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，我们首先对MeO-2PACz的引入进行了优化性实验。实验结果（图S1）表明，引入MeO-2PACz自组装层后，钙钛矿太阳电池器件的开路电压和填充因子均得到有效提升，并且在MeO-2PACz浓度为0.1mg/mL和0.3 mg/mL时取得可媲美的提升效果。PSCs性能提升的原因在于MeO-2PACz分子结构（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b）中具有磷酸基团的咔唑体头基，通过锚定在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜表面上形成强而稳定的共价键，实现选择性接触以减轻界面复合并促进电荷转移" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提高的重要原因在于形成了更有利的能级排列，在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/钙钛矿界面堆积的大量载流子通过MeO-2PACz高度选择性提取，降低了在界面处的非辐射复合。为了进一步提高单分子层在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "表面的覆盖率，并且加强与钙钛矿层之间的键合，我们又引入了另外一种自组装材料4-溴苯甲酸（Br-BA）。Br-BA分子结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b所示，在苯间隔基上连接了一个羧基和一个溴末端基团。羧基是易于合成且常用的锚定基团" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，与MeO-2PACz分子中的磷酸基团组成的双基团锚定结构实现了自组装层的分子交联。根据文献报道，与单一SAM方法相比，混合SAM方法为分子种类选择和界面设计提供了更多的可能性，并允许我们独立控制这两种分子的性质，包括通过选择两个末端官能团分别为亲水性和疏水性的分子，改变它们在混合SAM中的摩尔比，可以实现薄膜表面能的调整，以及选择两个锚定基团实现多种与基底之间的组装形式等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R20", "R21" ], "text": "20-21", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。本文采用的两种SAM分子具有不同的末端官能团（亲水-Br，疏水-OCH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），以及不同的锚定基团（-COOH，-PO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），其混合SAM层相较于单一SAM层可实现更高的覆盖度和更宽的表面能调节范围。此外，Br末端基团可以填补钙钛矿中的卤素空位，以离子键形式增强与钙钛矿薄膜之间的键合，从而改善SAM层与钙钛矿膜层的界面接触，提高上层钙钛矿薄膜的均匀性。我们制备了基于不同SAM层掺杂比例的钙钛矿太阳电池，结果表明Br-BA与MeO-2PACz的最佳比例为3：1（图S2）。为了确定自组装分子层修饰NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜的电子特性，我们进行了紫外光电子能谱（UPS）表征（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "c），并借助以下公式计算出了相对应的价带值（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ev" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R22", "R23" ], "text": "22-23", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" } ] }, { "name": "dispformula", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（1）" } ], "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826311&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826310&type=", "width": "37.08399963", "height": "4.57200003", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "text", "data": " " } ], "id": "DF1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "其中，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hv" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是氦源的入射光子能量（21.22 eV），" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "cutoff" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "onset" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别是紫外电子能谱的二次电子起始边和截止边。将样品的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "cutoff" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "onset" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（具体参数列于表S1）代入上式，计算推导出NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和使用不同SAM分子修饰NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Ev" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别为-5.27 eV，-5.39 eV，-5.39 eV。根据计算结果我们绘制出了能带图（钙钛矿的能级从文献中获得" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d）。MeO-2PACz自组装层有利于提升钙钛矿层与空穴传输层之间的能级匹配，且混合SAM层的引入不改变单一MeO-2PACz自组装层的能级结构。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）器件结构；（b）MeO-2PACz和Br-BA分子结构；（c）UPS能谱图；（d）能级匹配图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Device structure； （b） Molecular Structure of MeO-2PACz and Br-BA； （c） UPS energy spectrum； （d） Schematic diagram of the energy levels" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826312&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826314&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826313&type=", "width": "159.29699707", "height": "110.96600342", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　薄膜电学参数" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了进一步研究MeO-2PACz+Br-BA混合SAM对NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "修饰引起的光生载流子动力学变化，我们测量了原始和修饰NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上钙钛矿薄膜的稳态光致发光（PL）光谱。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a所示，钙钛矿下方没有SAM层时表现出了很高的PL强度，而混合SAM层的插入使得钙钛矿/NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "界面的PL猝灭得到显著增强。猝灭被认为是从钙钛矿层到NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "层的空穴电荷转移，从而减少了从激发态到基态的辐射弛豫" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。将时间分辨光致发光（TRPL）（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b）进行双指数衰减拟合后的参数列于表S2，有/无混合SAM修饰的薄膜的平均载流子寿命分别为19.95 ns和41.51 ns，寿命的降低表明SAM的引入有效促进了NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/钙钛矿界面的空穴分离。我们还从瞬态光电压（TPV）中测量得出了不同器件的电荷复合常数τ" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "rec" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "c所示，混合SAM修饰NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "器件的载流子衰减时间为7.53 μs，接近空白器件（2.71 μs）的三倍，这些结果意味着SAM起到了降低电荷复合速度的作用。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和混合SAM修饰NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜上制备的钙钛矿薄膜的稳态PL和（b）TRPL；（c）瞬态光电压（TPV）测量的载流子复合寿命；（d）纯空穴器件在黑暗中的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线的对数形式；（e）" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "与光强的关系；（f）Mott-Schoottky测量的电容-电压（C" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-V）关系" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Steady-state （a） PL spectra of perovskite films on NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and modified NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " by mixed SAM and （b） TRPL； （c） Carrier recombination lifetime measured by transient photovoltage （TPV）； （d） Logarithm of " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "–" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " curves in the dark for hole-only devices； （e） " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dependenceas a function of light intensity； （f） Mott–Schottky fitting of capacitance-voltage （C" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-V） plots" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826315&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826317&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826316&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "80.32555389", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "此外，我们制备了FTO/NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/SAM/钙钛矿/PTAA/Ag的纯空穴器件来研究缺陷态密度，从而验证SAM钝化缺陷的能力。表征结果如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d所示。电流首先随电压线性增加至明确的转折点，在转折点后进一步增加电压，电流呈更快速的指数上升，这是由于注入的载流子填充了陷阱状态，在转折点处施加的电压通常被称为陷阱填充限制电压（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TFL" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），按照以下公式计算缺陷密度" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" } ] }, { "name": "dispformula", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（2）" } ], "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826319&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826318&type=", "width": "23.45266724", "height": "7.61999989", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "text", "data": " " } ], "id": "DF2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "其中，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "d" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是钙钛矿薄膜的厚度（此处为412 nm）（图S3），" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ε" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是钙钛矿的相对介电常数（35），" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ε" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "是真空的介电常数（8.854×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-12" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F/m）。经过拟合计算，三种器件对应的空穴陷阱密度" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "trap" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别为1.71×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，1.55×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，和1.48×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这与我们的观点和实验结果一致，混合SAM层的引入有效钝化了NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜中的缺陷。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "e显示了" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和光强的关系，基于NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的空白器件表现出了1.72kT/q的斜率，而混合SAM器件则减少到了1.48kT/q，表明器件中的缺陷复合得到有效抑制。通过电容-电压（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）分析可以验证" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的提升，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "f所示，空白器件的内建电场强度" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "bi" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为0.78 V，而SAM器件为0.82 V，与" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "结果中" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OC" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "增强的趋势一致。" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "bi" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的提高代表光生载流子更容易从钙钛矿吸光层传输到电极" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　光伏性能" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "我们针对三种条件制备了完整的器件，利用箱线图来统计三者的器件性能（图S4），" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a显示了三类器件的效率分布直方图，其中每一类器件均有五十个样本点，混合SAM器件相比较于MeO-2PACz和NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的空白器件表现出了PCE的高度收敛性，这表明应用此项技术的电池性能存在出色的再现性。MeO-2PACz+Br-BA器件PCE的标准差仅为0.98，相比之下，MeO-2PACz和NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "器件PCE的标准差分别为1.72和2.29。可以确定的是，纯NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "器件效率较低且重复性不高的限制性因素是NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/钙钛矿界面处存在的高缺陷密度和能级错位" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，由于引入了混合SAM层，这些缺陷被有效地钝化了。三者的典型器件在标准AM1.5G光照条件下的的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "特性如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b所示，对应的光伏参数列于" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "中。显然，与空白典型器件相比，在引入混合SAM后，PCE从18.49%提升到20.38%，并且" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "从0.99 V提升到了1.05 V，提升幅度为60 mV。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "c显示了我们制备的混合SAM器件的外部量子效率（EQE）频谱与积分电流，23.68 mA cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的积分电流与我们在太阳模拟器下测量到的短路电流密度结果非常吻合。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、MeO-2PACz和MeO-2PACz+Br-BA器件的PCE分布直方图；（b）NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、MeO-2PACz和MeO-2PACz+Br-BA典型器件的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线；（c）MeO-2PACz+Br-BA器件对应的EQE频谱；（d）在不同基底上钙钛矿薄膜的XRD；（e）MeO-2PACz+Br-BA器件的稳态输出；（f）NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和MeO-2PACz+Br-BA器件85°C老化下的热稳定性" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Statistical histogram for PCE of NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、MeO-2PACz and MeO-2PACz+Br-BA devices； （b） The typical " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "–" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " curves for NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，MeO-2PACz，and MeO-2PACz+Br-BA devices； （c） EQE spectrum for MeO-2PACz+Br-BA device； （d） XRD patterns of perovskite films on differdent substrates； （e）Steady-state PCEs for MeO-2PACz+Br-BA device； （f）stability of NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and MeO-2PACz+Br-Ba devices in N" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（85ºC）" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826320&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826322&type=", 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"border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PCE（%）" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（v）" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "sc" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（mA cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "FF" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "rowspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RS" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18.49" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.99" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23.20" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.80" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "FS" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17.95" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.98" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23.16" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.79" } ] } ], [ { "rowspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "MeO-2PACz" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RS" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19.63" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1.02" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23.32" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.83" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "FS" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19.00" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1.00" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23.30" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.81" } ] } ], [ { "rowspan": "2", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "MeO-2PACz+Br-BA" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RS" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20.38" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1.05" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23.40" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.83" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "FS" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20.05" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1.04" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23.37" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.83" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826324&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826323&type=", "width": "77.69583130", "height": "33.13539124", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d为使用相同钙钛矿溶液分别沉积在三个基底上的XRD光谱，可以看出，NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的自组装层有效的促进了钙钛矿的（110）取向结晶，此外，沉积在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的钙钛矿(110)晶体衍射峰的半峰宽（FWHM）（表S3）均高于其余两个条件的钙钛矿峰，表明直接沉积NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的钙钛矿晶体尺寸较小，我们也用扫描电子显微镜证实了这一点（图S5）。因引入SAM而增大的晶粒尺寸有助于减少钙钛矿晶体的晶界面积，从而降低在晶界处可能发生的界面复合。通过给器件施加0.93 V的正向偏压持续测量电流密度，并计算获得相应的输出效率，将其绘制成与测量时间的函数图像（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "e）。未封装器件在300秒内表现出高度稳定的20.14%的输出效率。我们还分析了空白器件和混合SAM器件的稳定性，将未封装的样品保存在氮气手套箱中，在85°C的热台上加热1000个小时，结果如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "f所示。空白器件经老化后PCE仅为原始效率的56%，而基于混合SAM的器件还保留了原始效率的96%。器件稳定性的增强可以归因于钙钛矿层结晶度的提高和NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜中缺陷的减少，前者提高了钙钛矿晶格的稳定性，后者阻碍了水和氧气渗透到内部钙钛矿薄膜中，阻止了NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "与钙钛矿前体的反应，减少了钙钛矿薄膜的降解" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4　组件性能" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了获得更高的电压并减小电阻损失，往往会将多个子电池串联连接起来制备成光伏组件。小面积电池得益于溶液化学和制造工艺的创新改善了薄膜的成分和形态，从而引起效率激增，但是在从小面积单个电池放大到大面积串联型组件的制备过程中往往会遇到薄膜均匀性、串并联电阻、整体互连质量和死区宽度等问题" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，导致组件效率远低于电池效率，而且面积越大受薄膜均匀性的影响越大。为此我们将SAM层修饰NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "结构和印刷钙钛矿技术结合起来，将钙钛矿薄膜放大到10×10 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，提高了沉积钙钛矿薄膜的均匀性，这一点可以通过标准差更小的钙钛矿薄膜厚度和更收敛的紫外-可见光吸收谱证实（图S6）。再参考我们最近展示的能为旋涂钙钛矿太阳能组件提供高质量互连和高几何填充因子的纳秒级激光划线工艺" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（图S7），最终制造出孔径面积为60.84 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、由13个子电池串联而成的光伏组件（图S8）并获得了17.04%的能量转换效率（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a），在已报道的工作中，尤其是器件面积＞60 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的钙钛矿组件中处于领先地位（图S9），并且在300秒的SPO测试中也稳定保持着16.95%的效率（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b），与组件的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "特性一致。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）组件的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线；（b）组件的稳态输出" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " curves of module； （b） the steady-state PCE of module；" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826325&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826327&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39826326&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "57.51902390", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　结 论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文通过引入混合自组装材料锚定在NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "表面形成单分子层，优化了能级排列，促进钙钛矿薄膜的结晶，钝化NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜中的缺陷，减少电荷复合损失，提高了开路电压和填充因子，最终将NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率从18.49%提高到20.38%，同时器件在1000h的热老化后仍保持着96%的原始效率。我们还把相同结构推广到孔径面积为60.84cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的钙钛矿太阳能组件上，获得17.04%的效率。总而言之，自组装单分子层能有效提高钙钛矿太阳能电池及组件的效率和稳定性，且制备方式具有优秀的可扩展性，为制备高效稳定的大面积钙钛矿光伏组件提供了一种简单的策略，对于促进钙钛矿太阳能电池的产业化进程具有重要意义。" } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "KOJIMA A" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "TESHIMA K" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "SHIRAI Y" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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