高效有机发光二极管的光提取技术及其研究进展 增强出版

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "高效有机发光二极管的光提取技术及其研究进展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Advances in Highly Effective Light Extraction Schemes for Organic Light-emitting Diodes" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "曲", "givenname": "志浩", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "QU", "givenname": "Zhihao", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "曲志浩（1997-），男，山东滨州人，硕士研究生，2021年于青岛大学获得学士学位，主要从事有机发光器件的研究。 E-mail： 20214214008@stu.suda.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942017&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942023&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942020&type=", "width": "24.89200020", "height": "29.88732910", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "曲志浩" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1997-），男，山东滨州人，硕士研究生，2021年于青岛大学获得学士学位，主要从事有机发光器件的研究。 E-mail： " }, { "name": "text", "data": "20214214008@stu.suda.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "20214214008@stu.suda.edu.cn", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "蔡", "givenname": "嘉恒", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "CAI", "givenname": "Jiaheng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "周东", "givenname": "营", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "ZHOU", "givenname": "Dongying", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "廖", "givenname": "良生", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIAO", "givenname": "Liangsheng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： lsliao@suda.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： lsliao@suda.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "廖良生（1956-），男，江西遂川人，博士，教授，1996年于南京大学获得博士学位，主要从事有机发光材料与器件、有机晶体等方向的研究。 E-mail： lsliao@suda.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942026&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942032&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942029&type=", "width": "24.89202881", "height": "29.88732910", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "廖良生" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1956-），男，江西遂川人，博士，教授，1996年于南京大学获得博士学位，主要从事有机发光材料与器件、有机晶体等方向的研究。 E-mail： " }, { "name": "text", "data": "lsliao@suda.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "lsliao@suda.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": "苏州大学 功能纳米与软物质研究院， 江苏 苏州　215123", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "苏州大学 功能纳米与软物质研究院， 江苏 苏州　215123" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": "Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials， Soochow University， Suzhou 215123， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials， Soochow University， Suzhou 215123， China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "高性能材料研究使有机发光二极管（Organic light⁃emitting diode，OLED）取得了突飞猛进的发展，但是器件内部生成的光子由于光学损耗无法全部发射到外部空间，从而极大地降低了OLED效率，并阻碍了其在节能照明市场的应用。通过调控光损失区域的波传导，光提取技术能够有效抑制衬底、波导、表面等离子激元等损耗模式，理论上可使效率扩大4倍。具有1.05~2倍扩大效果的光提取技术已被大量报道，但与理论极限仍存在很大差距。为此，本文简要分析了OLED光学损耗模式，综述了近年来高效的、特别是能实现2倍以上扩大效果的光提取技术。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Researches in advanced and efficient materials have greatly promoted the fast development of organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs）. However， the generated photons inside the device can not completely escape into the external field due to the inherent optical losses， which greatly reduces the electroluminescence efficiency of OLEDs and hinders the commercialization progress of OLEDs for lighting applications. By manipulating the light propagation in the vicinity of optical losses， light extraction schemes could efficiently suppress the substrate mode， the waveguide mode， and the surface plasmon polariton mode， leading to a maximum enhancement factor of 4 in theory. A large number of reported light extraction strategies could improve the OLED efficiency by 1.05-2 times， but still lag behind the theorical limit. With this regard， we briefly introduce the optical loss mechanism in OLEDs and summarize the recent progresses of highly effective light extraction technologies particularly with the promising enhancement factor of above 2." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机发光二极管" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "光提取" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "波导模式" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "微纳结构" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "organic light-emitting diodes" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "light extraction" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "waveguide mode" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "micro-nano structure" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "如何提高照明节能效率，对提升我国电力综合效率、应对全球能源危机、完成低碳减排战略目标具有非常重要的意义。有机发光二极管（Organic light-emitting diode, OLED）具有功耗低、色域广、视角宽、响应快、机械柔韧好等优点，在显示和照明领域彰显出巨大的应用前景" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3", "R4", "R5" ], "text": "1-5", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。新型磷光和热激活延迟荧光材料实现了单重态和三重态激子都能以辐射跃迁形式回到基态，将内量子效率提高至100%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R6", "R7", "R8", "R9", "R10", "R11", "R12" ], "text": "6-12", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然而，生成的光子受到衬底模式、波导模式、表面等离子激元（Surface plasmon polariton, SPP）模式的限制，无法全部发射到器件外部，使OLED出光效率仅为20%左右，导致OLED外量子效率（External quantum efficiency, EQE）难以突破更高极限，阻碍了其推向节能照明市场的脚步。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光提取技术不需要复杂的材料设计，即可将限制在OLED内部的光发射出去，具有成本低、操作方便、光色调节容易等优点。针对不同光学损耗模式，各种各样的光提取技术已有报道，但大多数工作只能使效率扩大1.05~2倍" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R13", "R14", "R15", "R16", "R17", "R18", "R19" ], "text": "13-19", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。高效的光提取技术仍是OLED急需解决的难题。为此，本文简要综述了近年来具有2倍以上增强效果的光提取技术，有望为进一步提高OLED效率提供解决思路。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　OLED的光学模式和光提取分析" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "传统底发射OLED器件一般由玻璃衬底、透明阳极、空穴传输层、发光层、电子传输层、金属阴极所构成（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "）。通常，发光层两侧还可引入激子阻挡层，使激子尽可能分布在发光层中，从而极大地提高了器件的发光效率。各层材料折射率不匹配是降低OLED出光效率的主要原因。根据平面波矢理论，传统OLED中生成的光子可分为空气模式、衬底模式、波导模式和SPP模式，其比例分别约为20%、20%、20%和40%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R20", "R21", "R22" ], "text": "20-22", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。玻璃衬底（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ≈ 1.5）和空气（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " = 1.0）界面之间的全反射使光子被限制在衬底内，称为衬底模式。铟锡氧化物（Indium tin oxide （ITO），" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ≈ 1.7）和玻璃界面之间的全反射使光子在金属阴极与ITO/玻璃界面之间的波导腔内传播，形成波导模式。光波和金属中自由电子振荡耦合而沿有机/金属界面传播的电磁波，称为SPP模式。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "传统OLED器件结构及其不同模式传播示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of traditional OLED device structure and propagation of various modes" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942035&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942039&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942037&type=", "width": "76.77798462", "height": "41.91040039", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "根据修饰位置不同，光提取技术可分为外提取技术和内提取技术。常用的外提取技术包括衬底粗糙化、外部散射层、半球透镜、微透镜阵列等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R23", "R24", "R25", "R26", "R27" ], "text": "23-27", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，主要用于将衬底模式中的光提取到空气中。内提取技术通过对衬底/透明阳极/有机层任一或多个界面进行改性，从而抑制波导模式和SPP模式中的光学损耗，理论上可以使EQE最大提高3倍。常用的方法包括衬底褶皱化、高折射率衬底、内散射层、阳极图案化、光子晶体等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R28", "R29", "R30", "R31", "R32" ], "text": "28-32", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。通常而言，内提取技术比外提取技术具有更好的光取出效果，但是仅用内提取或外提取结构只能将某一种损耗模式进行改进，其提升效果仍非常有限。为进一步提高OLED效率，利用内/外光提取技术协同作用的方法被广泛报道。本文将从内提取技术和多种光提取技术协同作用两方面介绍其在OLED中的研究进展。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　内部光提取技术" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　内部光散射层" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "内部光散射层通常用于衬底和透明阳极之间，其中分散颗粒和基质材料是影响散射层光提取效果的两个主要因素。TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "具有良好的晶体结构和高折射率，是最常用的散射颗粒。Wu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将粒径为100 nm的TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "颗粒分散在光刻胶聚合物中制备的内散射层（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），将器件电流效率和外量子效率分别提高至原来的2.04倍和1.96倍。然而，光刻胶基质（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ≈ 1.4）与ITO之间仍有可能发生全反射。针对该问题，Chang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在光刻胶聚合物中分散了两种尺寸TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "颗粒（250 nm和25 nm）， 其中250 nm纳米颗粒可作为散射中心诱导散射，25 nm颗粒则用于增加聚合物材料的折射率。利用该高折射率的基质材料，器件在5 100 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下的功率效率提高了3.3倍。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "内散射层制备流程图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic fabrication process of the internal scattering layer" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942041&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942048&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942045&type=", "width": "158.70495605", "height": "36.87966919", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ZnO、SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、ZrO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等材料也可被用作散射颗粒。Unni等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将ZnO纳米颗粒分散在聚二甲基硅氧烷（Polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS）中，使白光、绿光、红光、蓝光器件效率分别提高了79%、102%、56%、30%。Kim等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（粒径为100 nm）颗粒作为散射中心，通过溶胶-凝胶法（Sol-gel）制备TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜作为基质材料，将功率效率由39 lm/W提高到78 lm/W（2倍）。为突破无机材料作为散射颗粒的局限，Go等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出一种新型的中空聚合物纳米颗粒，利用中空区域与聚合物之间明显的折射率差别，该颗粒表现出较好的散射特性，理论模拟证实采用中空聚合物纳米颗粒的散射层可将器件的电流效率扩大2.5倍。Ryu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将散射层的设计引入顶发射器件中，通过设计氨苄西林微结构，借助其带来的散射效应减少内部波导模式，提高外耦合出光，该结构兼具调节电荷平衡、降低漏电流的作用。结合该结构的绿光顶发射器件可实现63.4%的EQE，是使用相同材料顶发射器件的2倍。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "内散射层具有低成本、易操作、高效率的特点，易与大面积OLED器件相兼容，通过随机改变出光方向，能够有效减少光谱偏移和角度依赖性。但是，由于存在散射中心，内散射层导致OLED出光面雾度增大，因而较难适用于显示器件。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　阳极微纳结构" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "利用几何形状差别，微纳结构可改变光子传播方向，从而降低全反射发生几率。根据位置不同，微纳结构可制备在透明阳极的底部和顶部。Lee等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用磁控溅射制备铝掺杂氧化锌透明电极，在其表面自发形成鳞片状微纳结构，借助该结构的散射作用，器件的EQE提高至原来的2.55倍。2015年，廖良生等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用单层紧密排列的聚苯乙烯（Polystyrene, PS）微球作为模板，通过真空热蒸镀法在ITO顶部制备出蜂窝状MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "层，该微结构可以一直延伸到器件内部，将525 nm处的光强提高了1.4倍。同年，他们还利用PS微球作为模板直接将ITO刻蚀出微纳结构图案" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），通过模拟发现这种周期性ITO图案同时提取了SPP模式和波导模式，使电流效率和功率效率提高1倍以上。此后，PS微球被广泛用于制备光提取微纳结构。2020年，冯敏强等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用 PS微球作为掩模版制备了蜂窝状的ITO，其相似的微纳结构使器件在620 nm处的发光强度扩大了2.3倍。Kim等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐涂敷在PS微球阵列表面，制备了具有随机波纹结构的阳极，将功率效率和出光效率分别提升至原来的2倍和1.4倍。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "纳米结构ITO及其OLED的制备流程图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "A schematic fabrication process of the nano-structured ITO and OLED" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942052&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942058&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942055&type=", "width": "79.64160156", "height": "49.43258667", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "预先对衬底进行图案化处理可在透明阳极底部形成微纳结构。唐建新等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过纳米压印法制备了具有准周期纳米结构的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯衬底，在其表面沉积MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Ag-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "得到微纳结构透明电极，理论模拟这种纳米结构透明电极可以使出光效率提高1.55倍。由于该电极具有较好的电学性能，最终他们制备出功率效率达112.4 lm/W的柔性OLED，是传统ITO器件的（39.5 lm/W）的2.8倍。Torres等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用光刻技术在玻璃表面形成周期性图案，通过蒸镀Ag（厚度为25 nm）形成透明阳极，使器件发光亮度（8 V下）提高了1.9倍。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上，阳极微纳结构可同时对波导和SPP模式进行提取，且不破坏原有器件的结构组成，保证了器件的电学性能。相比于内散射层，微纳结构也可抑制光谱偏移和角度依赖性，但其加工难度较大和设计成本较高，阻碍了其商业应用进程。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　光子晶体" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光子晶体是由不同折射率的介质周期性排列而成的微纳结构，最早由Jone" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和Yablonovitch" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出。如果对光子晶体的周期性结构进行有针对性的设计，光子晶体可以禁止光在器件内横向上的传播，提高纵向的耦合出光。凭借其优异的光调制作用，光子晶体已被广泛用于无机LED、OLED等发光器件中" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R48", "R49" ], "text": "48-49", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如何利用光子晶体提高OLED出光效率仍是当前研究热点。李康等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用时域有限差分法模拟不同尺寸和周期的SiN" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "光子晶体对550 nm发射光的增强作用，发现当SiN" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "光子晶体采用最优化的尺寸参数时仅使器件效率提高了73%。为此，他们设计了渗透到ITO和有机层中的光子晶体结构，可使效率提高1.4倍。虽然该设计在实际应用中难以实现，但反映了光子晶体较好的光提取能力。除了尺寸参数以外，另一个影响OLED出光效率的因素是光子晶体的折射率差别。Vurgaftman等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在ITO表面引入了高折射率的ZnS（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ≈ 2.4）光子晶体（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），该器件表现出很小的发射共振和光谱变化，当光子晶体的周期为357 nm时，器件在200 A/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "电流密度下的亮度可以扩大2倍。Ju等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在ITO里嵌入中空区域形成类光子晶体，借助ITO与空气之间较大的折射率差别，使光学共振和衍射作用增强，有效降低了阳极和衬底之间的波导模式，使器件在 1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下的电流效率和功率效率分别提高至原来的1.5倍和2倍。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "嵌入ZnS纳米柱的OLED结构示意图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic side view of the OLED with the embedded ZnS pillars" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942061&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942067&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942064&type=", "width": "58.75866699", "height": "60.70599365", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光子晶体的周期性结构比随机结构具有更好的光提取效果，但其对调制波长要求较高，容易导致OLED器件光谱偏移和角度依赖性。准周期的光子晶体结构可以解决波长选择性问题，但波长量级的周期设计对制备工艺提出了更高要求，增加了加工成本，不利于将其推向产业化。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4　新型衬底材料" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "玻璃是OLED最常用的衬底材料，但存在机械强度差和难加工的缺点，因而功能化的新型聚合物衬底得到了广泛研究。Takezoe等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用PDMS和Al热膨胀系数的差别，在PDMS表面自发形成随机波纹结构，制备了具有微结构的PDMS透明衬底。该衬底显著抑制了器件光谱的角度依赖特性，使电流效率由1.67 cd/A提高到3.65 cd/A。2018年，裴启兵等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过预拉伸和紫外-臭氧处理方法，制备了具有褶皱结构的PDMS衬底，结合银纳米线作为透明电极，将EQE提高到38.4%，远优于传统ITO器件（16.4%）。此外，他们还将BaCO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米颗粒掺入到一种高折射率的聚合物" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=1.7）中，直接形成具有散射效应的透明衬底，所制备白光OLED的EQE高达49%，是传统ITO器件的2.8倍。Ju等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺入聚合物制备了兼具散射效应和高折射率的透明衬底，通过多孔氧化铝模板对衬底进行双面压印，使其表面两侧都具备微纳结构，可使器件电流效率获得1.23倍提升。该设计可同时调控三种光学损耗模式，因而仍有进一步改善的空间。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "总之，新型衬底材料在形貌设计、光学性能调整、机械性能优化等方面具有更加广泛的操作空间，但其表面更容易出现缺陷和分布不均的情况，影响器件的稳定性和寿命。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　内部/外部协同光提取技术" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.1　内部散射层与外部透镜结合" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "内散射层可抑制ITO与玻璃界面全反射，但重新分配的光仍有可能被限制在玻璃衬底中" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，因而在衬底外部增加半球透镜或微透镜阵列，可进一步提高OLED的出光效率。Gather等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米颗粒内散射层，仅将器件在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下的EQE从22%提高到33%（1.5倍）；施加半球透镜后，可将EQE进一步提高到46%（2.1倍）。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除了纳米颗粒，微纳结构也被报道用作散射中心。Lee等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将沉积在SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "衬底上的Ag膜进行热退火以形成不规则纳米Ag粒，再通过等离子体刻蚀得到深度为360 nm、宽度在50~700 nm范围的随机纳米结构，将EQE提高了52%；结合微透镜阵列，EQE进一步提高了105.8%。Kim等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过KrF曝光对SiN" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "表面进行处理，形成了随机分布的纳米孔（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），使EQE从20.5%提高到43.9%，利用外部透镜则可以将EQE进一步提高到78%（3.8倍）。Lemmer等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过光刻法在ITO表面制备了周期性TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "布拉格光栅，发现光栅厚度为15 nm时可以降低反向散射几率，结合微透镜阵列后器件效率可提升3倍。然而，光栅结构存在衍射效应，使器件效率和光谱表现出角度依赖性。为此，Forrest等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "网格结构，由于抑制波导和SPP模式，器件效率在结合外部透镜后提高了1.67倍。另外，他们通过模拟研究发现如果进一步优化网格宽度、材料折射率对比度等参数，器件出光效率最高可以提高1.8倍；如果进一步改变电子传输层厚度以抑制SPP模式，则可使出光效率再提升1.57倍。此外，他们还在ITO表面制备低折射率的SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "格栅" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，使效率在有、无微透镜阵列的情况下分别提升30%、130%。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）含有随机分布纳米孔阵列白光OLED的扫描透射电镜截面图；（b）白光OLED在含有或不含随机纳米孔阵列和半球透镜时的EQE随亮度变化趋势" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "bold", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy image of white OLED with randomly dispersed nanohole array. （b）EQEs of the white OLEDs with/without randomly dispersed nanohole array and half-spherical lens as a function of luminous exitance" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942070&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942074&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942072&type=", "width": "123.84777832", "height": "47.15403748", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.2　微纳结构与外部透镜结合" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "如前文所述，微纳结构可以抑制波导和SPP模式，但仍无法避免衬底模式，需要增加外部透镜进一步提高出光效率。目前微纳结构的常用制备方法包括反应离子刻蚀、紫外臭氧刻蚀、激光刻蚀、化学刻蚀、模板沉积、纳米压印等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R64", "R65", "R66", "R67" ], "text": "64-67", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。吴忠帜等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以PS微球为模板通过溅射法（自下而上）制备了纳米网状ITO，获得了25.3%左右的EQE，只提高了20%，增加半球透镜后EQE提高到61.9%，表明纳米网状ITO可有效增强衬底模式。冯敏强等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用随机分布的PS微球作为模板，通过化学刻蚀法（自上而下）增加ITO表面粗糙度，可将波导模式的光引入衬底，再利用半球透镜对衬底模式进行提取，可以将绿光器件的电流效率提高1.1倍。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "唐建新" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "课题组借助纳米压印的方法，将涂在ITO表面的PEDOT∶PSS层做出倒金字塔形或蛾眼形的纳米结构（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），该非周期的形貌一直延伸到阴极，结合微透镜阵列作为外提取技术， EQE实现了1.3倍以上的提升。王嘉辉" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "利用纳米压印的方法可以将闪耀光栅结构转移到玻璃衬底上，在溅射AZO透明电极后制备了绿光器件，增加外部微透镜后EQE提高了1.1倍。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "双面漏斗阵列及其OLED的制备流程图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic of the fabrication process of white OLEDs with double nanofunnel arrays（NFAs）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942077&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942081&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39942079&type=", "width": "100.77947998", "height": "56.02597046", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.3　新型透明阳极与外部透镜结合" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近年来，用于取代ITO的新型阳极也取得了许多成果" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R72", "R73" ], "text": "72-73", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。金属复折射率的虚部（由消光系数表示）较小，用作阳极时可有效避免ITO所引起的波导模式。Guo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了一种超薄Cu-Ag阳极" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，利用Cu-Ag较大的负介电常数（Re（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ε" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Cu-Ag" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） ≈ -10），降低波导模式中TE波的截止条件（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），增加外部透镜后使EQE提高了1.5倍。他们的模拟结果表明该设计可以实现对波导模式的完全抑制，使器件EQE最高达到76.1%。Reineke等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "研究了Au/Ag双层金属作透明电极时超薄MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "层对器件性能的影响，发现MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "不仅可以有效抑制SPP模式，还可降低Au/Ag的反射率，减少光学微腔的相消干涉，将EQE提升至22.5%；在增加半球透镜后，EQE实现2.1倍提升，达到38.8%。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）波导模式示意图；TE" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "eff" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， TE" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） 模式（b）和TM" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "eff" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， TM" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": 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"1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "OLED内部存在多种光学损耗模式，严重降低了OLED发光效率，光提取技术是OLED效率能否进一步提升的关键。内散射层、微纳结构阳极、光子晶体、高折射率衬底等内提取技术，可同时抑制波导模式和SPP模式，表现出较好的光提取效果，是高效率光学调控的主要途径。此外，发光分子的跃迁偶极矩矢量对出光效率也会产生很大影响" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R76", "R77", "R78" ], "text": "76-78", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，保证较高的水平偶极子取向比例也成为近年来的一个研究热点。例如，Kim等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "79", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R79", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "79" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计苯基吡啶为配体的铱配合物磷光材料，其水平偶极子比例高达86.5%，在没有任何光提取结构时器件的最大EQE 为38.1%。刘源等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "80", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R80", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了以吖啶为给体和三芳香硼为受体的热激活延迟荧光材料，其星形构象提供了较强的分子刚性，使其水平偶极子取向占比达86%，所制备的绿光器件的EQE高达38.8%。可以看出，如果能在这些具有较多水平偶极子发光的器件中运用光提取技术，则有望进一步提高器件外量子效率，从而获得更高效率的OLED器件。有些内提取技术未能使出光效率成倍提高，却增加了光在衬底模式中的比例，需要结合外提取技术才能获得更高效率的提升。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "未来，高效率的光提取技术仍是OLED领域急需突破和解决的问题。 为了使出光效率实现更高倍数（大于3倍）的增强，只通过抑制某一种光学模式很难实现，必须要多种手段协同使用，从而对衬底模式、波导模式和SPP模式内的光同时进行调控。为了更高效地实现光子由损耗模式向出光的转换，继续对OLED内部光学结构及损耗模式的机理研究同样重要。就目前的工艺水平而言，光提取技术在提高器件效率的同时难免会带来一些其他影响。比如抑制波导损耗经常需要引入新的微纳结构去改变器件的出光界面，这不仅对制备工艺提出了更高的要求，而且一些新材料、新技术的引入也会提高其成本，不利于向市场推广；某些周期性结构的设计，自身对波长有一定的选择性，这就会改变光谱特性；复杂的波纹结构或散射层内部容易形成缺陷和电场的不均匀性，导致更大的泄漏电流，对器件性能和寿命造成影响。因此，新型光提取设计应更多考虑整体效益，在保证高效出光的同时，做到器件成本最小化，使出光效率、成本、工艺、稳定性、普适性等方面得到兼顾。为了应对未来OLED应用场景的多元化发展，光提取技术还需要考虑到新型OLED器件对于柔性和大面积的要求。总之，我们只有将创新的光提取概念与先进的器件结构进行不断融合与改进，才能设计出合理且高效的光提取结构，制备出满足市场需求的高效率OLED器件。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：" }, { "name": "extlink", "data": { "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } ], "href": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CJL.20220314." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", 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