Laser properties and temperature sensing of Er³⁺-doped fluortellurite glass microsphere Enhanced Publication

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟碲酸盐玻璃微球腔的激光性能及其温度传感研究" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Laser properties and temperature sensing of Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped fluortellurite glass microsphere" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "邵", "givenname": "欲欣", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "SHAO", "givenname": "Yu-xin", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "邵欲欣（1996-），女，河北张家口人，硕士研究生，2020年于河北大学获得学士学位，主要从事于稀土离子掺杂玻璃微球激光性能及传感研究。 E-mail：nbushaoyuxin@163.com" ], "graphic": [ { 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"E-mail： kangshiliang@nbu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： kangshiliang@nbu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "康世亮（1990-），男，河北张家口人，博士，2020年于华南理工大学获得博士学位，主要从事于光功能玻璃和光纤器件的研究。 E-mail:kangshiliang@nbu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619642&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619644&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619643&type=", "width": "26.92102051", "height": "34.34123230", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "康世亮" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1990-），男，河北张家口人，博士，2020年于华南理工大学获得博士学位，主要从事于光功能玻璃和光纤器件的研究。 E-mail:" }, { "name": "text", "data": "kangshiliang@nbu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "kangshiliang@nbu.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "李", "givenname": "赛辉", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LI", "givenname": "Sai-hui", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "戴", "givenname": "世勋", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "DAI", "givenname": "Shi-xun", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "林", "givenname": "常规", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIN", "givenname": "Chang-gui", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "linchanggui@nbu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "linchanggui@nbu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "林常规（1984-），男，浙江温州人，研究员，2010年于武汉理工大学获得博士学位，主要从事于特种玻璃材料光功能开发及其器件化（包括玻璃晶化机理、光功能玻璃陶瓷材料、红外玻璃材料、基于硫系玻璃的红外光学系统等）的研究。 E-mail：linchanggui@nbu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619645&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619647&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619646&type=", "width": "27.17702866", "height": "34.50537109", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "林常规" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1984-），男，浙江温州人，研究员，2010年于武汉理工大学获得博士学位，主要从事于特种玻璃材料光功能开发及其器件化（包括玻璃晶化机理、光功能玻璃陶瓷材料、红外玻璃材料、基于硫系玻璃的红外光学系统等）的研究。 E-mail：" }, { "name": "text", "data": "linchanggui@nbu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "linchanggui@nbu.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "宁波大学高等技术研究院 红外材料及器件实验室， 浙江 宁波　315211", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "宁波大学高等技术研究院 红外材料及器件实验室， 浙江 宁波　315211" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": "Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices， Research Institute of Advanced Technologies， Ningbo 315211， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Laboratory of Infrared Materials and Devices， Research Institute of Advanced Technologies， Ningbo 315211， China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "浙江省光电探测材料及器件重点实验室", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "浙江省光电探测材料及器件重点实验室" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文采用高温浮粉熔融法制备了组分为60TeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-10GeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-20BaF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-9Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-1Er" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟碲酸盐玻璃微球，并对其品质因子（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）、近红外激光特性以及温度传感进行了细致研究。结果发现微球腔的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值可高达~10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在980 nm激光泵浦下，在直径为44.58 μm的微球中实现了阈值为54 μW、光学转换效率为0.050%的1607 nm激光输出。通过研究不同直径对微球腔激光性能的影响规律，可知随着微球腔直径的减小，激光阈值逐渐降低，光学转换效率逐渐提升，这主要归因于较小的微球腔具有更高的能量密度和更强的光与物质相互作用。此外，研究了微球腔的温度传感特性，其灵敏度为14 pm/℃。以上实验结果表明，所制备的Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟碲酸盐玻璃微球腔在低阈值激光器和高灵敏度温度传感器领域具有潜在的应用。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped fluortellurite glass microspheres composed of 60TeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-10GeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-20BaF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-9Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-1Er" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " were prepared by high temperature floating-powder melting method， and their quality factor （" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）， near-infrared laser performance and temperature sensing were studied in detail. The results show that the " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " factor of the microsphere cavity can be as high as ~10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Under excitation of a 980 nm LD， 1607 nm laser output with the threshold of 54 μW and optical conversion efficiency of 0.050% was realized in the microsphere with the diameter of 44.58 μm. By investigating the influence of microsphere diameter on the laser performance， it can be obtained that with the decrease of the microsphere diameter， the laser threshold gradually decreases and the optical conversion efficiency gradually increases. This is mainly attributed to the higher energy density and stronger light-matter interaction of the smaller microsphere cavity. In addition， the temperature sensing property of the microsphere cavity was investigated， yielding a temperature sensitivity of 14 pm/℃. These results indicate that the prepared Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped fluortellurite glass microsphere cavity may find potential applications in low threshold lasers and high-sensitivity temperature sensors." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃微球" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "氟碲酸盐" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "温度传感" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "glass microspheres" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-doped" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "fluortellurite" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "temperature sensing" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "工作在L波段(1565~1625 nm)的微激光源在传感、波分复用和全光网络系统等领域具有十分重要的应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3" ], "text": "1-3", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随着激光技术的发展，回音壁模式（Whispering Gallery Mode，WGM）微球激光这种利用微球表面不断发生全反射的激光产生方式为激光研究带来了新契机。微球谐振腔可以将光长时间约束在微米量级的腔内，因此具有极高的品质因子（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值）和极小的模式体积（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "m" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），显著增强了光与物质的相互作用，这些优良的特性使WGM微腔在微激光源" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、非线性光学" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、高灵敏度传感" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等领域有着极大的应用潜力。此外，由于光能密度非常高，WGM微球腔作为激光谐振腔可以将激光阈值降低到微瓦量级" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R7", "R8", "R9" ], "text": "7-9", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通常情况下，微球腔的激光性能与光学增益材料（包括激活离子和基质材料）密切相关。在众多激活离子中，Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "由于" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级的有效跃迁可以实现L波段激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，并且Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在980 nm处具有较强的吸收，因此可以用高效、商业化的980 nm激光器作为泵浦源。对于基质材料而言，石英玻璃拥有优异的物化属性和极低的光学损耗，近年来得到了广泛的研究。然而，由于其较低的稀土溶解度和较高的声子能量（~1100 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），稀土离子在石英玻璃中的发光效率很低" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这严重限制了其在高性能微激光设备中的进一步应用。相比较而言，碲酸盐玻璃具有较低的声子能量（~750 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）、较高的折射率（~2.0）、良好的稀土溶解度以及较宽的红外透过区间" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。低的声子能量可以减小稀土离子的非辐射弛豫速率，高的折射率有利于提高发射截面，这对于L波段激光源的开发具有十分重要的意义" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，在碲酸盐玻璃中引入氟化物可进一步降低羟基含量，从而提高发光效率" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R14", "R15", "R16" ], "text": "14-16", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于上述分析，本文选取Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟碲酸盐玻璃作为增益材料，并利用高温浮粉熔融法制备了微球谐振腔。结果发现所制备的微球腔具有较高的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值(~10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")。通过980 nm激光泵浦，在直径为44.58 μm的微球中获得了阈值为54 μW、光学转换效率为0.050%的L波段激光输出。对比不同直径微球腔的激光性能可得，较小直径的微球腔有助于实现较低的激光阈值和较高的光学转换效率。此外，研究了微球腔的温度传感性能，其灵敏度可达14 pm/℃。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　实　　验" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文采用高温浮粉熔融法制备玻璃微球腔，其完整的制备流程如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a所示。（1）研磨成粉/筛选尺寸：在玛瑙研钵中将预先制备好的组分为60TeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-10GeO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-20BaF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-9Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-1Er" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "碲酸盐玻璃研磨成粉末状。之后根据需求的尺寸选择指定目数的不锈钢标准筛，将通过筛选的粉末收集至烧杯中。（2）清洗粉末：向收集了玻璃粉末的烧杯中，倒入无水乙醇，然后将装有乙醇和玻璃粉末的烧杯移入超声波清洗机，指定单次清洗时间，清洗~15次，直至上层溶液无明显悬浮物后结束。（3）高温烘干：对清洗过后的粉末在约60℃的高温下进行烘干、搅拌，之后将干燥的粉末收集到直行二路活塞管，并使二路活塞管阀门处于闭合状态。（4）粉末入炉/清洗微球：提前设置炉温使其保持在900℃，并通入O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "作为保护气体使玻璃粉末保持悬浮状态。将直行二路活塞管置于进料口，转动阀门，使直行二路管处于开启状态，粉末随之入炉并在表面张力的作用下熔融成球。之后将在U型收集管中收集到的微球使用超声波清洗机进行反复清洗，以去除微球表面存在的杂质。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b所示为不同目数的不锈钢标准筛所选取的不同粒径粉末，制备相应范围尺寸的微球的量化图。如选择目数为250（63 μm）的标准筛，可以制备出直径范围约为45~170 μm的微球，随着目数的增加，玻璃粉末粒径减小，制备出微球的直径范围越小。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）微球腔制备过程，（b）制备的不同范围尺寸微球的拟合图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Microsphere preparation process. （b） Fitting diagrams of microspheres with different sizes." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619648&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619650&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619649&type=", "width": "125.79387665", "height": "45.39492035", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　结果与讨论" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　品质因子研究" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了探究氟碲酸盐玻璃微球的品质因子，我们搭建了微腔耦合平台，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a所示。实验中，用氢氧焰提供高温加热单模光纤（SMF28）的一小区域，通过计算机控制的步进电机单元拉伸形成光纤锥（直径为1~3 μm），然后通过倏逝场相互作用将泵浦光源耦合到微腔中。微球和锥形光纤的相对位置可以通过三维耦合平台精准调控，并通过光学显微镜细致观察。测试过程中，将微球的赤道环（定义为平行于锥形纤维轴和垂直于球径的区域）耦合到腰椎位置。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b显示了直径分别为44.58 μm、50.64 μm和61.92 μm的微球光学显微照片，可以看出所制备的微球具有光滑的表面和良好的球形形貌，这有助于实现增强的光场限域和高性能的激光输出。通过沿着光纤锥缓慢移动微球以调谐纤维锥和微球谐振腔之间的相位匹配来提高耦合效率，从而有效地激发微球中一系列的WGM。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "c，e，g所示的是不同直径微球的透射谱。由于不同高阶模式的共同激励，可以观察到许多共振模式，这里分别以1540.70 nm、1540.91 nm和1540.91 nm为中心共振峰（由红色箭头所指），经过高斯拟合得到" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值。品质因子" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以用来描述激光器谐振腔内部的能量状态，定义为单位周期内微腔的能量与已损耗的能量在时间维度上的比" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。根据公式" } ] }, { "name": "dispformula", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（1）" } ], "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619652&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619651&type=", "width": "12.44600010", "height": "7.45066643", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "text", "data": " " } ], "id": "DF1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "其中" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619654&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619653&type=", "width": "2.28600001", "height": "2.62466669", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为谐振波长，" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619656&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619655&type=", "width": "4.74133301", "height": "2.79399991", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为半高宽，计算所得" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值分别为3.55×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，3.58×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，3.66×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。结果显示随着微球尺寸的增加，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值由3.55×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "增加到3.66×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这主要是由于较大尺寸的微球腔具有较小的固有辐射损耗" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R18", "R19", "R20" ], "text": "18-20", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）微球" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值测量实验装置图，（b）直径分别为44.58 μm、50.64 μm和61.92 μm的微球光学显微照片，（c）、（e）、（g）为其对应的透射谱，（d）、（f）、（h）为箭头所指的放大图和拟合曲线。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for the " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "factor measurement. （b） Optical micrographs of the microspheres with the diameters of 44.58 μm， 50.64 μm， and 61.92 μm. （c）， （e） and （g） are the corresponding transmission spectra； and （d）， （f） and （h） are the magnified views pointed by arrows and the fitting curves." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619657&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619659&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619658&type=", "width": "117.74498749", "height": "116.65492249", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　L波段激光性能研究" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "良好的球形形貌和较高的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值有利于获得高性能的激光输出。我们首先验证了直径为44.58 μm微球腔的激光性能。由" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a所示，在980 nm激光泵浦下，当泵浦功率达到激光阈值时，获得了明显的1607 nm L波段激光输出，并且激光输出强度随着泵浦功率的增加显著增强。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b显示的是激光输出功率和激光峰值半高宽（FWHM）与泵浦功率的依赖关系。由图可得输出功率随着泵浦功率线性增加，其泵浦阈值约54 μW，光学转换效率约0.050%。此外，FWHM在泵浦阈值附近急剧减小，并且当泵浦功率达到113 μW时进一步降低至0.025 nm。带宽变窄现象的产生进一步证实了微球腔中实现了激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）直径为44.58 μm的微球激光发射谱，（b）激光输出功率和激光峰值半高宽与泵浦功率的关系。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Laser spectra of the microsphere with a diameter of 44.58 μm. （b） Dependence of the laser output power and FWHM on the pump power." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619660&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619662&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619661&type=", "width": "119.99700165", "height": "51.85800171", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了进一步探索微球腔尺寸对激光性能的影响，我们测试了不同直径微球的激光光谱。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a是在泵浦功率约为165 μW的情况下各尺寸微球的激光输出强度。可以观察到随着直径的增加激光强度逐渐减弱。直径为44.58 μm微球的激光输出强度约是直径为50.64 μm和61.92 μm微球的1.41和1.97倍。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b显示了微球腔激光输出功率与泵浦功率之间的关系。由图可知，随着微球直径的增加泵浦阈值呈现增加的趋势（从54 μW到150 μW），而光学转换效率则呈现相反的趋势（从0.050%到0.016%）。这是由于与较大尺寸的微球相比，较小尺寸的微球具有更高的能量密度，导致光与物质之间的相互作用更强，从而能够实现更加有效的激光输出" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）不同直径微球的激光输出光谱，（b）激光输出功率与泵浦功率的关系。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Laser output spectra of the microspheres with varying diameters. （b） Laser output power as a function of pump power." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619663&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619665&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619664&type=", "width": "119.99700165", "height": "55.20999908", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　温度传感性能研究" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟碲酸盐玻璃微球优异的激光特性，我们进一步研究了其温度传感性能。实验过程中，将微球-光纤锥耦合装置置于特定的配备有电阻加热的铜室中以有效调控微球周围的温场。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a显示了微球激光光谱与温度的依赖关系。由图可得，当温度从25 ℃提高到75 ℃时，激光峰位从1611.10 nm移至1611.83 nm处。这是由于环境温度升高导致微球腔内介质温度升高、微球腔的体积发生改变造成的。光热效应会改变微球腔内的折射率，热膨胀效应会引起微球腔直径变化，二者共同作用使微球腔谐振峰波长移动" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b是激光谐振峰的波长位移与温度变化的线性函数拟合，斜率效率为0.014，即热灵敏度（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "dλ/dT" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）为14 pm/℃，优于文献" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（4.7 pm/K）和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（6.57 pm/K）的所制备的Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂的铌酸锶钡、钛酸钡玻璃微球,劣于文献" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（30 pm/℃）和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（35 pm/℃）中所制备的Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂碲酸盐玻璃微球。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）微球激光峰位随温度的变化，（b）激光输出波长与温度的函数关系。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） The change of the laser wavelength with temperature. （b） The laser wavelength as a function of heating temperature." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619666&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619668&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=38619667&type=", "width": "119.99700165", "height": "50.05899811", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　总 结" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "我们采用高温浮粉熔融法成功制备出了" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值高达~10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂氟碲酸盐玻璃微球腔，并在980 nm激光泵浦下实现了阈值低至54 μW的L波段激光输出。随着微球腔直径的增加，泵浦阈值逐渐提高，而斜率效率逐渐降低，这主要是由于较小的微球具有更高的能量密度。此外，我们证实了此微球腔能够以14 pm/℃的灵敏度进行热调谐。结果表明所制备的氟碲酸盐玻璃微球有望应用于低阈值激光器和高灵敏度温度传感器等领域。" } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "LI A" }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "text", "data": "ZHANGJ" }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "text", "data": "ZHANGM" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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