光学增益介质在微型激光器中的应用进展 增强出版

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "光学增益介质在微型激光器中的应用进展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Application Advances of Optical Gain Media in Microlasers" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "刘", "givenname": "佳男", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LIU", "givenname": "Jia-nan", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "刘佳男（1996-），男，山西霍州人，硕士研究生，2014年于北京化工大学获得学士学位，主要从事纳米碳光电材料的研究。 E-mail： ljn825306631@126.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818673&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818685&type=", "big": 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} ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "陈", "givenname": "童", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "CHEN", "givenname": "Tong", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "杨", "givenname": "永珍", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "YANG", "givenname": "Yong-zhen", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" }, { "rid": "aff3", "text": "3" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor1", "lang": "en", "text": "E-mail： yyztyut@126.com", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E-mail： yyztyut@126.com" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "杨永珍（1969-），女，山西翼城人，博士，教授，博士生导师，2007年于太原理工大学获得博士学位，主要从事纳米碳功能材料、碳基光电材料和生物医药材料的研究。 E-mail： yyztyut@126.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": 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"lang": "en", "text": "xubs@tyut.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "xubs@tyut.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "许并社（1955-），男，山西翼城人，博士，教授，博士生导师，1994年于日本东京大学获得博士学位，主要从事化合物半导体材料及器件的研究。 E-mail： xubs@tyut.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818706&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818712&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818709&type=", "width": "24.89202499", "height": "29.88732910", "fontsize": "" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "许并社" }, { "name": "text", "data": "（1955-），男，山西翼城人，博士，教授，博士生导师，1994年于日本东京大学获得博士学位，主要从事化合物半导体材料及器件的研究。 E-mail： " }, { "name": "text", "data": "xubs@tyut.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "xubs@tyut.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "太原理工大学 新材料界面科学与工程教育部重点实验室， 山西 太原　030024", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太原理工大学 新材料界面科学与工程教育部重点实验室， 山西 太原　030024" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials， Ministry of Education， Taiyuan University of Technology， Taiyuan 030024， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials， Ministry of Education， Taiyuan University of Technology， Taiyuan 030024， China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "太原理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，山西 太原　030024", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "太原理工大学 材料科学与工程学院，山西 太原　030024" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "College of Materials Science and Engineering， Taiyuan University of Technology， Taiyuan 030024， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "College of Materials Science and Engineering， Taiyuan University of Technology， Taiyuan 030024， China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff3", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "3", "text": "山西浙大新材料与化工研究院， 山西 太原　030032", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "山西浙大新材料与化工研究院， 山西 太原　030032" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "3", "text": "Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering， Taiyuan 030032， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering， Taiyuan 030032， China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff4", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "4", "text": "陕西科技大学 材料原子⁃分子科学研究所， 陕西 西安　710021", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "陕西科技大学 材料原子⁃分子科学研究所， 陕西 西安　710021" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "4", "text": "Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science of Materials， Shaanxi University of Science and Technology， Xi’an 710021， China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science of Materials， Shaanxi University of Science and Technology， Xi’an 710021， China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "微型激光器具有体型小、光束质量高、激光亮度强和响应速度快等优点，在军事、医疗和通信等领域展现出极大的应用潜力。增益介质作为微型激光器的核心部分，是一类具有放大自发辐射特性的材料。其本身的放大自发辐射特性对激光器性能起着至关重要的作用，直接影响微型激光器的阈值、激光能量、稳定性和波长调谐性等性能。近年来，各种新型具有放大自发辐射性能的材料被相继开发，并在各类微型激光器中崭露头角。本文首先介绍激光器中增益介质的放大自发辐射工作原理；然后系统综述微型激光器用各类光学增益介质的特性及不同模式谐振腔产生激光的研究现状，指出目前这些材料所存在的问题，并提出解决策略；最后对其未来发展进行展望，以期对微型激光器的研发有所裨益。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "With the advantages of small size， high beam quality， strong laser brightness and fast response speed， microlasers show great application potential in military， medical， communication and other fields. As a core part of microlaser， the gain medium is a kind of material with amplified spontaneous emission ability， which plays an important role in laser properties and directly affects the threshold， laser energy， stability and wavelength tuning performance of microlaser. In recent years， various advanced materials with amplifying spontaneous emission property have been developed， and they have emerged in various microlasers. In this review， the working principle of the amplified spontaneous emission for the gain medium in the laser was firstly introduced. Secondly， the characteristics of optical gain media for microlasers and the research status of laser from different modes of optical resonators were systematically summarized. Finally， the current problems and solutions of amplified spontaneous emission materials were put forward， and the future development was prospected. This review will be beneficial to the research and development of microlasers." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "微型激光器" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "放大自发辐射" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "增益介质" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "谐振腔" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "microlasers" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "amplified spontaneous emission" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "gain medium" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "optical resonator" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "自1960年第一台红宝石激光器发明至今，激光器迅猛发展，其单色性好、能量高、方向性强等独特的优势，使其广泛应用在军事、医疗、通信和环境等领域" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。激光器主要分为三部分：泵浦源、增益介质和谐振腔。泵浦源负责将外源能量供给激光器；增益介质是一类具有放大自发辐射（Amplified spontaneous emission,ASE）特性的材料，位于激光器内部，起到将光放大的作用，是整个激光器结构的核心；当增益介质获得足够强的外源能量供给时，增益介质便会发生ASE，即实现光放大" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "2", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这些被放大的光可在谐振腔内传播，并多次反射后进一步被放大，从而产生激光。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近年来，随着光电子器件的高度集成化，微型激光器以体型小、光束质量高、激光亮度强和响应速度快等优点在激光器中占据了一席之地。用于微型激光器的增益介质通常需要具有高荧光量子产率（Photoluminescence quantum yield, PLQY）、窄发光光谱、波长可调谐等特点" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。自1996年在聚合物薄膜中发现受激发射后" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R4", "R5" ], "text": "4-5", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，人们开始广泛研究各种聚合物材料的ASE性能，并且将它们置于不同类型的谐振腔中产生激光，例如随机激光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、分布式反馈激光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然而，聚合物薄膜通常光稳定性较差，使其在微型激光器中的商业化发展受到了限制。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着科学家们的不断探索，近年来以荧光染料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、半导体量子点" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、钙钛矿" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、有机小分子" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R11", "R12" ], "text": "11-12", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、碳点（Carbon dots, CDs）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等为代表的材料逐渐成为微型激光器中增益介质的主流方案。一方面，这些材料具有半导体性质，基于它们制成的激光器具有体积小、重量轻、效率高、可靠性高的优点，且器件可以直接调制并能与其他半导体器件集成" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；另一方面，这些材料的发光强度高、光增益好，使得激光阈值较低" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "微型激光器的性能主要取决于其增益介质，其性能直接影响微型激光器的阈值、激光能量、波长调谐性和稳定性等。综述各类增益介质的特性及其应用研究进展，对于推进微型激光器的快速发展具有重要指导意义。本文将从微型激光器的工作原理、各类增益介质特性及其在微型激光器中的应用进展等进行总结，并对其未来发展前景进行了展望。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　增益介质中的放大自发辐射机理" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "增益介质的ASE实现实际上是通过不断的受激辐射而实现对光产生放大作用的过程。整个ASE过程需经历受激吸收（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））、粒子数反转（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））和放大自发辐射（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））三个过程。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "放大自发辐射过程示意图：（a）受激吸收；（b）粒子数反转；（c）放大自发辐射。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of ASE process： （a）stimulated absorption， （b）population inversion， （c）amplified spontaneous radiation." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818716&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818722&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818719&type=", "width": "146.26167297", "height": "35.72933960", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　受激吸收、自发辐射和受激辐射" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "当光与增益介质相互作用时，存在受激吸收、自发辐射和受激辐射三种现象，光放大取决于受激辐射过程是否占据优势。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "对一般物质来讲，电子有两个能级态，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为基态、" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=1, 2, 3…）为激发态，常温下，处于基态的电子总数大于激发态的电子总数。当能量为" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "h" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为普朗克常数，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "代表一个光子的能量，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "代表激发态能量，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "代表基态能量）的光子射入原子系统中，基态S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的电子吸收光子能量，从而跃迁到激发态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这一跃迁过程被称为受激吸收（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。受激吸收过程中，电子在不同能级之间的跃迁需要靠入射光子能量刺激触发，电子处于能级的位置和外来光子能量的大小等因素都会影响电子在各能级间的跃迁行为。处于激发态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的电子不稳定，经常自主跃迁到基态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上，同时发射出能量为" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的光子，即自发辐射过程" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。自发辐射所产生的光较为散漫，相位和传播方向等都不相同，并且在自发辐射时，还存在一些非光辐射的能量跃迁，它们主要是以热能的形式散发。当激发态电子受到能量为" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的光子激发时，可从高能级激发态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "跃迁回低能级基态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，同时发射出一个与入射光子具有相同属性（方向、频率和能量大小等）的光子，这一过程即受激辐射。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　粒子数反转" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了获得激光，受激辐射需要占主导，而粒子数反转是大量受激辐射产生的必要条件。在足够强的激发光作用下，大量处于基态的电子受激吸收跃迁到激发态，使得更多电子处于高能级激发态（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）），这样有利于激发光入射系统时，遇到激发态电子的几率更高，更易发生受激辐射，实现光放大，形成激光。因此，激光器发射高能量激光的关键在于：增益介质体系中的激发态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "电子数大于基态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级的电子数，该状态被称为“粒子数反转”。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3　放大自发辐射" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "当增益介质具备实现粒子数反转的条件，在光子流" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的照射下时，就可以实现对光的放大。即使没有光子流" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的作用，自发辐射产生的光子也会作为激发光使得高能级的电子产生受激辐射，释放出一个与该自发辐射光子属性完全相同的光子，并与该光子继续作为诱导光刺激出更多的受激辐射，最终形成具有一定方向性、单色性较好的出射光，产生ASE现象（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "对于激光器增益介质来说，主要包括两大类能级系统：三能级系统和四能级系统" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。三能级系统可以实现激光，如红宝石激光器。但是，三能级系统需要将" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "50%的粒子从" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基态输运到" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激发态才能实现粒子数反转，所以激光阈值高、效率低。荧光染料、半导体量子点、钙钛矿、有机小分子、CDs等增益介质均属于四能级系统。四能级系统主要有两种形式（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "）：第一种（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））主要由基态" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、抽运能级" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、激光上能级" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和激光下能级" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "组成。激光器工作时，工作粒子被泵浦源从基态能级" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "抽运到" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上；由于激发态能级" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的寿命较短，工作粒子很快弛豫到" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上；" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级为寿命较长的亚稳态，亚稳态能级寿命相较于激发态能级寿命更长，所以电子在" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上得以逐渐堆积，进而在" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级与" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级之间形成粒子数反转；最后，电子在从激光上能级跃迁回到基态能级的过程中辐射出激光；第二种（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））与第一种工作原理相仿，但不同的是" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为寿命较长的亚稳态，工作粒子被抽运到" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "后会弛豫到" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "并堆积，因此最终会在" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级之间实现粒子数反转" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）～（b）两种形式的四能级系统示意图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）-（b）Schematic diagram of two forms of the four level system" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818726&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818733&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818729&type=", "width": "136.33544922", "height": "32.93533325", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上，增益介质材料在泵浦激发下发生受激吸收，从而实现粒子数反转，导致激发态电子增多；进而在自发辐射产生的光子激发下，处于激发态的电子发生受激辐射，从而实现光放大，形成具有一定方向性且单色性较好的出射光，从而产生ASE现象。可见，增益介质的ASE特性直接决定了微型激光器的性能，开发具有高效ASE性能的激光材料是实现高质量微型激光器的关键。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　不同增益介质的放大自发辐射" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了实现增益介质的高效ASE，需要足够高的发光强度且非辐射跃迁能量损耗低，这就要求其具有半峰宽（Full width at half maxima，FWHM）窄、斯托克斯位移小和PLQY高的特性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随着科学家们的不断探索，适用于微型激光器的各类新型增益介质被相继开发，目前主要包括荧光染料、有机小分子、无机半导体、钙钛矿和CDs等。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　荧光染料" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "荧光染料是最早用于激光领域的材料之一，由于其具有稳定性好、荧光强度高等特点，在光电领域发展迅速。目前，荧光染料基增益介质主要采用荧光染料掺杂聚合物的薄膜结构，其具有成膜质量高、制备工艺简单和制作成本低廉等优势" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "早在2000年，Peng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "21", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R21", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "21" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将吡喃腈染料掺杂在聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（Polymethylmethacrylate，PMMA）中，制备了基于石英为基底的厚度呈梯度变化的薄膜，实现了30 nm范围的波长调谐。之后，Geetha等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了罗丹明6G（Grhodamine6G，Rh6G）染料掺杂PMMA薄膜，设计了泵浦区和未泵浦区；通过结构优化，实现了其ASE光谱18 nm的波长调谐（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。随后，科学家们通过设计具有波导结构的荧光染料薄膜来提升其激光性能。波导结构是指一种定向引导光路传播的多层结构，可以调控激光光路传播途径、传播速度，进而降低激光器的光能量损耗，从而降低其激光阈值、增大功率和延长寿命等。典型的荧光染料薄膜一般采用结构为空气⁃薄膜⁃衬底的非对称波导结构，其中薄膜的折射率远大于衬底，从而可以更好地将光约束于荧光薄膜中，引发更多受激辐射而实现高效光放大，最终得到更低阈值的ASE。这种膜结构更容易调谐激光器波长，从而应对更多需求。2011年，Ding等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将罗丹明B（Rhodamine B，RhB）和Rh6G两种染料同时掺杂在脱氧核糖核酸十六烷基三甲基铵（Deoxyribonucleic acid cetyltrimethylammonium，DNA-CTMA）中制备复合染料薄膜，最终通过优化混合比例，实现了染料薄膜23 nm的ASE波长调谐。2014年，Keshmarzi等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在使用IR-140染料掺杂PMMA成膜时，在近红外观察到ASE现象，并发现薄膜发光光谱FWHM随着泵浦强度的增加而变窄，表明该材料中的ASE增益性能良好。IR-140与PMMA的重量百分比为0.8的薄膜在泵浦强度为43.4 mJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激发下，获得最大增益系数" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "γ" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为68 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2018年，Mai等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将咔唑与2-（2-羟基苯）苯并噻唑（2-hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole，HBT）进行简单反应，合成了HBT-Cz染料，其薄膜的ASE阈值低至2.4 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b））。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）HBT-Cz薄膜的发射光强-泵浦光强响应曲线和FWHM；（b）随着泵浦强度的增加，HBT-Cz薄膜的发射光谱变窄" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Input-output intensity（in logarithmic-linear scale） and FWHM of HBT-Cz film. （b）Spectral narrowing in HBT-Cz neat films with increasing pump intensities" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818737&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818745&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818741&type=", "width": "147.53790283", "height": "48.89270020", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近年来，一些染料掺微结构的复合材料也被开发运用于激光领域。2016年，Wei等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用半氰菁染料与有机金属框架（Metal⁃organic frameworks，MOFs）复合的增益介质制作了微型激光器。因MOFs具有一定孔隙，可以通过减弱分子间相互作用和分子内旋转来减少染料的聚集诱导猝灭和分子内电荷转移引起的能量损失；并且MOFs规则的外部形貌提供了天然的高质量谐振腔；所得微型激光器阈值为81 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，可协调波长达40 nm，在高性能低阈值小型化激光器开发方面具有很大潜力。2020年，Xu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将三种激光染料掺杂到液晶油墨中，制成了红绿蓝三色微型激光器，阈值分别为12.5，31.8，17.2 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2022年，Qiao等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将染料OPV与PMMA上的微盘复合，制成单模激光器，其阈值仅为6 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这些结果都为染料掺微结构复合材料在微型激光器中的应用提供了指导。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2　有机小分子半导体" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "无机半导体近年来在高性能小型化激光器的发展中取得了很大进展，然而这些微型激光器也具有一些不可避免的缺点，包括机械刚性差、加工成本高和可调谐性有限等，导致其在部分领域发展受限" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。而一些有机小分子半导体有着宽光谱可调性、机械灵活性高、波长可调谐范围宽（从紫外到近红外）等优点备受关注。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机小分子半导体多以单晶形态实现激光。2011年，Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计合成了有机小分子2-（N,N-二乙基拉胺-4-基）-4,6-双（3,5-二甲基吡唑-1-基）-1,3,5-三嗪，之后采用软模板辅助液相自组装法制备成单晶有机纳米线。这些具有矩形截面的纳米线可以直接作为谐振腔。该单晶纳米线在750 nm的近红外飞秒脉冲激光下有激射现象，并可观察到双光子泵浦蓝色激光。2015年，Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "指出具有激发态分子内质子转移（Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer，ESIPT）特性的小分子可以形成典型的四能级结构，与普通染料分子相比，由于其很容易发生粒子数反转和可以忽略的自吸特性等特点而具有更高的光增益和更低的光损耗，因此ESIPT分子的晶体纳米结构可以用于制备高性能的紧凑和小型化激光器。他们将HBT用简单的溶液自组装方法制备了单晶纳米线，在低功率脉冲激励下获得了阈值197 nJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。除单晶纳米线外，有机小分子半导体还有其他的单晶微结构。2021年，Dong等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出了一种超动力学晶体生长方法来合成二维椭圆形有机半导体微晶体，他们使用2,5-双（4-联苯基）双噻吩生长成一种微圆盘单晶体，激光阈值约为5 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这种方法为激光领域的晶体光子材料设计提供了指导。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　无机半导体" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "尽管染料增益介质发展较早且比较成熟，但大多数染料易水解或毒性较大" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，限制了激光器的发展。无机半导体，如胶体量子点中的镉基量子点、ZnS量子点及其复合结构等，由于其发出的荧光具有宽范围波长调谐、发射峰尖锐、发射波长可通过其量子尺寸效应调节等许多优点，被广泛运用于许多发光领域；且基于其FWHM窄、发光强度高等特性，更容易产生ASE现象，所以在激光领域也逐渐大放异彩。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "最早在2002年，Finlayson等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别于77 K和室温下，在持续时间为100 ps的脉冲源激发下，从具有ZnS外壳的CdSe纳米晶体的紧密堆积薄膜中观察到ASE现象。后来，Kazes等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用连续离子层吸附和反应的方法在CdSe核上生长ZnS壳层，使PLQY提高到65%。使用这种量子点结合硅烷和氧化锆-环氧硅氧烷的杂化宿主材料，获得了厚至200 mm的无裂痕薄膜，并在10 Hz、5 ns的激励脉冲下实现了不同温度下的波长可调谐ASE，阈值低达0.32 J·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2012年，Liao等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为解决薄膜光学质量低、散热差等问题，将CdS/ZnS和CdSe/CdZnS等核壳胶体纳米管加入到二氧化硅的溶胶-凝胶基质中促进了室温ASE和激光的持续可操作性，从而为基于纳米晶体的光放大器提供了一条更实用的路径。2016年，Pinchettide等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在CdSe/CdS纳米管中发现了光学跃迁的双色发射，该纳米管由一个嵌入到CdS壳内的CdSe核组成，具有优异的光增益。2022年，Yang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "合成了PLQY高达80%的中等尺寸CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS核/合金壳/壳量子点，其ASE阈值仅为81 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b）），在连续泵送条件下可以保持6.1 ns的较长运行寿命（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）、（d））。他们利用这些量子点制备了垂直微腔表面发射激光器件，其自发辐射与腔模式的耦合系数为0.81，有利于低阈值激发。该工作为量子点多激子过程中的带电态提供了一个新的视角，预示着光学增益材料量子点在“零阈值”激光制造中具有应用前景。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）不同泵浦功率下量子点薄膜的PL发射；（b）发射光强-泵浦光强响应曲线；（c）不同泵浦功率下量子点薄膜的条纹照相机拍摄照片；（d）由（c）图提取的衰减曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）The PL emission of quantum dots film under different pump powers. （b）Integrated PL intensity as a function of pump power. （c）The streak camera images of quantum dots film under different pump powers. （d）Decay curve extracted from （c）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818749&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818759&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818753&type=", "width": "111.76800537", "height": "83.70153809", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4　钙钛矿" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿具有吸光系数高、振荡强度大和载流子寿命长等优点，在ASE性能方面更是有着阈值极低且波长可协调等特性，因此也被应用于激光器中。在众多报道中，具有ASE特性的钙钛矿主要以薄膜为主，分为块状多晶体薄膜和纳米晶体薄膜。Kondo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "早在2004年就报道了钙钛矿具有光学增益的特性，他们通过从非晶相重结晶获得CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿微晶膜，并在低温下观察到ASE现象；随后在CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿薄膜中观察到室温下的ASE现象" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然而，这些结果在最初比较孤立，被认为是复杂的活性材料导致。直到2014年，Xing等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "正式首次在MAPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（其中" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=Cl, Br, I）钙钛矿薄膜中同样观察到室温ASE现象。他们发现MAPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿薄膜在600 nm 150 fs的脉冲泵浦下，具有PL光谱激发依赖性，且在12 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "低激发下产生ASE现象。他们发现随着激发波长增加，MAPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜在788 nm处逐渐出现窄带发射，这些都是由于ASE效应的出现。他们进一步通过改变钙钛矿材料中的卤化物组分，实现薄膜从390～790 nm的带隙调谐，并揭示其具有易成膜、低ASE阈值和高稳定性等优点。同年，Deschler等首次在混合卤化物钙钛矿CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "中观察到激射现象，阈值为0.2 µJ。为了优化ASE性能，Stranks等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过设计优化波导结构来提高钙钛矿晶体薄膜的光放大效率，从而降低其阈值。他们将钙钛矿晶体薄膜夹在两个50 nm厚的PMMA层和两个胆甾相液晶（Cholesteric liquid crystal，CLC）反射器之间，实现了钙钛矿薄膜ASE阈值低达7.6 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在Protesescu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次实现全无机CsPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶体后，由于其具有窄光谱发射、溶液中较高PLQY和发光光谱可调谐等特点，迅速成为光电器件的热点材料（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b））。几个月后，Yakunin等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "发现在飞秒和纳秒脉冲激光激励下（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）），CsPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶体薄膜在室温下表现出低阈值（5 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）的ASE现象，并通过调控原料实现了整个可见光范围（440~700 nm）的ASE波长调谐（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d））。Balena等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "对CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶薄膜的PL和ASE温度依赖性的研究表明，在337 nm、3 ns泵浦激发下，相对于室温，纳米晶薄膜在170 K的ASE阈值降至147 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，降低了约20倍。后来，Vybornyi等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "合成CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶薄膜，该薄膜表现出高效ASE，阈值低至CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的一半，但稳定性却比CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "要差。之后，Protesescu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道FAPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶薄膜相比于CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和MAPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜，稳定性大幅提升，他们也发现FAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶薄膜在红色和近红外范围内具有高PLQY（70%）和高效ASE。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）基于四种不同组分的纳米晶体甲苯分散体在紫外光激发下的照片；（b）（a）样品溶液的PL光谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（c）CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶薄膜在激发范围为3~25 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " PL光谱的激发密度依赖性，证明ASE带逐渐出现；（d）成分调控实现ASE光谱可调谐" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Photograph of toluene dispersions of nanocrystals with four different chemical composition under UV light excitation. （b）PL spectra of the solutions in （a）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）Excitation density dependence of the PL spectra of a CsPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " NCs thin film in the excitation range 3-25 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， showing evidence of the progressive appearance of the ASE band. （d）Spectral tunability of ASE by compositional modulation" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818765&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818774&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818770&type=", "width": "149.77444458", "height": "43.59970093", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上，钙钛矿的ASE特性多以薄膜形式体现，其中块状多晶体薄膜更易实现固态发光，而纳米晶薄膜在温度依赖性方面更具优势。可见，具有晶体特性的钙钛矿材料，光增益性能极高且波长易调谐，用于激光器的阈值极低" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，在激光方面的应用潜力巨大。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.5　碳点" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3e" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "具有ASE特性的染料、半导体量子点和钙钛矿薄膜大都有着高PLQY和低阈值等优点，但同时也具有高毒性或稳定性较差等缺点。与此同时，作为增益介质实现激光器的ASE效应的新成员——CDs，不仅具有优异的化学稳定性、易于功能化、荧光强度高和耐光漂白等特性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "47", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R47", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "47" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，而且发光颜色全波段可调，目前也受到激光器研究者的关注和深入研究。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "最早在2012年，Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "48", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R48", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "48" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用传统激光照射法合成CDs，并将该CDs均匀分散到甲基吡咯烷酮（1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone，NMP）溶液中，在266 nm激光激发下，从混合物中观察到白光ASE，其发射光谱的中心峰值波长和FWHM分别约450 nm和120 nm；与单独CDs相比，NMP的存在提高了CDs的发光效率，混合物光学增益约为64 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "·MW" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，比纯CDs高了39%。后来，他们" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "49", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R49", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "49" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将CDs分散在聚乙二醇中，在波长为266 nm的光激发下，观察到激光发射。通过CDs表面羧基的酯化作用可以有效增强CDs的荧光发射，从而增加CDs产生ASE的可能性。此外，同一研究小组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将相同功能化的CDs和石墨烯量子点（Graphene quantum dots，GQDs）的光学性能进行比较，发现GQDs的光学增益更高，这是因为GQDs有着更大的表面积和体积比。他们将GQDs分散在乙醇溶液中与TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "混合，在266 nm的光激发下观察到激光发射，其激发阈值为30 kW·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Fan等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以单一的间苯三酚为原料，合成了具有较小斯托克斯位移与窄光谱的CDs，分别具有超稳定和低阈值的随机蓝、绿和红色激光发射；其激光器的阈值分别低至0.087，0.052，0.048 mJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，对应的激光光谱的最大FWHM为0.9，0.37，0.82 nm。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着CDs激光器的深入研究，Hu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出CDs可能的ASE机理。他们发现一些具有激发独立特性、PLQY仅38%的CDs1存在低阈值ASE（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b）），而具有激发依赖特性且PLQY高达99%的CDs2反而没有表现出ASE现象（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）、（d）），因而提出CDs的ASE现象常伴随着激发独立的特性，而不是由于其高的PLQY；激发依赖的CDs具有较高含量的C—O—H和C—O—C基团，这些基团可以分散受激电子，从而增加粒子数反转的难度。这些结果为合成具有ASE现象和用于激光器件的CDs提供了指导。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "不同CDs溶液的ASE特性。CDs1（a）和CDs2（c）在不同泵浦能量下的发射光谱； CDs1（b）和CDs2（d）溶液的输出峰值强度和FWHM随泵浦能量变化曲线。 （b）和（d）中的插图分别是CDs1和CDs2溶液在355 nm泵浦激发时的照片" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ASE characteristics of CDs solutions. Normalized emission spectra of CDs1（a） and CDs2（c） under different pumping fluences. Dependence of the output peak intensity and full-width at half-maximum（FWHM） on the pumping fluence for CDs1（b） and CDs2（d） solutions. The insets in （b） and （d） are the operating devices pumped at 355 nm for CDs1 and CDs2 solutions， respectively" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818779&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818788&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818783&type=", "width": "121.75772095", "height": "83.07223511", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "此外，研究发现CDs与其他材料（CLC、染料和NaCl等）复合可以使CDs更易产生ASE。Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将GQDs以0.5%的重量比均匀分散在CLC中，在泵浦能量大于1.25 mJ的激光激发时，观察到ASE现象。随着工作温度从323 K升到363 K，复合材料的发射峰从662 nm移动到669 nm。2017年，Yadav等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将CDs和RhB相结合形成复合材料，在泵浦能量为1.86 mJ的条件下，该复合材料在587 nm处表现出典型的激光发射，FWHM为3.2 nm。Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将CDs嵌入NaCl晶体，在该杂化晶体中观察到光学增益和激光现象。当泵浦功率较低时，杂化晶体有微弱的自发辐射，而在高泵浦功率时则有激光现象。并且该研究证实了将CDs加入NaCl中并不会干扰或改变基体材料的晶体结构，这为CDs基复合材料产生ASE提供了指导。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "也有研究表明，通过杂原子掺杂等改性修饰可以调控CDs的ASE性能。Qu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过调节尿素和柠檬酸的质量比制备氮掺杂CDs。在高尿素质量情况下，实现了CDs溶液的绿色激光发射。2021年，Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次实现了CDs的固态红光ASE现象，他们通过石墨氮掺杂和表面改性相结合，制备了PLQY为65.5%的红光发射CDs，其具有良好的受激发射特性、较低的ASE阈值（25.6 mW·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）和较长的增益寿命（700 ps）。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs的ASE在阈值上已经达到了微焦级，并且由于CDs毒性低的特点，拥有良好的生物相容性，除了在照明和生物检测等领域外，在用作医疗方面的激光器中有着非常好的发展前景。但是，目前缺少长波长与固态发光的ASE基CDs，限制了其在激光器中的应用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "总结了当前各类典型增益介质的性能，可以看出，荧光染料可以实现较长波长ASE发射，但阈值较高且易水解和毒性较强等缺点制约了其发展。无机半导体有良好的光增益性能和长使用寿命，在ASE方面发展也较为优异，不过也受毒性问题所困扰。钙钛矿晶体性能良好，光谱易调谐且激光阈值低，是一种极具潜力的增益介质，但稳定性和毒性目前是其弊端。CDs在激光领域中的应用研究虽然起步较晚，但它具有发光性能优异且可调、稳定性高、生物包容性高等特性，在激光领域（如生物激光器等）展现出广阔的应用前景。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "各类典型的增益介质性能统计" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Summary of properties of various typical ASE materials." } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "分类" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "增益介质" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "发射波长/nm" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PLQY/%" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "阈值" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "其他" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "文献" } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "rowspan": "3", "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "荧光染料" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "DCM/PMMA" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "578~608" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "—" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12 mJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30 nm的波长调谐" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "RhB/Rh6G/DNA⁃CTMA" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "566~586" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9.1 mJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18 nm的波长调谐" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "IR⁃140/PMMA" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "960" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "—" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43.4 mJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近红外发射，ASE发射与浓度相关" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "rowspan": "3", "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "无机半导体" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CdSe/ZnS QDs us" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "532" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.32 J·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "可在75~125 K温度范围实现ASE" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CdS/ZnS NCs" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "619" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "—" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜散热好，ASE运行寿命为5.2 ns" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CdSe/CdZnS/ZnS核/合金壳/壳QDs" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "618" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "80" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "81 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ASE运行寿命为6.1 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"center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "—" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1.25 mJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "波长可以根据温度（50~100 K）调谐" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CDs" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "646" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65.5" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "固态红光发射，运行寿命为700 ps" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818802&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818799&type=", "width": "162.79998779", "height": "57.08950043", "fontsize": "" } } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　不同光学增益介质在微型激光器中的应用" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "若要实现激光发射，必须将增益介质与适当的反馈机制结合起来，使光在特定波长下，在谐振腔中往返有效传播，进而被放大。目前，微型激光器以其体型小、能量强和高效等优点被广泛关注。为了使激光器适用到不同的领域，研究者们通常采用多种谐振腔光路获得不同模式的激光（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "），包括随机激光、回音廊模式（Whispering gallery mode，WGM）激光、分布反馈（Distributed feedback，DFB）激光等。它们通过各自腔体内光路传播方式的不同，从而在激光效率、激光方向性和相干性等方面实现不同程度的控制。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随机激光器 （a）、WGM激光器（b）和DFB激光器（c）的光放大机制示意图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of the optical amplification mechanism of the random laser（a）， WGM laser（b）, and DFB laser（c）." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818804&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818808&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818806&type=", "width": "152.29870605", "height": "33.73681641", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.1　随机激光器" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随机激光器是最简单的激光器系统，其谐振腔光路传播如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）所示，入射光子进入增益介质后发生多重随机散射，光子散射过程中发生多重受激辐射形成光放大，最终形成激光。在这种系统中，可以观察到显示光学增益材料的窄相干发射。这种激光器由于结构简单、易制作且制作成本低等特点，较广运用于一些工业生产方面。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在证明MAPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜具有ASE效应不久，钙钛矿随机激光器于2014年被首次报道" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "58", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R58", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "58" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同年，Xing等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜，在0.8 ns的脉冲紫外激光下，当泵浦能量增加到200 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以上时，薄膜激光光谱中出现窄峰，随着泵浦能量的逐渐增加，窄峰变得越来越明显，并且随着窄峰的出现，PL强度也随着激发密度的增加而发生变化，这是达到激光阈值的典型特征。2016年，Shi等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "59", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R59", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "59" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过两步法制备了450 nm厚的MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜，在335 nm、1 ns紫外泵浦下，钙钛矿薄膜的PL光谱呈现出随机激光峰，阈值降低到102 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，并且其数量和强度随着激发密度的增加而增加，这也是随机激光的典型特征。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2016年，Duong等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了一种基于金刚石纳米针的随机激光器，它与用作增益介质的荧光染料分子结合起来作为散射体，实现了混合染 料——金刚石随机激光器。与氧化硅等材料相比，金刚石作为腔体的优势在于其较大的折射率（2.4∶1.5），这有利于实现更高的散射效率。这种金刚石随机激光器具有高光谱辐射，无角度发射，阈值为0.16 mJ。2018年，Yin等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "研究了散射粒子形状对Rh6G染料掺杂PMMA聚合物随机激光系统的影响，他们使用相同体积分数的Au纳米球和纳米棒制备了Rh6G染料掺杂PMMA聚合物无序介质，通过改变Au纳米粒子的形状来调整随机激光的光谱中心位置，使得随机激光装置具有波长可调谐的可能，并发现含Au纳米棒比含Au纳米球的增益介质具有更低的阈值。这些结果为降低随机激光中增益介质的阈值提供了有效指导。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2017年，Liao等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "展示了第一个由CDs表面等离子体效应辅助的可控随机激光器（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））。他们将制备的CDs随机沉积在氮化镓纳米棒（GaN nanorods，GNRs）的表面，用来增强GaN的紫外荧光，并产生具有相干反馈的等离子体增强随机激光（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））；并通过调整CDs的含量，实现了可调谐激光阈值和可控光学模式的潜在功能（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）），从而实现光通信和识别技术。最近，以钙钛矿复合材料为增益介质的激光器有了突破性的发展。2021年，Xu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在金属有机框架中嵌入钙钛矿量子点，通过调制框架成分，实现了从可见光到近红外的多色随机激光，这为钙钛矿在激光中的应用打开了新窗口。而且，基于CDs增益介质的激光器于2022年也有所突破。Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "64", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R64", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "64" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过溶剂热法使硅烷官能化CDs和1,3,5-苯三甲酸三甲酯原位复合，得到一种杂化晶体，该杂化晶体在265 nm泵浦激发下使CDs复合材料首次实现了315~600 nm超宽带随机激光发射。这种创新型的合成方法为CDs复合增益介质材料的发展提供了新途径。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）随机激光装置示意图；（b）有/无CDs的GNRs的发射光强-泵浦光强响应曲线；（c）激光阈值和CDs数量之间的相关性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Schematic diagram of random laser device. （b）Optical input-output curves of GNRs with/without CDs. （c）Correlation between laser threshold and number of carbon dots" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818811&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818817&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818814&type=", "width": "92.17213440", "height": "81.44039917", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.2　回音廊模式激光器" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "WGM利用其微纳光场调控结构，通过增强腔体内光与增益介质的相互作用，有效增强光吸收。与其他模式的谐振腔不同的是，WGM可通过调控多种共振模式来提升不同光谱范围的光吸收，进而实现发射特定波长或宽光谱范围的光捕获与增强" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "65", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R65", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "65" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。该系统中设置有一些具有规则形状的腔体，如含有发光材料的球体、圆盘和圆环等。在光激励下，增益介质激发发射的光子在结构内传播，在腔体边缘进行全内反射，从而形成离散的波（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b））；如果将活性材料激发至光学增益阈值以上，该系统将发射多模激光。与传统光学谐振腔相比，WGM具有极高质量因子（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "因子，衡量激光器谐振腔质量的重要指数，与激光谐振腔的损耗成反比，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "值越高，越容易产生激光振荡）和高灵敏性等特性，因此WGM微腔在光电子信息、传感器、生物探测器和光学激光器等方面具有重要的应用价值。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2014年，Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计了基于MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的最简单WGM激光器，他们在云母基底上采用化学气相沉积形成MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "a" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "X" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "a" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=I，Br，Cl）纳米片。纳米片呈现规则的三角形或六角形等几何形状，边缘长度为5~50 µm，厚度为20~300 nm，表面粗糙度极低（约5 nm）。在400 nm激发波长、50 fs泵浦激发下，单个纳米片的PL光谱仅在低泵浦能量（37 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）下显示自发辐射，并且出现了以780 nm为中心的尖峰，FWHM约为1.2 nm，连续峰之间的恒定距离约为2.5 nm，这种等间距模式的存在是多模谐振腔的典型特征。2016年，同一小组" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "用同样的技术制备了全无机CsPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=I，Br，Cl）纳米片，其形状为规整的方形和矩形，这是由于钙钛矿的固有立方晶相。同样，随着泵浦能量的增加，CsPb" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米片发射光谱显示出多个等距离窄峰，FWHM低至0.15 nm，并在400 nm、50 fs泵浦激发下，阈值降低到2.2 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2017年，Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过简单的工艺将CDs嵌入到氯化钠基质中（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b）），在高泵浦能量的激发下观察到混合晶体中的激光发射，其阈值为0.08 mW，相应的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "因子为447（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）、（d））。在体系中，杂化晶体中微小立方晶体作为CDs激光发射的WGM谐振腔，这为CDs基增益介质实现激光提供了方向。2022年，Duan等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将CdSe/CdS@ Cd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Zn" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S核/壳结构的纳米片分散在SiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "微球上制备了一种纳米结构的WGM激光器，该激光器在纳秒激光泵浦条件下阈值低至3.26 μJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，打破了基于胶体纳米片激光器的阈值最低纪录。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）表征杂化晶体室温激光特性实验装置照片；（b）杂化晶体的扫描电子显微镜（Scanning electron microscope，SEM）图像，插图显示了微小立方晶体中的共振路径；（c）不同泵浦功率下单个杂化晶体的PL光谱，插图显示了激发杂化晶体的照片；（d）杂化晶体发射光强-泵浦光强响应曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Photograph of the experimental setup to perform the room temperature lasing characteristics of the hybrid crystals. （b）SEM image of the grinded hybrid crystals， the inset shows the resonant pathways in the tiny cubic crystal. （c）PL spectra of an individual hybrid crystal under different pump powers， the inset shows the photograph of an excited hybrid crystal. （d）Relationship between the integrated emission intensity and the pump power of the hybrid crystals" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818818&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818822&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818819&type=", "width": "126.35797119", "height": "82.82810974", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.3　分布反馈激光器" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "DFB激光器主要通过系统内部等间隔分布的光栅形成光耦合实现激光（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c））。该类激光器工作过程中，增益介质内辐射出光子，这些光子将在每一条光栅中进行反射。只要一个光栅即可实现光反馈和波长选择，从而使其具有更好的频率稳定性，可以实现稳定的单模输出，这使得DFB激光器输出的激光具有很高的信噪比，可以满足在通信上的需求；并且由于其精度高、灵敏度高、可分布式铺设以及不受电磁辐射影响等优势，使其可以在国防、建筑和勘探等领域有着良好的应用前景。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2017年，Parafiniuk等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将3-（2,2-二氰基乙烯基）-1-苯基-4,5-二氢-1 " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "H" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-吡唑与罗丹明700两种荧光染料掺入PMMA中形成复合材料，实现了调谐光谱范围宽达125 nm的DFB激光。Zhang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "报道了一种CdSs/CdS核壳结构的半导体量子点增益介质，并采用激光干涉烧蚀法制造其DFB激光器，该激光器在400 nm的泵浦激发下阈值低至0.028 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2018年，Brenner等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过纳米压印光刻技术将MAPBI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜沉积在硅母模上，首次获得单模DFB光泵钙钛矿激光器。在532 nm、1 ns泵浦下，在786 nm处具有非常窄的激光峰，激发阈值为120 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在这些突破之后，该小组还使用喷墨打印方法沉积MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜，实现了第一台柔性钙钛矿DFB激光器" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。他们通过转印法在柔性基底涤纶树脂（Polyethylene terephthalate，PET）上制备了MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜，其在激发波长532 nm、1 ns泵浦下显示出单模激光，阈值为270 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，FWHM为0.4 nm。针对连续波激光器在高密度集成光电器件中的必要性和重要性，2017年，Jia等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的DFB激光器中首次实现了基于钙钛矿的连续波激光器（17 kW·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "阈值），其在低于160 K温度连续泵浦激发下可持续一个多小时。为了克服钙钛矿薄膜于室温在连续波光泵作用下激光突然终止的现象，2020年，Qin等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "采用高质量因子的分布反馈腔和三线态管理策略，通过研究带有苯乙基溴化铵和1-萘甲基溴化胺阳离子的FAPbBr" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "准二维钙钛矿，实现了在室温连续光泵浦下的稳定绿色准二维钙钛矿激光器，为未来电流注入钙钛矿激光器开辟了道路。2021年，Liu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "制备了钙钛矿的超薄单晶（Ultrathin single crystal，UTSC）薄膜，并研制了基于该薄膜的DFB激光器（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））；当泵浦功率达到0.9 mJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "时，出现一个FWHM为0.53 nm的窄峰，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "因子为1 020（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）、（c））；并在相同泵浦功率下，实现了4.6 nm的波长调谐（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d））。这种可调波长的单模钙钛矿DFB激光器在国内外为首次报道，可作为可调激光源或多波长激光源使用。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）DFB装置的SEM照片；（b）不同激发功率下的激光光谱；（c）FWHM和输出强度变化（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "out" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）随激发强度响应曲线；（d）中心激光波长和FWHM随位置变化曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）SEM photo of the DFB device. Scale bar： 500 nm. （b）Lasing spectra under different excitation powers. （c）FWHM and output intensity change（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "out" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "） as a function of excitation intensity（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "pump" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）， with the output polarization given in the inset. （d）Change in central lasing wavelength and output FWHM with position. Scale bar： 30 µm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818825&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818834&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39818827&type=", "width": "127.35391235", "height": "102.67404175", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.4　其他" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "此外，还有一些应用较少的平面光学谐振腔激光器，如法布里-珀罗腔和分布布拉格反射（Distributed Bragg reflector，DBR）腔激光器。2015年，Zhu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "首次生成一种具有法布里-珀罗腔结构的CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "X" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "单晶半导体纳米线，其激光阈值低达220 nJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Q" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "因子高达3 600。2017年，Chen等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将形貌规整的钙钛矿薄膜放置在两个高反射率（99.5%）的DBR之间，首次制成了新型的钙钛矿基DBR激光器，该激光器达到了7.6 µJ·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的超低阈值。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上，根据谐振腔不同，三种较为常见的微型激光器侧重于不同的应用领域。其中，随机激光器因为制造简易，被广泛用于工业生产中；WGM有着极高灵敏性，较广运用于传感器、探测器等领域；DFB激光器有着较强的信噪比，在通信领域最为常见，也应用于一些国防、建筑领域。" } ] } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5　总结与展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着各类高性能ASE激光材料的相继开发，微型激光器已经取得巨大进展，目前已实现全波段激光发射，阈值也低至微焦级别。其中，以荧光染料、无机半导体量子点、钙钛矿、有机小分子半导体和CDs等增益介质材料表现极为突出，且用于这些材料的谐振腔腔体也有了较为成熟的体系。但是，目前还存在一些问题和挑战。 （1）对于荧光染料，多采用将染料分散在PMMA中的方式，这种固体介质中的激光效率和光稳定性与溶液相比仍有不小差距，需要寻求更适宜的固体基质，使染料分子分布均匀、光稳定性提高并降低其阈值。 （2）无机半导体量子点和钙钛矿具有优异的ASE性能，在激光领域极具潜力。但由于多含有毒金属元素、生物相容性较差等，限制了其进一步发展。（3）目前，CDs在激光方面的研究大多为蓝绿色激光，缺少长波长激光发光，且由于CDs的聚集诱导猝灭效应，导致缺少具有ASE特性的固态发光CDs；另外，CDs在ASE方面的机理尚不清晰，对于具有ASE特性的CDs合成方面缺乏完备的理论指导，限制了其在激光方面的应用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "基于以上挑战，可以从以下几个方面着手：（1）探索和开发性能良好且相容性好的高分子或无机分散基质，提高荧光染料分散性的同时，实现其高质量成膜，从而减少光损耗；也可将其与无机半导体量子点、钙钛矿或碳点等复合，构建复合增益介质，实现功能协同提升；（2）选用具有低毒性、优异光学性能和高PLQY的Sn" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Bi" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和Sb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等金属离子替换无机半导体量子点和钙钛矿材料中毒性大的金属离子来降低材料的毒性，并进一步提高ASE性能；（3）选取大共轭结构的原料制备长波长且具有ASE特性的CDs，有望实现长波长CDs的ASE性能；将CDs分散在高分子基质或构建空间位阻链等，利用空间位阻效应有效抑制其固态猝灭，实现CDs的固态ASE——探究ASE基CDs的结构与其合成规律，并通过表征计算等手段总结规律，从而揭示其机理，对具有ASE特性CDs的合成提出明确理论依据。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上所述，本文主要介绍目前用于微型激光器的几类典型增益介质的特性及基于不同模式谐振腔产生激光的研究现状，包括荧光染料、无机半导体、有机小分子半导体、钙钛矿和CDs等。其中，前三者在激光器领域已经发展较为成熟，性能各有优劣，尤其是钙钛矿在激光领域极具潜力，但稳定性和毒性有待改善。CDs作为激光器领域的新成员，近几年发展也较为迅速，各方面性能逐渐被研究者发掘。其中，CDs的激光阈值已经实现微焦级，并且CDs的高稳定性和低毒性使其在生物医疗等激光领域具有独特优势，相信随着广大研究者的继续探索，一定会在激光领域大放异彩。尤其是钙钛矿和CDs作为极具潜力的新型增益介质，值得科学家们深入研究，提高钙钛矿的稳定性和降低其毒性以及实现长波长固态ASE基CDs是后续科学家们需要克服的难题和发展的方向。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：" }, { "name": "extlink", "data": { "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } ], "href": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CJL.20220280." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ZINTH W" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "LAUBEREAU A" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "KAISER W" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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