Excitons and Their Efficient Utilization in OLEDs

MA Dongge

doi:10.37188/CJL.20220259

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Excitons and Their Efficient Utilization in OLEDs

Invited Paper | Updated：2023-02-16

- Excitons and Their Efficient Utilization in OLEDs Enhanced Publication
- Chinese Journal of Luminescence Vol.44, Issue 1, (2023)
- Affiliations：
  
  Center for Aggregation-induced Emission， Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices， Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates， State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices， School of Materials Science and Engineering， South China University of Technology,Guangzhou,China,510640
- Author bio：
- Funds：
  
  National Natural Science Foundation of China(21788102);Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates(2019B030301003);Guangzhou Science & Technology plan project(2020A0505140002)
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20220259 CLC： TN312.8
- Published：05 January 2023，
  
  Received：01 July 2022，
  
  Revised：20 July 2022，
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Cite this article
马东阁.OLEDs中的激子及其高效利用[J].发光学报,2023,44(01):174-185.

MA Dongge.Excitons and Their Efficient Utilization in OLEDs[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2023,44(01):174-185.
马东阁.OLEDs中的激子及其高效利用[J].发光学报,2023,44(01):174-185. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20220259.

MA Dongge.Excitons and Their Efficient Utilization in OLEDs[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2023,44(01):174-185. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20220259.

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They are considered as a new generation of display and lighting technology because of their advantages such as self-illumination， fast response， adjustable light-emitting color， lightness， large area flexibility and foldability， " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "etc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". The emission of OLEDs is a process of the radiative decay of excitons formed by recombination of injected electrons and holes. Therefore， how to effectively use excitons， especially the use of triplet excitons， has become an important topic in the research on materials and devices of OLEDs. Among them， how to convert triplet exciton energies into singlet excitons and finally realize the fluorescence emission of 100% excitons has more application value. In recent years， significant progresses have been made in this field. This paper introduces the effective methods for the fabrication of high efficiency fluorescence OLEDs in detail based on working mechanism and luminescence processes of OLEDs and their latest progresses， and prospects the future development directions， which provide an important reference for the research on materials and devices of OLEDs." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机发光" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "激子" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "高效利用" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "单线态和三线态" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "organic light-emitting" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "excitons" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "efficient utilization" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "singlet and triplet states" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "有机发光二极管（OLEDs）由于具有自发光、响应速度快、色彩丰富、光线柔和、无蓝光伤害、轻薄，以及大面积柔性可弯曲等优点，被认为是新一代显示和照明技术，已经在智能手机、电视、可穿戴电子设备以及照明灯等产品上得到了应用" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3", "R4" ], "text": "1-4", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。OLEDs的实际应用需要满足高效率、长寿命和低成本的要求，显然材料和器件非常关键，而从材料的角度来说同时满足上述三个要求目前还非常困难。到目前为止，大家比较公认的OLEDs发光材料有三代：第一代有机荧光发光材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、第二代有机磷光发光材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R6", "R7" ], "text": "6-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和第三代热活化延迟荧光发光材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "我们知道，有机荧光材料是最早报道的OLEDs发光材料，由于具有长寿命、良好的效率滚降和低成本的优点被广泛研究，但受自旋统计理论的限制，由有机荧光发光材料制成的OLEDs只有25%的单线态激子辐射发光，而75%的三线态激子则通过热和声子非辐射的形式浪费掉了，大大限制了有机荧光发光材料的应用。为了提高OLEDs的效率，美国Forrest教授" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和中国马於光教授" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等设计合成了含有重金属原子的配合物发光材料（如铂、锇、铱等），由于重金属原子的强自旋轨道耦合作用，使三线态激子在室温下也能辐射发光，最终导致单线态激子和三线态激子都能以光的形式释放，实现了100%激子利用率，大大提高了OLEDs的效率。目前，绿光和红光磷光发光材料已经在OLEDs产品中得到了应用。然而，磷光发光材料仍存在价格昂贵以及器件在高亮度下严重效率滚降的问题，并且其蓝光器件的稳定性也没有得到很好的解决，限制了其应用。 2012年，日本Adachi教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出了热活化延迟荧光的设计思路，通过合理的分子结构设计，减小单线态能级和三线态能级的能级差（Δ" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ST" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），使三线态激子在热能的作用下通过反系间窜越到单线态能级上，实现100%激子的荧光发射。可以看到，热活化延迟荧光材料在具有高效率的同时，也有低成本的优点，最近几年得到了广泛研究，其器件效率也达到了磷光OLEDs的水平，但器件在高亮度下仍然存在效率滚降严重的问题，寿命和色纯度还没有达到产品的要求。显然，从应用的角度来说，如果器件效率能够得到进一步提高，第一代有机荧光发光材料更具应用价值。实际上，目前OLEDs产品中所用的蓝光材料仍然采用属于第一代的有机荧光发光材料，并且一直是OLEDs领域材料发展的重要研究课题。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "如何把三线态激子能量转换成单线态激子并实现100%的激子荧光发射是有机荧光发光材料发展的关键。为了更好地理解影响OLEDs效率的因素，我们首先了解下器件的工作原理。通常OLEDs的发光过程包括：载流子的注入、载流子的传输、载流子的复合形成激子以及激子辐射衰减发光四个过程" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "9", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，器件的外量子效率" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以写成如下公式：" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "IQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∙" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "out" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "r" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "e-h" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∙" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "γ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "exciton" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∙" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PL" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∙" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "out" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，其中，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "IQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为内量子效率，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "out" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为光耦合输出效率，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "r" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "e-h" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为电子和空穴平衡因子，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "γ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "exciton" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为每单位注入电荷形成的激子数，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PL" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为有机发光材料薄膜的荧光量子效率。可以看到，器件效率公式中与材料相关的参数有" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "γ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "exciton" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PL" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，在设计高效的器件结构提高" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "r" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "e-h" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "out" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的同时，选择具有高" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PL" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和良好三线态激子能量转移特性的有机荧光发光材料对制备高效率的荧光OLEDs非常重要。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "可以看到，随着OLEDs材料和器件的不断发展，人们已经提出了许多方法和材料体系提高荧光OLEDs的效率，如具有三线态-三线态湮灭（TTA）上转换特性的TTA有机荧光发光材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、TADF材料敏化荧光发光材料的方法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、激基复合物（Exciplex）作为荧光发光材料的主体" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "以及热激子（Hot exciton）有机荧光发光材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和聚集诱导发光（AIE）有机荧光发光材料" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，极大地推动了荧光OLEDs的发展。特别是热激子和聚集诱导发光材料在OLEDs的应用及其效率的不断提高，有望成为新一代OLEDs材料体系，打破国外垄断，为我国OLEDs产业的发展奠定材料基础。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　荧光OLEDs材料与器件" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1　TTA材料与高效OLEDs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TTA上转换有机荧光发光材料是OLEDs中最实用的一种有机发光材料，目前OLEDs产品中的蓝光发光材料就是采用的这种TTA材料。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，它是通过三线态激子-三线态激子相互作用产生聚变并形成较高激发态能级的（TTA）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "*" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "态，之后再通过反系间窜越把能量转移到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上，并辐射发光的一个过程。这类材料的一个基本条件是低的T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级，其位置基本是S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级的一半，保证形成的TTA能量有效地转移到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上，形成更多的单线态激子能量。可以看到，由于两个三线态激子转换成了一个单线态激子能量，因此用TTA材料制成的OLEDs的内量子效率最大可达62.5%，远远超过了传统荧光材料的25%。因为TTA上转换过程在高电流密度下更为有效，因此其器件通常在高亮度下表现出高效率的特点，使器件具有良好的稳定性。TTA有机荧光发光材料的激子能量传递和辐射发光过程可以表示为：T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→（TTA）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "*" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（37.5%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（37.5%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（25%） + S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（37.5%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " + " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（62.5%）。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TTA有机荧光发光材料的电致发光机理图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Electroluminescence mechanism diagram of TTA organic fluorescence luminescence materials" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941519&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941527&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941522&type=", "width": "61.53729248", "height": "63.56629944", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由于高效率和低效率滚降特性，TTA有机荧光发光材料得到了广泛研究" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R15", "R16", "R17", "R18", "R19", "R20", "R21", "R22", "R23" ], "text": "15-23", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。通常芳香单元，如芘基、蒽基和菲基，以及长π共轭结构，如二苯乙烯和三苯胺，可以很好地用来设计TTA材料，确保分子具有足够低的T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级和足够高的S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "与T" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "2）能级差。因此，设计合成TTA分子时，应避免强分子间电荷转移态的形成。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "近年来，蓝光TTA有机荧光发光材料得到了广泛研究。如吉林大学路萍教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "合成的邻菲咪唑‐蒽衍生物蓝光发光材料（简称PIAnCN）显示了很好的TTA特性，分子结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别为2.86 eV和1.74 eV，薄膜荧光量子效率" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PL" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为50%，是典型的TTA材料。该材料发射很好的蓝光，用其制备的非掺杂OLEDs发射的峰值波长为470 nm，相应的色度坐标CIE为（0.14, 0.19），最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了9.44%，在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下仍维持9.44%，没有效率滚降，这也是TTA材料的显著特征。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "蓝光TTA有机荧光发光材料PIAnCN的分子结构图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Molecular structure diagram of blue fluorescence organic luminescence material PIAnCN" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941532&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941541&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941537&type=", "width": "59.28106689", "height": "24.34530640", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除了自身表现良好的电致发光特性外，TTA材料也可以作为荧光发光客体分子的主体实现高性能荧光OLEDs。在这种情况下，注入的电子和空穴首先在TTA主体分子上形成激子，其T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的三线态激子能量还是通过形成的（TTA）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "*" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "态系间窜越到单线态能级上，然后主体单线态上的激子能量再通过Förster传递给客体上的单线态激子，并最终实现62.5%激子的客体的荧光发射。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示为TTA主体掺杂荧光客体的电致发光机理，其激子能量传递和辐射发光过程可以表示为：T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "H" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "H" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→（TTA）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "*H" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（37.5%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "H" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（37.5%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "H" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （25%）+S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "H" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（37.5%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（62.5%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（62.5%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（62.5%）。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TTA主体掺杂有机荧光发光材料的电致发光机理图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Electroluminescence mechanism diagram of TTA host doped organic fluorescence luminescence materials" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941547&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941554&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941550&type=", "width": "71.80218506", "height": "65.80187988", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "大量的实验结果表明，用TTA上转换材料作为有机荧光发光客体材料的主体，不但保持了高效率和低效率滚降的电致发光特性，而且大大提高了器件的稳定性。日本半导体能源实验室有限公司Suzuki等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "用TTA材料CzPA主体掺杂一种荧光发光客体分子制备出了高效率、长寿命蓝光荧光OLEDs，主体CzPA和发光客体的分子结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，CzPA的S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别为2.95 eV和1.74 eV，客体发光分子的S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别为2.68 eV和1.84 eV，主客体材料均表现一定的TTA特性。通过优化器件结构，制备的蓝光荧光OLEDs在 1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下取得了最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，达到11.9%，基本达到了TTA材料的理论极限值，峰值发射波长为466 nm，色度坐标CIE为（0.14, 0.17）。该器件也表现了非常好的稳定性，其半衰期寿命" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下达到了8 000 h，充分体现了TTA材料作为主体的优越性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Suzuki等器件中所用的TTA主体CzPA和荧光发光客体材料的分子结构图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Molecular structure diagram of TTA host CzPA and fluorescence luminescence guest materials used in device by Suzuki " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al." } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941557&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941571&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941562&type=", "width": "61.92352295", "height": "55.03709412", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "用TTA材料制备的OLEDs还有一个非常重要的特性，即低工作电压特性，这也是TTA材料不同于其他有机发光材料的显著特点，因此TTA器件通常具有高的功率效率。美国北卡罗莱纳州立大学So教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "对此进行了详细研究，他们把一种蓝光荧光有机发光材料（简称BCzVBi，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=3.03 eV和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=1.94 eV，分子结构在" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）中）掺杂在TTA材料CzPA（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=3.17 eV和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "= 1.77 eV）主体中作为发光层制备了蓝光荧光OLEDs，并与CBP为主体的器件进行了比较，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b）分别显示了两个器件的电流密度-亮度-电压和功率效率-亮度特性对比曲线。可以看到，TTA器件的开启电压降到了2.4 V，这对蓝光器件来说是非常低的，其器件的最大功率效率达到了16.4 lm/W，最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "也有9.8%，在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下仍保持14.5 lm/W和9.8%的高效率，这种低电压特性对于OLEDs照明应用来说非常有用。关于TTA器件低工作电压的机理问题，目前仍存在争议" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R24", "R25", "R26" ], "text": "24-26", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。So教授等的研究认为，TTA器件中的三线态激子是电子直接注入到TTA分子的三线态能级形成的。因此，TTA器件的开启电压是由空穴注入势垒" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ϕ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "h" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和TTA分子的三线态能级" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "决定的，即" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "on" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "~" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ϕ" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "h" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "So等制备的TTA蓝光荧光OLEDs的电流密度-亮度-电压（a）和功率效率-亮度（b）特性曲线，图（b）中为BCzVBi的分子结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Current density-luminance-voltage（a） and power efficiency-luminance（b） characteristics of TTA-based blue fluorescence OLEDs fabricated by So " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al." } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " . The inset of （b） is the molecular structure of BCzVBi" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941576&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941586&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941582&type=", "width": "72.86319733", "height": "98.68443298", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2　TADF敏化与高效OLEDs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "敏化概念最早是由美国Forrest教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出来的，他们设计了一种磷光层/荧光层（CBP∶ Ir（ppy）" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/CBP∶DCM2）交替发光层结构，通过把磷光层的三线态激子能量传递给荧光层的DCM2，实现了高效率的红光荧光OLEDs。后来这个概念被应用到TADF材料体系" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，把传统的荧光有机发光材料和TADF材料混合在一起，即TADF敏化方法。这里的TADF材料也称为敏化剂，利用TADF材料反系间窜越过程将三线态激子能量传递给单线态激子的特性，同样可以实现100%激子效率的荧光OLEDs。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "给出了TADF敏化有机荧光发光材料的电致发光机理，注入的电子和空穴首先在TADF敏化分子上形成激子，其75%的三线态激子能量通过反系间窜越过程传递到单线态激子的能级上，之后再通过Förster过程传递给发光客体分子。可以看到，通过调节TADF敏化材料的混合浓度，在实现激子有效利用率的同时，也避免了三线态激子在TADF分子上的猝灭。因此，制备的荧光器件不但具有高效率，也表现了良好的稳定性。TADF敏化体系激子能量传递和辐射发光过程可以表示为：T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TADF" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TADF" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TADF" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（25%）+ S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TADF" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%）。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "TADF敏化有机荧光发光材料的电致发光机理图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Electroluminescence mechanism diagram of TADF sensitized organic fluorescence luminescence materials" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941591&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941601&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941595&type=", "width": "78.72918701", "height": "54.48608398", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "日本九州大学Adachi教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "将蓝、绿、黄、红荧光有机发光分子（分别简称为TBPe、TTPA、TBRb和DBP）和相应的TADF敏化剂（分别简称为ACRSA、ACRXTN、PXZ-TRZ和tri-PXZ-TRZ）分别掺杂在不同的主体（分别简称为DPEPO、mCP、mCBP和CBP）中作为发光层，制备出了高效率荧光OLEDs。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "给出了荧光有机发光材料和TADF敏化剂的分子结构式，相应的器件的电致发光性能总结在" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "中。可以看到，TADF敏化后器件效率得到了显著提高，蓝、绿、黄、红光器件的最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "分别达到了13.4%、15.8%、18.0%和17.5%，在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下仍有8.8%、11.7%、17.2%和10.9%，这对荧光OLEDs来说是非常高的效率，预示着激子利用率几乎达到了100%。并且敏化器件的稳定性也得到了显著改善，制备的敏化黄光荧光器件在初始亮度3 225 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下的半衰期寿命" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了194 h，比非敏化黄光荧光器件提高了近20倍，进一步阐明了TADF敏化方法对改善荧光OLEDs器件性能的有效性及其未来应用价值。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Adachi等制备的TADF敏化荧光OLEDs中所用的荧光有机发光材料和TADF敏化剂的分子结构图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Molecular structure diagram of the used fluorescence organic luminescence materials and TADF sensitizers in TADF-sensitized fluorescence OLEDs by Adachi " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al." } ] } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941607&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941618&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941613&type=", "width": "72.70989990", "height": 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{ "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "清华大学段炼教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "系统地研究了不同宽带隙主体对TADF敏化荧光OLEDs性能的影响。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "给出了器件中所用的荧光发光客体（简称PhtBuPAD）、TADF敏化剂（简称DACT-Ⅱ）和4个不同主体（分别简称m32aICT（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.90 eV, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.89 eV）、m23bICT（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.92 eV, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.72 eV）、CPyBP（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=3.09 eV, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.88 eV）和CBP（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.90 eV, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.89 eV））材料的分子结构式。研究发现，通过控制电荷在主体和敏化分子上的复合可以很好地调控激子损耗，从而提高激子的利用率和器件效率。可以看到，如果把激子复合控制在主体上，对于TADF主体情况（类型Ⅰ），所有复合的激子都能有效地通过TADF敏化剂最终传递给荧光客体分子并发光；而对于非TADF主体情况（类型Ⅱ），由于其大的S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级差，主体上的三线态激子会通过敏化剂传递给荧光客体分子的三线态能级，造成激子的大量损耗。如果电荷直接在TADF敏化剂上复合，无论是TADF主体（类型Ⅲ），还是非TADF主体（类型Ⅳ），在TADF敏化剂上复合的三线态激子能量都会有部分通过Dexter传递给荧光客体而损耗掉。因此，制备高效率TADF敏化荧光OLEDs，除了敏化材料的能级匹配和三线态激子能量的有效转移外，主体的特性也非常重要。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表2", "type": "table", "rid": "T2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "总结了用4个不同主体制备的TADF敏化荧光OLEDs的电致发光效率。可以看到，类型I的器件显示了最大效率，并通过优化电子传输层材料，其最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了24.2%，在5 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下仍保持有21.1%，在初始亮度2 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下的半衰期寿命" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了400 h，器件性能远远高于其他三种主体的情况，充分显示了主体选择和激子复合区位置控制的重要性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "段炼等制备的不同主体下TADF敏化荧光OLEDs中所用的有机荧光发光材料、TADF敏化剂和四个主体材料的分子结构图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Molecular structure diagram of the used organic fluorescence luminescence materials， TADF sensitizer and four host materials in TADF-sensitized fluorescence OLEDs by Duan " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al." } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941634&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941641&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941638&type=", "width": "79.79228210", "height": "92.48277283", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "四种不同主体下的TADF敏化荧光OLEDs的电致发光性能比较" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Electroluminescence performances of TADF-sensitized 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"http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941649&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941645&type=", "width": "77.69583893", "height": "34.71993637", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3　Exciplex主体与高效OLEDs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "激基复合物（简称Exciplex）即激发态电荷转移复合物，是分子激发后电子给体分子和电子受体分子之间在激发态发生部分电荷转移而形成的。激基复合物一个重要特征是其单线态激子和三线态激子具有非常小的能级差，具有热活化延迟荧光发射的特性，类似TADF材料，可以实现100%的激子利用率，因此在OLEDs上得到了广泛研究" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "12", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R30", "R31", "R32" ], "text": "30-32", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "激基复合物除了自身良好的发光特性，也是非常好的主体材料，由于其热活化延迟荧光特性，用作荧光发光分子的主体理论上也可以实现100%激子效率的荧光OLEDs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。激基复合物是通过电子传输材料与空穴传输材料简单混合而成，除了具有高效率的特点，其制备的器件还具有低工作电压特性，可显著提高器件的功率效率和稳定性。在激基复合物掺杂荧光发光客体分子的器件中，注入的电子和空穴在发光层中沿着电子传输材料的LUMO和空穴传输材料的HOMO传输并复合形成激子，其T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的三线态激子能量通过反系间窜越到其S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上，最后再通过Förster能量传递给荧光客体分子并发光。电致发光机理如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其激子能量传递和辐射发光过程可以表示为：T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（25%）+S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%）→ S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " （100%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%）→ S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " +" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%）。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Exciplex主体有机荧光发光材料的电致发光机理图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Electroluminescence mechanism diagram of exciplex host organic fluorescence luminescence materials" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941654&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941662&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941660&type=", "width": "77.62622070", "height": "66.86013794", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "韩国首尔国立大学Kim教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "用一种空穴传输材料（简称TCTA）和一种电子传输材料（简称B4PYMPM）按1∶1质量比混合构成的激基复合物（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "= 2.436 eV，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.428 eV）为主体，掺杂一种红光荧光发光客体分子（简称DCJTB），成功制备出了高效率红光荧光OLEDs，所用材料的分子结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。该器件发射了很好的DCJTB红光，并显示了高效率，最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了10.6%，远远超过了传统荧光OLEDs的效率，预示着激基复合物作为荧光发光材料的主体制备高效率荧光OLEDs的可行性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "DCJTB、TCTA和B4PYMPM的分子结构图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Molecular structure diagram of DCJTB， TCTA and B4PYMPM." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941666&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941673&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941670&type=", "width": "77.45977783", "height": "61.62852478", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "中国台湾大学Wong教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "用一种双咔唑给体材料（简称BCzPh）和一种三嗪受体材料（简称3P-T2T）混合构成的高效激基复合物（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.70 eV，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.67 eV），作为一种绿光荧光发光客体分子（简称C545T）的主体，成功地制备出了高效率绿光荧光OLEDs，所用材料分子结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图11", "type": "fig", "rid": "F11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。可以看到，由于BCzPh-3P-T2T单线态和三线态能级差小，在激基复合物上的三线态激子能有效地传递到其单线态能级上，并进一步传递给C545T客体分子，导致有效的绿光发射，该器件最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了15.5%，在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "仍有12.3%，表现了良好的效率和效率滚降特性。3个对比器件的电致发光性能如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表3", "type": "table", "rid": "T3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，激基复合物主体的使用显著提高了器件效率。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F11", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C545T、BCzPh和3P-T2T的分子结构图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.11" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Molecular structure diagram of C545T， BCzPh and 3P-T2T." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941678&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941686&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941683&type=", "width": "76.72888184", "height": "56.60491943", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "制备的不同主体荧光OLEDs的电致发光性能比较" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Comparison of the electroluminescence performances of the fabricated fluorescence OLEDs with different hosts" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] } ] } ], "note": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "其中，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "on" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：开启电压，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "p" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：功率效率（在100 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下），" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：外量子效率（在100 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下）。" } ] } ] } ], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-top:solid;border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { 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"name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "%" } ] } ] } ] ], "body": [ [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "BCzPh∶3P⁃T2T" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.36" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44.9/45.9" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11.7/13.5" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "BCzPh∶3P⁃T2T∶C545T" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.33" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66.5/58.3" } ] }, { "align": "center", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15.2/15.5" } ] } ], [ { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Alq" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶C545T" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.77" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14.9/10.4" } ] }, { "align": "center", "style": "border-bottom:solid;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5.0/5.5" } ] } ] ], "foot": [] } ], "graphics": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941698&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941692&type=", "width": "77.69583893", "height": "25.20208740", "fontsize": "" } } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "西南大学熊祖洪教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过掺杂黄光荧光发光客体分子红荧烯（简称Rubrene）在空穴传输材料（简称TCTA）和电子传输材料（简称PO-T2T）混合组成的激基复合物（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "S" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.71 eV，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "T" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=2.70 eV）主体中，把制备的黄光荧光OLEDs的最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提高到了16.1%，最大电流效率和功率效率也分别达到了46.8 cd/A和56.1 lm/W，在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下仍分别保持在15.2%、43.8 cd/A和32.5 lm/W。研究发现，在Rubrene中从高能级三线态T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的反系间窜越HL-RISC过程对实现高效率非常重要，因此需要把激子能量有效地限制在Rubrene的T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图12", "type": "fig", "rid": "F12", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "给出了该激基复合物主体掺杂Rubrene黄光荧光OLEDs中的激子能量传递机制和电致发光过程。可以看到，由于TCTA∶PO-T2T激基复合物高的T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（图中分别为EX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和EX" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）能级，在其T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的三线态激子能量很容易通过Dexter传递到Rubrene的T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上，从而实现Rubrene上的HL-RISC过程；而激基复合物本身又可以通过RISC过程把T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的三线态激子能量传递到其S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上，并最终再通过Förster能量传递给Rubrene的S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这种双通道激子能量传递过程保证了激子的高效利用，也降低了激子的聚集猝灭，使器件表现了高效率和低效率滚降的特性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F12", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "熊祖洪等制备的Exciplex黄光荧光OLEDs的激子能量传递机理和发光过程。图中给出了Rubrene、TCTA和PO-T2T的分子结构。DF表示延迟荧光，PF表示瞬态荧光" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.12" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of exciton energy transfer mechanism and luminescence processes in exciplex host yellow fluorescence OLEDs by Xiong " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "et al." } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "The molecular structures of rubrene， TCTA and PO-T2T are given. DF： delayed fluorescence， PF： prompt fluorescence" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941701&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941712&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941707&type=", "width": "78.10192871", "height": "83.64779663", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.4　热激子材料与高效OLEDs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "热激子指的是在较高激发态能级（S" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "或T" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ≥2）上的激子。根据卡沙定则，在有机分子的发光过程中，电子往往被激发到较高的激发态能级（S" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "或T" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "≥2），之后迅速弛豫到最低激发态能级（S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "或T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），再辐射衰减到基态（S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）而发光，显然这个过程不能100%地利用激子（荧光发射）或激子猝灭（磷光发射）的问题。然而，如果高能级上的激子如T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的三线态激子能直接反系间窜越到单线态S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上并发光，则可以实现100%激子的荧光发射，这个发光过程也就是所说的热激子机理。2012年，华南理工大学马於光教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "把热激子的概念用于OLEDs发光材料的合成中，突破了荧光OLEDs效率的激子统计理论限制。之后其得到了广泛研究，大量热激子有机发光材料被设计合成出来，实现了高效率器件" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，有望成为新一代OLEDs有机电致发光材料。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图13", "type": "fig", "rid": "F13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "给出了热激子有机发光材料的电致发光机理。在热激子OLEDs中，注入的电子和空穴在热激子分子的S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上形成25%的单线态激子，在T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上形成75%的三线态激子，由于T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级高于S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级，因此T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的三线态激子能量通过反系间窜越又转移到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上，最后再辐射衰减到基态S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，实现100%激子的荧光发射。如果用热激子材料作为荧光有机发光客体分子的主体，则在热激子分子S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的激子会通过Förster能量传递给客体分子的S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，之后再激子辐射衰减到基态S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，从而导致客体的荧光发射。可以看到，为了减小T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级上的激子损耗，通常把热激子材料的T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计得很低，类似TTA上转换材料，避免从T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的内转换（IC）造成的损耗。热激子材料的激子能量传递和辐射发光过程可以表示为：T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "HE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "HE" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "HE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（25%）+S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "HE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "HE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%）或S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "HE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（25%）+S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "HE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（75%）→S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%），S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%）→ S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "G" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " + " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "hν" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（100%）。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F13", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "热激子有机荧光发光材料的电致发光机理图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.13" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Electroluminescence mechanism diagram of hot exciton organic fluorescence luminescence materials" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941716&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941722&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941718&type=", "width": "77.40649414", "height": "66.35916138", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "华南理工大学马於光教授等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "设计合成了一种高效蓝光热激子有机发光发材料（简称PAC），其分子结构和能级如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图14", "type": "fig", "rid": "F14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。可以看到，该分子的T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "高于并接近S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，且T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "远离S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，保证了有效的热激子过程。因此，PAC的发光包含了从T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "反系间窜越过来的热激子，瞬态荧光衰减和磁电致发光特性测量很好地证明了这一点，并且也证明这种热激子反系间窜越是个数纳秒的快速过程，有效地避免了长寿命三线态激子的聚集。如此制备的非掺杂PAC为发光层的蓝光OLEDs显示了高效率和低效率滚降的特性。该器件发射很好的蓝光，色度坐标CIE为（0.15, 0.13），最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了10.48%，在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下仍有7.54%，这对蓝光荧光OLEDs来说应该是非常好的性能。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F14", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图14" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "蓝光热激子有机发光材料PAC的能级和分子结构图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.14" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagrams of the energy level and molecular structure of hot exciton organic luminescence material PAC" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941726&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941733&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941730&type=", "width": "77.91058350", "height": "46.39044189", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "根据引言中的效率公式可以估算出PAC器件的内量子效率约为52.4%，这也意味着PAC器件内存在激子损耗。为了揭示这个损耗机制，我们测量了PAC器件的瞬态电致发光特性，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图15", "type": "fig", "rid": "F15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。可以看到，除了荧光发射的快速衰减部分，还存在一个衰减寿命长达91.7 μs的部分，远远超过了通常TTA上转换产生的延迟时间。我们把这部分超长荧光发射归于T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上的激子部分内转换到T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "并产生的TTA上转换过程，显然这是一个慢过程，也造成了激子损耗。为了进一步提高器件效率，我们在PAC中掺杂了一种高效荧光有机发光客体分子（简称BD），制备了PAC掺杂蓝光荧光OLEDs，最大" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了17.4%，在1 000 cd/m" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "亮度下也有11.6%。激子动力学研究表明，荧光客体DB的掺杂加速了PAC分子内从T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的反系间窜越速率，降低了到T1的内转换激子损耗，该结果为高效率热激子有机发光材料的设计提供了思路。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F15", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图15" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "非掺杂PAC蓝光荧光OLEDs的瞬态电致发光衰减特性，其中红色短线是TTA模型的拟合结果。图内给出了PAC器件的电致发光过程" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.15" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Transient electroluminescence decay curve of the non-doped PAC blue fluorescence OLEDs. The red dashed line is the fitting result using the TTA model. The inset gives the electroluminescence processes of the PAC-based device" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941735&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941742&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941739&type=", "width": "66.37379456", "height": "52.63674927", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "热激子的高效发光特性在AIE材料中也得到了很好的验证。最近的研究发现" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": ", " }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R40", "R41", "R42", "R43" ], "text": "40-43", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，许多用AIE材料为发光层制备的蓝光荧光OLEDs，其" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "EQE" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "都超过了5%的理论极限。除了在薄膜状态下具有高的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "PL" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "外，能级图清楚地表明了AIE材料的电致发光包括了从T" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "≥2）到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的热激子过程，并且发现高激发态T" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "n" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的能级位置对器件效率有很大影响" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图16", "type": "fig", "rid": "F16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图16" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "给出了两个AIE材料（简称CN-TPB-TPA和TPBCzC1）的分子结构及其理论计算的能级图，它们都具有热激子发射的特征，CN-TPB-TPA是从T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，而TPBCzC1是从T" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。通过比较可以看到，CN-TPB-TPA的器件效率达到了8.5%，远远高于TPBCzC1的4.5%。因此，设计热激子材料时，应充分考虑能级的影响。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F16", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图16" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CN-TPB-TPA和TPBCzC1的理论计算的能级和分子结构图" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig.16" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagrams of the calculated energy levels and molecular structures of CN-TPB-TPA and TPBCzC1" } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941743&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941749&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39941748&type=", "width": "67.30999756", "height": "67.39466858", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　总结与展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "作为新一代显示和照明技术，OLEDs迫切需要开发高效率、长寿命和低成本有机电致发光材料，材料作为OLEDs的重要组成部分，也是最核心技术，直接制约OLEDs产业的发展。磷光有机发光材料具有高效率的特点，但其高昂的成本和严重的效率滚降，以及蓝光材料寿命短等问题，大大限制了OLEDs的发展；虽然热活化延迟荧光有机发光材料具有高效率和低成本的优点，但严重的效率滚降和寿命问题使其还无法在OLEDs产品上进行应用；传统荧光有机发光材料虽然具有低效率滚降、长寿命、低成本的优点，但低效率也限制了其应用。更为重要的是，这些材料的核心专利大部分被国外企业所垄断，严重制约了我国OLEDs产业的发展，我国迫切需要发展具有自主知识产权的OLEDs材料，实现材料国产化，解决“卡脖子”的问题。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "如上所述，目前有多种手段和方法通过实现三线态激子能量到单线态能级的转换来提高荧光有机发光材料的效率，特别是热激子和聚集诱导发光材料的成功开发，为高效率、长寿命、低成本OLEDs材料的设计与合成提供了新的思路，也为材料国产化奠定了基础。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "热激子和聚集诱导发光的概念是由我国科学家提出并应用在OLEDs中，目前还需要我国科研工作者和企业共同努力，开展深入研究，提高材料性能。热激子材料具有100%激子发射的特性，但存在薄膜荧光量子效率偏低的问题；而聚集诱导发光材料具有在薄膜状态下高荧光量子效率的优点，但器件中仍存在激子损耗，如果能把热激子和聚集诱导发光材料的优点结合在一起，通过调控三线态激子与单线态激子的能级位置，设计合成更高性能的荧光有机发光材料，应该是未来的发展方向。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "总之，热激子和聚集诱导发光材料展现了美好的应用前景，我们有理由相信，随着材料性能的不断提高，未来在OLEDs 产品中会有更多材料、工艺，甚至器件和装备等实现国产化，这对推动我国OLEDs产业的发展无疑具有重要意义。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：" }, { "name": "extlink", "data": { "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } ], "href": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CJL.20220259." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "FORREST S R" }, { "name": 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" }, { "name": "text", "data": " doi: " }, { "name": "extlink", "data": { "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10.1002/adma.202006953" } ], "href": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006953" } } ], "title": "Unraveling the important role of high-lying triplet-lowest excited singlet transitions in achieving highly efficient deep-blue AIE-based OLEDs" } ] } ] }, "response": [], "contributions": [], "acknowledgements": [], "conflict": [], "supportedby": [], "articlemeta": { "doi": "10.37188/CJL.20220259", "clc": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "TN312.8" } ] ], "dc": [ { "name": "text", "data": "A" } ], "publisherid": "1000-7032（2023）01-0174-12", "citeme": [ { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "马东阁.OLEDs中的激子及其高效利用[J].发光学报,2023,44(01):174-185." } ], "text": "马东阁.OLEDs中的激子及其高效利用[J].发光学报,2023,44(01):174-185." }, { "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "MA Dongge.Excitons and Their Efficient Utilization in OLEDs[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2023,44(01):174-185." } ], "text": "MA Dongge.Excitons and Their Efficient Utilization in OLEDs[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2023,44(01):174-185." } ], "fundinggroup": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "国家自然科学基金（21788102）；广东省分子聚集发光重点实验室（2019B030301003）；广东省科技计划项目（2020A0505140002）" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（21788102）； Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates（2019B030301003）； Guangzhou Science & Technology Plan Project（2020A0505140002）" } ] } ], "history": { "received": "2022-07-01", "revised": "2022-07-20", "ppub": "2023-01-05", "opub": "2023-02-16" } }, "appendix": [], "type": "research-article", "ethics": [], "supplementary": [], "journalTitle": "发光学报", "issue": "1", "volume": "44", "originalSource": [] }

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