Perovskite single-crystal X-ray detectors: B-site engineering for future wearable electronics Enhanced Publication

{ "defaultlang": "en", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Perovskite single-crystal X-ray detectors: B-site engineering for future wearable electronics" } ] }, { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿单晶X射线探测器：未来可穿戴电子器件的B位工程" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "马", "givenname": "闯", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "MA", "givenname": "Chuang", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "Chuang Ma received his Ph.D. degree in materials science from Shaanxi Normal University in 2022. Most recently， his research interest focused on low-dimensional perovskite single crystal X-ray detectors." ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153728&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153730&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153729&type=", "width": "18.02822876", "height": "25.23941040", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "Chuang Ma" }, { "name": "text", "data": " received his Ph.D. degree in materials science from Shaanxi Normal University in 2022. Most recently， his research interest focused on low-dimensional perovskite single crystal X-ray detectors." } ] ] } ], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "赵", "givenname": "奎", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHAO", "givenname": "Kui", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： zhaok@snnu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： zhaok@snnu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "Kui Zhao received his bachelor and Ph.D. degrees from Jilin University and Chinese Academy of Science （CAS） in 2004 and 2009， respectively. Currently， he is a professor at Shaanxi Normal University. His current research interests focus on energy materials， including organic- and perovskite-based photovoltaics and electronics.E-mail：zhaok@snnu. edu. cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153731&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153733&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153732&type=", "width": "21.57679939", "height": "27.48823547", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "Kui Zhao" }, { "name": "text", "data": " received his bachelor and Ph.D. degrees from Jilin University and Chinese Academy of Science （CAS） in 2004 and 2009， respectively. Currently， he is a professor at Shaanxi Normal University. His current research interests focus on energy materials， including organic- and perovskite-based photovoltaics and electronics.E-mail：" }, { "name": "text", "data": "zhaok@snnu. edu. cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "zhaok@snnu. edu. cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": "教育部应用表面与胶体化学重点实验室，陕西省新能源器件重点实验室，陕西省新能源技术工程实验室， 新能源材料研究所，陕西师范大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710119", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "教育部应用表面与胶体化学重点实验室，陕西省新能源器件重点实验室，陕西省新能源技术工程实验室， 新能源材料研究所，陕西师范大学材料科学与工程学院，西安 710119" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": "Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry， Ministry of Education； Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices； Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology； Institute for Advanced Energy Materials； School of Materials Science and Engineering， Shaanxi Normal University， Xi’an 710119， China.", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry， Ministry of Education； Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices； Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology； Institute for Advanced Energy Materials； School of Materials Science and Engineering， Shaanxi Normal University， Xi’an 710119， China." } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Lead-halide perovskite single-crystal （SC） X-ray detectors have received considerable attentions due to their strong stopping power and high carrier transport efficiency. However， the application of lead-halide perovskite for wearable electronics is inhibited by their toxicity. ABX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " hybrid perovskites have versatile structures， which enable the combination of optoelectronic properties and environmentally friendly processing through B-site engineering. In this perspective， we summarize the state of the art in perovskite SC X-ray detectors， providing an overview of B-site engineering from lead-based to lead-free and then metal-free. Later， perspective for future perovskite wearable electronics are proposed. We hope that this perspective will provide a helpful guide for structure design towards highly efficient and eco-friendly perovskite wearable electronics." } ] } ] }, { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "卤化铅基钙钛矿单晶（SC）X射线探测器由于其强大的阻挡能力和高的载流子传输效率而受到广泛关注。然而，铅基钙钛矿在可穿戴电子产品中的应用受到其毒性的限制。ABX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "杂化钙钛矿具有多种结构，通过B位点工程将光电子特性和环境友好处理相结合。在这篇展望中，我们总结了钙钛矿SC X射线探测器的最新进展，提供了从铅基到无铅再到无金属的B位工程概述。随后，提出了未来钙钛矿可穿戴电子器件的前景。我们希望这篇展望将为结构设计提供有益的指导，以实现高效、环保的钙钛矿可穿戴电子器件。" } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "卤化钙钛矿单晶" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "X-射线探测器" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "B位工程" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "可穿戴电子器件" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "halide perovskite single-crystal" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "X-ray detector" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "B-site engineering" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "wearable electronics" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　Introduction" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X-ray detection and imaging have become necessary tool for non-destructive testing in the areas of medical diagnosis, security inspection, and scientific research" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". As a new generation of optoelectronic materials, metal halide perovskites have shown great potential for application in X-ray detection due to their excellent properties, such as solution-processable, high atomic number, large attenuation coefficient, and large carrier mobility lifetime product (μτ)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The general formula of metal halide perovskites is ABX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", where A is MA" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (MA = methylammonium), FA" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (FA = formamidinium) and Cs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "; B = metal ion; X is Cl, Br, and I. Perovskite single-crystals (SC) exhibit lower defect concentrations, smaller ion migration behavior, and better stability compared to their polycrystalline counterparts, mainly due to the absence of grain boundaries in SCs, which are ideal materials for highly sensitive X-ray detector devices" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R5", "R6", "R7" ], "text": "5-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In terms of X-ray detection mechanism, it can be divided into direct and indirect type X-ray detection. For the indirect X-ray detectors, incident X-ray photons are converted into ultraviolet or visible light by a scintillator. The resulting radioluminescence is then detected by a photodiode and its electrical signal is recorded by an external circuit" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Compared with indirect X-ray detection, direct X-ray detection can convert high-energy X-ray photons directly into photogenerated electron-hole pairs (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a), which not only avoids the intermediate conversion process of visible photons, but also helps to minimize scattering effects, thus achieving high sensitivity and spatial resolution" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The relatively soft nature of halide perovskites makes it potential for the preparation of versatile and flexible wearable electronics" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Wearable electronics is a portable device that is worn directly on the body or integrated into a person's clothing or accessories. It not only satisfies daily life by providing their diverse and intelligent functions, but also provides great convenience for monitoring physical conditions. Wearable electronics need to have large flexibility, lightweight, harmless to human body, low power consumption, high working stability. The rapid development of miniaturized applications of wearable devices has led to their extensive use in watches, bracelets, glasses, etc., which in turn are interconnected with mobile terminals through wireless networks and Bluetooth technology, and eventually data analysis is performed through corresponding applications" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Currently, halide perovskites are mostly focused on rigid X-ray detectors, while less has been reported for flexible X-ray detectors" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R14", "R15", "R16" ], "text": "14-16", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Due to the bending property of flexible perovskite, it can be suitable for imaging in non-flat objects or narrow spaces. Meanwhile, flexible X-ray detectors can solve the compatibility problem with non-uniform X-ray sources and reduce the misdiagnosis rate in disease screening. Kaltenbrunner et al. achieved the preparation of an ultrathin flexible X-ray detector and demonstrated its application on a laboratory glove, demonstrating the advantage of adapting to complex surfaces and facilitating the development of wearable devices" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b-c) This review provides a brief overview of the progress of direct perovskite SC X-ray detectors, then the opportunities and challenges for perovskite wearable devices are described." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） Schematic diagram of the working principle of direct X-ray detector. （b） Schematic diagram of flexible X-ray detector. （c） Photograph of the flexible X-ray detector on a laboratory glove" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153734&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153736&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153735&type=", "width": "133.42100525", "height": "92.81600189", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　The progress of perovskite SC X-ray detectors" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Perovskite SCs can be divided to three types, Pb-based, Pb-free and metal-free according to ions at the B-site. In the following section, we present the research progress of the three types of X-ray detectors." } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　Pb-based metal halide perovskites" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In terms of Pb-based three-dimensional (3D) metal halide perovskites, it has the structural form APbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a). The presence of high atomic number Pb makes Pb-based perovskites highly attenuate to X-rays, thus opening up their application in the field of X-ray detection. In 2013, Stoumpos et al. reported the first application of CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC for X-ray and γ-ray detection" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In 2016, the MAPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC X-ray detector exhibited the sensitivity of 80 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as reported by Huang et al" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Wei et al. achieved a sensitivity of 3928.3 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for the (110) facet of MAPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC by the facet competition management strategy" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b" }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": ")" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Subsequently, 3D MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC X-ray detectors were successfully applied, as well as GAMAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (GA = guanidinium), FA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.55" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "MA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.45" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", and FAMACs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SCs obtained by component modulation, which led to a significant improvement in the detection performance of 3D Pb-based perovskites. Among them, Liu et al. achieved a sensitivity of (3.5 ± 0.2) × 10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and detection limit of 42 nGy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " s" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for FAMACs SC using a triple-cation mixed halide strategy" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The FAMACs SC device structures are shown in " }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "c" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Although Pb-based perovskite SCs based on MA" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and FA" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions typically exhibit high sensitivity, ion migration is very pronounced when applying a high operating electric field, causing severe dark current drift as well as being detrimental to device stability" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The introduction of 2D Pb-based perovskites with large-sized organic cations increases the ion migration potential and has a significant effect on the inhibition of ion migration. Li et al. used (F-PEA)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (F-PEA= 4-fluorophenethylammonium) to enhance the supramolecular interaction between organic spacers, which in turn effectively blocked the ion migration pathway and achieved the sensitivity of 3402 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " as well as high operational stability (" }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Compared with 3D perovskites, low-dimensional perovskites (LDPs) exhibit significant quantum-confined effect, anisotropy, and larger band gap. Therefore, its detection performance has some gap compared with 3D perovskites" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Based on the excellent air stability in LDPs, combining 3D and LDPs to fabricate high-performance, high stability X-ray detectors is an important direction for future development" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Although Pb-based perovskites have large attenuation capability for X-ray and high charge extraction capability, the toxicity of elemental Pb restricts their application in wearable devices." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a） The crystal structure of APbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b） The plot of current density versus various dose rates for different facets of MAPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC X-ray detector" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c） The schematic diagram of FAMACs SC device structure" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d） The plot of current density versus various dose rates for （F-PEA）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC device" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153737&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153739&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153738&type=", "width": "122.53700256", "height": "110.20800018", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　Pb-free metal halide perovskites" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Pb-based perovskite SCs contain heavy metal Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions, which can cause groundwater or soil contamination if applied directly, and can accumulate in the human body after circulation and cause damage to the central nervous system and reproductive system" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Therefore, B-site engineering via replacing Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " by Pb-free metal ions is highly required. The preparation of Pb-free metal halide perovskites using B-site engineering can be employed by the following strategies. (1) The divalent metal M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " directly replaces Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", forming a structure similar to APbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (M represents metal elements); (2) Replacement of two Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " using a combination of monovalent M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and trivalent metal ions M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " constructs the called double perovskite A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B(I)B(III)X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " structure; (3) The molecular structure of A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "🗆" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B(IV)X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " is obtained using tetravalent metal ions M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in replace of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The sign of " }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "🗆" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " represents ordered vacancy. This type of crystal structure consists of a face-centered lattice with the cuboctahedral voids occupied by A-site cations, such as the reported Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "SnI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and Cs2TeI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "; (4) The substitution of Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for trivalent metal ions M" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can give the molecular formula of A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "🗆" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B(III)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ".(" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a-c) Among them, Bi" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which has the same electronic configuration as Pb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and a large atomic number, is a candidate material for the study of Pb-free perovskite SCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Meanwhile, the Bi-I bond has a higher bond energy relative to the Pb-I bond, which essentially suppresses the ion migration effect and improves its structural stability" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Pan et al. successfully prepared the first double perovskite Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgBiBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC X-ray detector with a sensitivity of 80 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and a low detection limit of 59.7 nGy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " s" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The introduction of phenylethylamine bromide (PEABr) into the Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgBiBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " precursor solution improved the ordering degree of [AgX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "and [BiX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " octahedra, resulting in a sensitivity of 288.8 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " for the PEA-Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgBiBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC X-ray detector reported by Niu et al" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d) Furthermore, this group optimized the crystal growth strategy to prepare higher quality Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgBiBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC, achieving a sensitivity of up to 1974 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In addition, Bi-based low dimensional perovskite SCs such as (NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", MA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and FA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " have shown great promise for application. In particular, the MA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC devices prepared by Zheng et al. achieved a sensitivity of 10620 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " and a very low detection limit of 0.62 nGy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " s" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1 [" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", as shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "e-f. Pb-free metal halide perovskites have a broader variety of structural forms compared to Pb-based perovskites, which are more favorable for exploring new optoelectronic properties. However, the performance of Pb-free metal halide perovskites is highly dependent on the synthesis method, while the reproducibility of their devices remains a great challenge" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The crystal structures of （a） A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B（I）B（III）X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， （b） A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "🗆" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B（IV）X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， （c） A" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "🗆" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "B（III）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d） The sensitivity under different bias for the pristine and PEA-Cs" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "AgBiBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC device， respectively" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （e） The photograph of MA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC. （f） The plots of sensitivity versus various voltages for different MA" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Bi" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystal planes" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153740&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153742&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153741&type=", "width": "149.77200317", "height": "93.18599701", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3　Metal-free hybrid perovskites" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Due to the presence of metal ions and the high density of these materials, it is still difficult for metal-based perovskites to be applied for wearable devices. The newly emerged metal-free perovskites, which have low toxicity, low density (lightweight), chemical tunability and promising optoelectronic properties " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Metal-free hybrid perovskites have the structural formula of ABX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", where B is occupied by a non-metal cation, which is commonly used as NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "+ [" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "a). The (NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in the A(NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "has larger cubic cavity relative to the PbX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " octahedra and can accommodate large size divalent organic cation" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Song et al. pioneered the use of DABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (DABCO = " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "′-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octonium) SC device to achieve a sensitivity of 173 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " at 1250 V/mm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The photograph of DABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC and the corresponding X-ray photocurrent density versus dose rates plots are shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "b-c, respectively. Based on component modulation engineering, several metal-free perovskite SCs have been exploited" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", among which the MDABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (MDBACO = methyl-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "N" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "′-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octonium) SC X-ray detector achieved a sensitivity of 1997 ± 80 μC Gy" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "air" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2 [" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", which is the highest value in this field so far (" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Fig.4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "d-e). Moreover, the MDABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "crystal device can be completely dissolved in water, which is beneficial for the future development of biocompatible perovskite optoelectronic materials. The comparison parameters of metal-based and metal-free perovskite SC X-ray detectors are shown in " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "Table 1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Table 1" } ] } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", where the detection performance of metal-free perovskite has huge potential for development." } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The crystal structure of A（NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（X = Cl， Br and I） metal-free perovskites" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b） The photograph of DABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC. （c） The plot of current density versus various dose rates for DABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC device" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （d） The photograph of MDABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC. （e） The plots of current density versus various dose rates for MDABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SC device" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153743&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153745&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153744&type=", "width": "137.54800415", "height": "87.17099762", "fontsize": "" } ] } 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"text", "data": "3.2×10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-3" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "567" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153747&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37153746&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "106.22741699", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Metal-free perovskites have the following advantages over metal-based perovskites: Most of them can be prepared at room temperature in aqueous solution, which greatly reduces environmental pollution and energy consumption; The smaller density facilitates the preparation of lightweight wearable devices. Metal-free perovskites have large band gap and are not suitable for applications in the visible light. For X-ray detection, perovskite with large band gap generally produce lower noise during operation, which is beneficial for their long-term operational stability" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". For the preparation of flexible devices, the organic components in metal-free perovskites can soften the compound and thus facilitate the preparation of large-area thin films. MDABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " can be deposited on silica substrates and form uniform film without pinhole, which demonstrates the potential of metal-free perovskites for applications in wearable devices" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　Perspective" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "In summary, although the current researches on the performance of metal-based perovskite SC X-ray detectors show greater performance advantages than that of metal-free ones, the merits of metal-free halide perovskites are also incomparable. How to maximize the advantages of metal-free perovskite SCs and grow high-quality SCs for wearable devices are the focus of future research. The highlighted perspectives are shown as follows." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(1) More attempt should be focused on designing novel metal-free perovskite SCs. At present, metal-free perovskites are mostly concentrated in 3D crystal structures, so they have a large rigidity limitation, which is not conducive to the development of flexible devices" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Due to the diversity of A-site cations in the LDPs, the limitation of tolerance factor can be broken, and the LDPs have the more flexible crystal structures, which are easier to be applied in flexible devices. Combined with the B-site engineering modulation strategy, the exploration of low-dimensional metal-free perovskite SC structures can be enhanced in the future research, and then a series of effective design strategies will be developed. Meanwhile, the stability of perovskite materials has been a key factor hindering their practical applications. Although the thermal stability of metal-free perovskites has been reported, there is a lack of research on their resistance to water and oxygen in air" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In the preparation of metal-free perovskites, multiple non-covalent bonding interactions between A-site cations and octahedras, the use of water-resistant A-site cations, and surface passivation strategies can be designed to enhance their stability." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(2) The researches on the optoelectronic application of metal-free halide perovskite SCs are still in its infancy stage, so systematic strategies towards surface passivation, device structure optimization have not been established. This offers the new research hotspots for the preparation of efficient and lightweight X-ray detectors." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(3) Strengthen the exploration of high quality as well as high purity metal-free perovskite SCs. The metal-free perovskite SCs can be grown in aqueous solution, which solves the problem of environmental pollution by organic solvents. The main methods used to grow metal-free perovskite SCs are temperature cooling and controlled solvent evaporation methods, such as the reported DABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " (X = Cl, Br, and I) and MDABCO-NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " SCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". However, the SCs suitable for flexible materials have not been successfully prepared. It may be possible to prepare metal-free perovskite films by space-confined method and surface tension-controlled strategy to explore their SC flexible device properties" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Therefore, when exploring growth strategies for flexible metal-free SCs, the goal is also to obtain high purity materials. The obtained high purity metal-free perovskite SCs are combined with flexible substrates to prepare flexible metal-free crystal-filled materials, which will be utilized in wearable devices" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(4) More attention should be paid to the flexible wearable devices. First of all, due to the different shapes of flexible devices, research on mechanically durable and highly flexible perovskite materials needs to be enhanced. As a photoactive layer, the intrinsic high mechanical stability and resistance to bending and deformation play a key role in perovskite. The flexible substrate and electrode materials matched with perovskite need to undergo mechanical performance measurements. In addition, perovskite optoelectronic devices are mostly concentrated on small area substrates, combined with roll-to-roll, slot-die coating, and blade coating technologies to achieve the preparation of large-scale flexible devices. Therefore, in-depth research on stable perovskite ink is needed" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". Finally, wearable devices often need to be integrated with energy source to achieve continuous energy input for optoelectronic devices. Self-driven perovskite flexible devices can also be further developed without the need for external power supply to streamline their preparation process" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Notes" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "The authors declare no competing financial interest." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "References" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PENG" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "J L" }, { "name": "text", "data": "； " }, { "name": "text", "data": "XU" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "Y L" }, { "name": "text", "data": "； " }, { "name": "text", "data": "YAO" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al" }, { "name": "text", "data": ".， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "Thick-junction perovskite X-ray detectors" }, { "name": "text", "data": "： " }, { "name": "text", "data": "processing and optoelectronic considerations" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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