Progress on Application of Monte Carlo Simulation in Studying Energy Transfer Mechanisms for Rare-earth Luminescent Materials

YU Ting; ZHENG Cheng-zhong; ZHAO Shan-shan; ZENG Qing-guang; YU De-chao; ZHANG Da-wei

doi:10.37188/CJL.20220188

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Progress on Application of Monte Carlo Simulation in Studying Energy Transfer Mechanisms for Rare-earth Luminescent Materials

Invited Paper | Updated：2023-02-13

- Progress on Application of Monte Carlo Simulation in Studying Energy Transfer Mechanisms for Rare-earth Luminescent Materials Enhanced Publication
- Chinese Journal of Luminescence Vol.43, Issue 9, (2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  School of Applied Physics and Materials， Wuyi University， Jiangme,China,529020;State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices， School of Materials Science and Engineering， South China University of Technology,Guangzhou,China,510641;School of Optical and Electrical Information and Computer Engineering， University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai,China,200093
- Author bio：
- Funds：
  
  the National Science Foundation of China(52002289);Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices(2021⁃skllmd⁃14;2022⁃skllmd⁃02)
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20220188 CLC： O482.31
- Published：05 September 2022，
  
  Received：08 May 2022，
  
  Revised：16 May 2022，
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禹庭,郑成中,赵闪闪等.Monte Carlo模拟在稀土掺杂发光材料能量传递机理研究中的应用进展[J].发光学报,2022,43(09):1390-1404.

YU Ting,ZHENG Cheng-zhong,ZHAO Shan-shan,et al.Progress on Application of Monte Carlo Simulation in Studying Energy Transfer Mechanisms for Rare-earth Luminescent Materials[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2022,43(09):1390-1404.
禹庭,郑成中,赵闪闪等.Monte Carlo模拟在稀土掺杂发光材料能量传递机理研究中的应用进展[J].发光学报,2022,43(09):1390-1404. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20220188.

YU Ting,ZHENG Cheng-zhong,ZHAO Shan-shan,et al.Progress on Application of Monte Carlo Simulation in Studying Energy Transfer Mechanisms for Rare-earth Luminescent Materials[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2022,43(09):1390-1404. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20220188.

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Carlo模拟的基本原理及建模方法；然后从影响能量传递的相互作用机理和几何因素出发，概述了利用Monte Carlo方法研究离子间能量传递的进展；最后进行总结并对该方法在稀土发光材料中的应用进行了展望。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "High-performance tunable luminescent materials activated by rare-earth ions， as well as studies on the involved physical mechanisms， are the emphasis and difficulties of design and development of novel luminescent materials and optoelectronic devices. Thereinto， fundamentally unveiling the energy transfer processes induced by the sophisticated interionic interaction has been a vital research problem for the rare-earth luminescent materials. Monte Carlo simulation is a statistical simulation method that relies on huge amounts of repeated random samples to acquire numerical results. In the research field of rare-earth luminescence， Monte Carlo method has become a critical tool to systematically study the interionic energy transfer mechanisms by fully considering the crystal structures， rare-earth-doping behaviors， decay dynamics of fluorescence， " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "etc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". In this paper， we first introduce the basic principles and modeling methods of Monte Carlo simulation. Then starting from the interaction mechanisms and geometrical factors of determining energy transfer processes， we generalize the research progresses using Monte Carlo method to fundamentally study the energy transfer modes. At last we give a brief summary as well as a short prospect on the applications of Monte Carlo simulation in investigating rare-earth luminescent materials." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "稀土离子" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "发光材料" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "Monte Carlo模拟" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "时间分辨光谱" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "rare-earth ions" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "energy transfer" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "luminescent materials" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "Monte Carlo simulation" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "time-resolved spectrum" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1　引　　言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "稀土掺杂发光材料不仅在日常的照明和显示领域具有极为广泛的应用，而且在激光、光通信、信息存储、荧光防伪、太阳能电池、生物医疗等领域显示出巨大的应用价值" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3", "R4", "R5", "R6", "R7" ], "text": "1-7", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。稀土元素凭借独特的电子构型和丰富的电子能级，不仅能够实现从紫外光到红外光区域各个波段的吸收与发射，并且不同稀土离子之间的能量传递形式也是复杂多样的，使稀土掺杂材料成为一个巨大的发光宝库" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "8", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "13", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R13", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "13" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R8", "R9", "R10", "R11", "R12", "R13" ], "text": "8-13", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。发光现象是电子从激发态能级经由辐射跃迁回到基态能级的微观物理过程的宏观结果，因此，了解激发态电子的去激发过程是认知发光机制的关键所在" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。对于激发态电子而言，除了辐射跃迁过程返回基态并伴随光子的发射，还包括一系列的无辐射跃迁过程（无辐射衰减，很多情况下占主导，使量子效率小于50%）：离子间相互作用所导致的能量传递与能量迁移、电子-声子相互作用所导致的（多）声子弛豫等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "16", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R16", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "16" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R15", "R16" ], "text": "15-16", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。其中，离子之间的能量传递是固体发光材料中极为关键而又普遍存在的微观物理过程，其本质是能量传递速率与辐射跃迁速率的竞争性关系，不仅与光转换范围、光色变化、浓度猝灭、上转换和下转换发光等重要现象密切相关，而且对发光材料的光发射强度、量子效率等荧光转换性能具有重要影响" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "17", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R17", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "17" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R17", "R18", "R19", "R20", "R21", "R22" ], "text": "17-22", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，如何全面地揭示宏观发光现象背后的微观物理过程一直是稀土掺杂发光材料中的关键难题。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在稀土掺杂发光材料中，涉及能量传递的施主离子和受主离子一般都是随机地分布于晶格之中，它们之间的能量传递速率满足一定的分布，这个分布由几何因素及相互作用的机理确定" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R19", "R20" ], "text": "19-20", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。其中，几何因素主要受基质晶格、晶粒大小、空间分布的影响，离子间相互作用的机理则与稀土离子的种类、浓度、晶格振动（声子）等因素相关。由于影响能量传递速率的因素众多，且能量传递机理错综复杂，不同的能量传递机理可能会产生相似的宏观发光现象，导致人们对同一体系的能量传递机理可能产生不同的认知，甚至会得出相互矛盾的结论" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "24", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R24", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "24" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R23", "R24" ], "text": "23-24", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。另一方面，尽管固态发光材料中发光中心离子的数量十分巨大，通常宏观上获得的发光是一种统计平均量，致使我们无法直接描述每一个发光中心的激发态动力学过程；但是，我们可通过系统地探究离子之间的复杂相互作用，揭示激发态动力学规律，从微观层面洞悉宏观发光现象的本质原因。因此，深入了解离子之间的能量传递微观过程不仅有利于明晰发光材料的一些基本科学问题，也将为设计和开发高性能发光材料提供强有力的理论指导。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "目前，我们可从光谱实验和理论模拟两方面来研究和探索稀土离子间的能量传递机理。通常都是在实验方面，得益于现代光谱学技术的快速发展，特别是高性能可调谐激光的广泛应用，为研究发光材料中的能量传递现象提供更为先进的方法和手段" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "25", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R25", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "25" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R25", "R26", "R27" ], "text": "25-27", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；而在理论模拟方面，得益于计算机及程序软件的高速发展，为不同方法论的复杂模拟体系的实施提供工具和平台" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R28", "R29", "R30" ], "text": "28-30", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。其中，Monte Carlo方法作为一种著名的统计模拟方法，通过科学合理地统计建模，能够将复杂的研究对象或计算问题转化成对随机数及其数字特征的模拟和计算，是计算复杂的离子间相互作用的有效方法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R31", "R32", "R33" ], "text": "31-33", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。例如，借助Monte Carlo方法对离子之间的微观相互作用进行模拟，我们可以在许多随机的立体晶胞中对系统进行抽样，然后用抽样计算的数据来描述整体系统。Monte Carlo模拟不仅可以从本质上简化研究物理问题，极大地降低计算复杂度；同时，其性质优良的近似解也可用于描述和构建复杂的物理图像。因此，利用Monte Carlo方法模拟离子之间的微观相互作用，依赖大量重复的随机抽样，可以帮助我们进一步揭示稀土掺杂发光材料内在的能量传递机理。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文从影响能量传递速率的相互作用机理和几何因素出发，综述近年来基于Monte Carlo方法模拟稀土掺杂发光材料体系中离子间能量传递过程与机理的研究进展，最后进行了总结和展望。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2　Monte Carlo方法简介" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Monte Carlo方法又称统计模拟方法、随机抽样技术，是一种基于“随机数”求解数学物理、工程技术问题近似解的数值方法，其基本思想是通过生成合适的随机数和观察部分服从一些特定性质或属性的数据来解决问题" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。由于Monte Carlo方法具有直观易懂和适应性广泛等优点，在金融工程学、管理科学、计算物理学等领域都有着重要的应用。在运用Monte Carlo进行模拟时，其中最关键的两个要点是——利用随机数执行大量模拟和获得一个问题的近似解的概率。一般而言，在模拟固体发光材料中离子间的能量传递过程时，大致可分为以下四个步骤：" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（1）根据基质的晶体结构数据建立超晶胞模型和合适的边界条件，确保建立的模拟“样品”有足够的代表性，通常包含原子数在10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "量级以上，需要说明的是，同时也要平衡考虑计算效率与时间成本；" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（2）基于计算机模拟生成充分的随机数以及名义掺杂浓度，确定掺杂离子在晶胞中的位置与分布；" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（3）依据可能的微观作用机理与规律，大量重复模拟离子之间发生相互作用的过程，重复次数应至少超过10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "量级；" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（4）对模拟结果进行统计性分析，与实验结果相比较，并评估拟合参数的合理性。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "以YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶1%Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "%Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=0，5，15，25，50，75，99）荧光粉为例，首先，依据YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "晶体结构参数（四方晶系，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "a" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "b" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=0.688 2 nm, " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "c" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "=0.602 0 nm）建立一个包含500个Y原子的5" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "超晶胞；随后，根据实验样品中Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的名义浓度作为替换概率（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "P" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），随机取代超晶胞中Y" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "格位，并统计计算随机替换后超晶胞内Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子间的距离（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "r" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）；接着，根据不同能量传递模型所对应的能量传递速率（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

γ_{c o o p} = c_{a} \sum_{i} \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6} r_{j T b}^{6}}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821776&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821770&type=", "width": "30.47999954", "height": "8.72066593", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

γ_{a c c r} = c_{b} \sum_{i} \sum_{j > i} (\frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6} r_{i j}^{6}} + \frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6} r_{i j}^{6}})

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821790&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821782&type=", "width": "43.51866913", "height": "10.41399956", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

γ_{p a} = c_{c} \sum_{i} \frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6}}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821808&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821799&type=", "width": "20.15066719", "height": "8.29733276", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），利用Monte Carlo算法模拟超晶胞内所有离子间相互作用，当最终结果收敛到期望值时，可获得上述超晶胞内Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激发态能级的平均衰减速率（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

\"<\"\" separators=\"|\">, I (t)\" = \"<\"\" separators=\"|\">, e x p [- t (γ_{E T} + γ_{R})]\"

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821825&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821816&type=", "width": "45.04266739", "height": "4.57200003", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）；最后，整体对比模拟计算结果与实验测试的荧光衰减曲线结果，确认相符合的能量传递机理" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上所述，我们可以发现，应用Monte Carlo方法模拟研究离子间的能量传递是结合问题本身的实际物理特性来进行模拟实验的一个过程。Monte Carlo模拟方法不仅可以生动地展现离子在超晶胞中的随机分布特性，而且无需构建复杂的数值方程或复杂的数学表达式，省略了大量的复杂计算，因而具有直观形象、简单易懂的优点。同时，需要指出几个影响模拟结果的因素：（1）不同的合成方法和制备过程控制可能会使样品中离子的实际掺杂浓度明显小于名义掺杂浓度或造成离子掺杂分布不均匀，从而直接影响到后续获取的拟合参数的可信度，如近红外下转换体系中协作能量传递强度" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

C_{c o o p}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821837&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821829&type=", "width": "6.09600019", "height": "3.72533321", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、交叉弛豫强度" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

C_{x r}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821864&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821851&type=", "width": "3.97933316", "height": "3.72533321", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "等拟合参数的获取" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R34", "R35" ], "text": "34-35", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "；（2）模拟过程中，极低或合适的掺杂浓度是保证初始拟合参数值可信度的关键，比如在Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共掺近红外下转换体系中，施主离子Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "掺杂浓度通常小于0.3%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，既要避免Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子间的有效交叉弛豫作用，又要获得合适的荧光强度，以测得其相关能量传递能级（Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）的“纯粹”自发辐射衰减速率，用于拟合获得高可信度的参数值；（3）基质材料及晶体结构等也是模拟方案可适用性的决定性因素，比如一旦基质中含有可与共掺离子形成电荷迁移态的组分或基质本身的电荷迁移态跃迁与所研究的离子（对）荧光相互干扰，则无法获得可信度高的拟合参数值，同时基质中两个及两个以上的离子掺杂取代格位将会极大地增加模拟分析的难度和挑战所得拟合参数值的可信度" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3　影响能量传递的内因" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1　离子掺杂种类" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由于稀土离子的种类较多，且电子能级十分丰富，在不同激发条件下，不同能级之间的能量传递过程是十分错综复杂的。Vergeer等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "观察到蓝光激发下Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共掺YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "高效近红外发光现象，但Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "施主离子缺少与Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激发态吸收共振的中间能级，且Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "蓝光激发态到Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能态的交叉弛豫能量传递具有难以跨越的能量差（~10 000 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），探讨其能量传递机理显得十分必要。由于施主离子的发射光谱与受主离子的吸收光谱不存在能量交叠，即不满足共振能量传递条件，所以作者分别讨论了协作能量传递、增生能量传递以及声子辅助能量传递三种可能的机理。需要说明的是，协作能量传递和增生能量传递都是二阶能量传递过程，都涉及到三个离子之间的相互作用。不同的是，协作能量传递是一个施主离子同时与两个受主离子相互作用，激发态能量被同时传递给两个受主离子；而增生能量传递是一个施主离子先与任意一个受主离子相互作用，实现激发态能量的传递，然后该受主离子再将部分能量传递给另一个受主离子。声子辅助能量传递是指借助于声子的能量，促使不满足共振条件的能量传递也能够发生。作者通过建立二阶协作能量传递（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

γ_{c o o p} = c_{a} \sum_{i} \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6} r_{j T b}^{6}}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821884&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821877&type=", "width": "30.47999954", "height": "8.72066593", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）、增生能量传递（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

γ_{a c c r} = c_{b} \sum_{i} \sum_{j > i} (\frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6} r_{i j}^{6}} + \frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6} r_{i j}^{6}})

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821900&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821890&type=", "width": "43.51866913", "height": "10.41399956", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）和声子辅助能量传递（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

γ_{p a} = c_{c} \sum_{i} \frac{1}{r_{i T b}^{6}}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821913&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821907&type=", "width": "20.15066719", "height": "8.29733276", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）三种模型，采用Monte Carlo方法进行理论模拟，经过对实验测得的Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "蓝光能级的荧光衰减曲线进行比较性分析，发现只有基于二阶协作能量传递模型所得的Monte Carlo模拟结果才和Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级的荧光衰减曲线相匹配。由于二阶协作能量传递是一个施主离子将激发态能量同时传递给邻近的两个受主离子，涉及到多个离子之间的相互作用，所以发生的几率较低，仅为一阶能量传递速率的千分之一，且易于被忽视。这种Monte Carlo算法模型的构建不仅使作者深入地认知了二阶协作能量传递机理，也为我们研究其他能量传递机理提供了参考。同时，作者还发现,只有在较高的受主浓度体系中（YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶1%Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "%Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": " 25），二阶协作能量传递才可能有效发生" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。这也表明通过一个施主离子同时与两个受主离子相互作用的协作量子剪裁下转换并不是十分有效，因而寻求具有更高效的下转换发光体系显得十分必要。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "根据Dieke等总结的三价稀土离子能级图可知，Pr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子不仅在紫外-蓝光区域内有相应的吸收能级（两倍于Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级的能量），且较稳定的" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "中间能级使得Pr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "电子跃迁与Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7/2 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "电子跃迁满足共振能量传递条件。但是，由于Pr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "电子跃迁的振子强度较小，使得Pr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "间的第一步能量传递不能有效发生，因而Pr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "P" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递一直存在着二阶协作和一阶共振机制的争议" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R37", "R38" ], "text": "37-38", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。针对这个问题，van Wijngaarden等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在LiYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Pr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ",Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "体系中分别讨论了以上两种能量传递机理的可能性，通过借助Monte Carlo方法对两种能量传递机理进行模拟，对比实验数据和理论拟合结果，发现在Pr" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子对中，通过一阶共振能量传递作用实现近红外量子剪裁发光具有更大的可能性。其主要原因是二阶协作能量传递比一阶共振能量传递的速率小了三个数量级，导致前者无法与其相竞争。由于稀土离子的f-f跃迁吸收具有宇称禁戒的特性，导致吸收光谱范围窄（" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": " 20 nm），吸收截面小（~10" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-21" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），极大地降低了发光强度和效率，因而探索具有宽带吸收特性的敏化中心具有重要意义。Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "凭借其f-d电子跃迁具有吸收范围宽、吸收截面大等特点，常被作为其他稀土离子的宽带敏化剂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R40", "R41", "R42" ], "text": "40-42", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。为实现宽带敏化近红外下转换发光，引入Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "作为Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的宽带敏化剂被认为是可行的途径，并以此提出可能能量传递机理：宽带紫外-可见激发的Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：5d能态经热弛豫快速衰减至蓝绿光激发位置（~20 000 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），通过协作能量传递同时激发与其相邻的两个Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子分别至" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级，最终发射两个波长约为1 000 nm的近红外光子，实现量子效率大于100%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R43", "R44", "R45" ], "text": "43-45", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。然而，除了Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "浓度相关的Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "蓝绿光发射强度和荧光寿命变化说明Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递的存在，实验中并没有直接的证据表明Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递为 1 Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "双光子协作量子剪裁。因此，关于Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的能量传递机理一直是争议性的话题。针对这一问题，Yu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "一方面在实验方面发现Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递速率与Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子浓度呈线性变化，该结果表明Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "间的能量传递机理更倾向于单光子→单光子转换过程，并不是单光子→双光子的协作能量传递过程；另一方面，为探究敏化中心Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子可能的去激发途径，作者通过建立经由Ce" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "电荷迁移态（CTS，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a））的单步能量传递（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

Γ = γ_{0} + C \sum_{i}^{a c c} e x p (- r_{i} / d)

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Γ = γ_{0} + C \sum_{i}^{a c c} \frac{1}{r_{i}^{6}}

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Γ = γ_{0} + C \sum_{i}^{a c c} \sum_{j > i}^{a c c} \frac{1}{r_{i}^{6} r_{j}^{6}}

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Dot lines refer to the experimental data. Solid lines refer to Monte Carlo simulation：（a）fit to the model of a single-step energy transfer mechanism " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "via" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " a CTS，（b）single-step energy transfer " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "via" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dipole-dipole coupling，（c）cooperative energy transfer mechanism" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821963&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821973&type=", "big": 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"离子之间的交叉弛豫速率，使离子间的能量传递会优先于辐射跃迁而发生，经过连续几步的交叉弛豫过程，激发态能量通过“再分配方式”传递给多个Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的低激发态能级，可实现多个近红外1 800 nm光子的发射（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）~（c）所示）。以" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级为例，当Gd" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S体系中Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子浓度为5.0%时，连续两步的交叉弛豫过程 " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4+" } ] }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "会先后发生（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）中右侧黑实线），使得Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激发态的能量被分配至较低的" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级，最终产生" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（~1 800 nm）和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（~1 200 nm）多个近红外光子辐射；由于" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级与" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级间的间隙较小（~1 800 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），多声子弛豫主导的无辐射跃迁（" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）也有较大的几率发生（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）中的黑虚线），因此另一个交叉弛豫途径" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4 " } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "也可能会有效发生（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（b）中左侧实线），相应地，一个蓝光光子（470 nm）最终被转换成三个近红外1 800 nm光子。依据Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子之间的电偶极-电偶极相互作用，作者利用Monte Carlo方法，建立了不同能级的去激发速率方程（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

I (t) = I (0) e^{- t / τ_{0}} \prod_{i}^{s h e l l s} (1 - x + x e^{- C_{x r} t / r_{i}^{6}})^{n_{i}}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821987&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821977&type=", "width": "53.50933075", "height": "8.38199997", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），模拟不同Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "浓度下各激发态能级的荧光衰减曲线，证实了Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子浓度对其荧光行为和能量传递机制的决定性作用（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）~（f）所示）。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）~（c）Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子能级结构图标示了辐射跃迁与交叉弛豫能量传递相关的多光子发射机制；（d）~（f）Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "激发态能级的荧光衰减曲线随Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "浓度的变化关系，圆点为实验测试结果，实线为经由电偶极-电偶极作用导致的Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子间交叉弛豫能量传递所得Monte Carlo模拟结果" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）-（c）Energy level diagram of Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " illustrating the emission and cross-relaxation processes involved in multi-photon cutting from the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "， and " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "D" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " levels， respectively. 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Dot lines are the experimental data， and solid lines in （d）-（f） show the results of a fit to cross-relaxation energy transfer " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "via" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " dipole-dipole coupling" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39821996&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822009&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822005&type=", "width": "146.79049683", "height": "86.35557556", "fontsize": "" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "类似地，Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子具有独特的蓝光发射（" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→ " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "~485 nm）、绿光发射（" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "~540 nm）和红光发射（" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "~640 nm）特性，其光色变化与浓度也密切相关" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。van Swieten等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "发现在 ~450 nm蓝光激发下，Na（Y,Gd）F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "样品在低掺杂浓度体系中以绿光发射为主（" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），而红光发射强度则随着Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子浓度的增加不断增大。针对这一现象，作者系统地研究了" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→ " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（CR1）和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "8" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（CR2）两个交叉弛豫渠道对" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "蓝光发射能级、" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "绿光发射能级和" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "红光发射能级的影响，并基于晶格中Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的随机分布与多层壳模型（Shell model，详见4.2部分），利用Monte Carlo方法验证了相关激发态能级的衰减动力学过程，揭示了Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "浓度精细调控样品光色的机制。同时，作者还发现在高浓度体系中也可以通过升高温度（300~870 K）来进一步调控光色的变化，并进行模拟论证，结合温度和浓度对Na（Y,Gd）F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "样品光色变化的影响，提出了紫外或蓝光激发下可用于宽温区荧光温度测量材料的设计方案。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3　基质的声子能量" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "在能量传递理论中，敏化中心的发射光谱与激活中心的吸收光谱存在一定的重叠才可能使得共振能量传递有效发生。声子是晶格热振动时的量子化描述，在声子的辅助下，能量不匹配的施主离子可通过非共振能量传递的方式将激发态能量传递给受主离子" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R53", "R54", "R55" ], "text": "53-55", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。与共振能量传递过程相比，声子参与的非共振能量传递过程具有明显的声子能量依赖性。在Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子对中，蓝光激发下Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的近红外发射常被归因于1 Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "二阶协作能量传递的光子剪裁（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）、（d））。然而，Zheng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "56", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R56", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "56" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出在具有高声子能量的YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "体系中，由声子辅助的Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "H" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（Δ" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E~" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "12 500 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）+Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（Δ" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "E~" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "10 000 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）交叉弛豫作用会主导整个光子转换过程，极大地压制 1 Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的二阶协作能量传递作用（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）~（f））。因此，明晰Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子对的能量传递机制和调控Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共掺体系的蓝光→近红外光转换模式是非常必要的研究，有利于实现量子效率大于1的高效近红外发光。针对这些难题，Yu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "巧妙设计了Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "共掺的YBO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、YAG、Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "四组具有不同声子能量的材料体系（声子能量范围约为370~1 050 cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），利用满足交叉弛豫过程所需的最大能量的声子数目来有效调控Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "声子辅助能量传递速率，促使该能量传递过程在较高声子能量体系中变得更具竞争性，湮灭了1 Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "光子剪裁过程。针对YBO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、YAG、Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "四种基质的晶体结构特点等，作者分别基于声子辅助的交叉弛豫单步能量传递速率（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

k_{E T} = \frac{C_{x r}}{r^{6}}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822025&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822014&type=", "width": "13.37733269", "height": "7.61999989", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "xr" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为交叉弛豫强度，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "r" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子间距，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（g）~（m））和1 Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "协作能量传递速率（" }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "math": "

k_{E T} = \frac{C_{c o o p}}{r_{1}^{6} r_{2}^{6}}

", "graphicsData": { "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822036&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822033&type=", "width": "15.40933418", "height": "8.55133343", "fontsize": "" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "C" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "coop" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为协作能量传递强度，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "r" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到与其相邻的一个Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "受主离子的距离，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "r" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "到与其相邻的另一个Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的距离，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（h）~（n））建立理论模型，通过Monte Carlo方法对Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "相关的Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ": " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "荧光衰减曲线进行拟合。如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（g）~（m）所示，单步交叉弛豫能量传递模型可以完美地拟合YBO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、YAG和 Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基质中Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递作用效果，但明显失配于NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基质中的作用效果。在NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "中，Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ":" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "交叉弛豫的强度值小于其他三种基质中的百分之一。相反，分别如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（h）~（n）所示，“1→2”协作能量传递模型只能完美地拟合低声子能量NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基质中Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递作用效果。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "YBO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶0.1%Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，2%Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的发射光谱（（a），465 nm激发）和激发光谱（（b），监测653 nm发射）；1 Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "协作能量传递机理（c）及相关的“1→2”近红外下转换发光示意图（d）；声子能量辅助的1 Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→1 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "交叉弛豫能量传递（e）及相关的“1→1”近红外发光示意图（f）；（g）~（n）不同基质中，Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "浓度依赖的Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能态的荧光衰减曲线及相对应的Monte Carlo模拟；（g）~（m）基于声子辅助的交叉弛豫单步能量传递模型的拟合；（h）~（n）基于协作能量传递模型的拟合" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）-（b）Emission and excitation spectra of YBO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶0.1%Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，2%Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （c）-（d）Cooperative energy transfer involves the distribution of energy in Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " excited state over two nearby Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ions. （e）-（f）A Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " ion excited into the " }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "G" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " level can alternatively transfer part of its energy to a single Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " neighbor " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "via" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " phonon-assisted cross-relaxation. （g）-（n）Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-to-Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " energy-transfer dynamics " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "versus" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentrations in YBO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（（g），（k））， YAG（（h），（l））， Y" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（（i），（m）），and NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（（j），（n））" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822043&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822051&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822048&type=", "width": "146.53479004", "height": "111.24839783", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4　影响能量传递的几何结构因素" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s4" } }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.1　晶体结构" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "除了稀土离子的掺杂浓度，晶体结构的不同也会导致具有明显差异性的离子间距，进而对离子间的能量传递路径和速率产生重要影响" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "57", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R57", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "57" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "60", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R60", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "60" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R57", "R58", "R59", "R60" ], "text": "57-60", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。尽管离子在晶体结构中呈现出周期性的三维立体式排列，但能量传递的方向却不一定都服从三维立方结构。在不同的晶体结构中，能量传递的方向可分为三维立体、二维平面、一维链状和零维团簇四大类。Wang等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "研究了一种晶体结构为正交晶系的上转换纳米晶KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，在这种材料中稀土离子以四个形成一个团簇的形式存在，这种特殊的结构使其吸收的激发能量可以有效地保存在稀土离子（如Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "）的团簇结构内，并且可以降低能量在不同团簇之间的迁移，有效地减少缺陷对能量的猝灭，最终在980 nm激光激发Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "作用下获得了Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的四光子强紫外上转换发光（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）~（c）所示）。同时，作者还分别研究了团簇结构内的离子与团簇之间的离子的能量传递速率，发现前者的能量传递速率比后者高出一个数量级。为进一步构建激发态能量在零维团簇结构的迁移图像，作者利用Monte Carlo方法，分别在简单立方和具有零维团簇KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "晶体结构内模拟计算了激发态的能量迁移几率，发现在KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "晶体结构中，激发态能量更难以迁移至团簇结构外，从理论上再次证实零维团簇结构对Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子能量迁移的限制效应（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（d）~（e）所示）。不同于用980 nm激光器直接激发KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "晶体结构Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量团簇，Yu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "62", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R62", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "62" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在正交相KLu" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "基质中构建Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "下转换发光体系，通过激发Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子的绿光能级（" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "），利用高效的Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "," }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "S" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "+Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " 正向能量传递，间接促使Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子处于激发态，发现处于激发态的Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子可通过Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5/2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "反向能量传递过程不断使能量集中到Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "：" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "I" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能级，最终获得Ho" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "~1 190 nm近红外单峰发射。这一研究进一步证实该晶体结构中Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "离子团簇对激发态能量的存储作用以及对能量迁移的极大限制。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）室温下不同KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Lu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（2/0~80%）纳米晶的上转换发射光谱；（b）KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米晶在980 nm激光激发下的四光子上转换机理图；（c）正交晶体相KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "中的Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量团簇结构；（d）～（e）基于Monte Carlo方法分别模拟在KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和简单立方晶体结构中激发态能量的迁移几率随距离变化分布图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）Room-temperature upconversion of KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Lu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "（2/0-80%） nanocrystals recorded in cyclohexane solutions（0.2%）. （b）Proposed four-photon upconversion mechanisms for KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals pumped by a 980 nm laser. （c）Excitation energy clustering of Yb tetrad clusters proposed for orthorhombic-phase KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". With help of Monte Carlo simulations， the probability to find the excitation energy plotted against migration distance for a KYb" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "F" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " crystal（d） and a simple cubic structure（e）" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "61", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R61", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "61" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822057&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822069&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822062&type=", "width": "162.95623779", "height": "90.09559631", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.2　尺寸效应" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "当颗粒的尺寸小至纳米级时，比表面积将不断增大，导致位于表面的离子所处的局域环境完全不同于纳米晶内部，这是纳米材料的有限尺寸效应" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "63", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R63", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "63" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "66", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R66", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "66" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R63", "R64", "R65", "R66" ], "text": "63-66", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。纳米颗粒中的离子分布不仅与晶体结构有关，而且受到纳米晶的大小、形状、表面基团等因素影响" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "67", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R67", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "67" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "68", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R68", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "68" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R67", "R68" ], "text": "67-68", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。最近，Mangus等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "系统研究了YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ",Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米颗粒中有限尺寸效应对1 Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→ 2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "二阶协作能量传递的影响。作者发现，由于有限尺寸效应的影响，处于纳米晶表面的Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "施主离子所相邻的Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "受主离子数量明显偏少，导致YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ",Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "纳米颗粒中的1 Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→2 Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "二阶协作能量传递速率低于块体材料。依据二阶协作能量传递机理，作者进一步扩展Monte Carlo模型，在纳米颗粒中模拟多种不同局域环境中施主离子Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "与受主离子Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的微观相互作用，并发现模拟结果与实验结果相一致，从理论上再次证实有限尺寸效应对二阶协作能量传递速率和效率的影响（如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示）。为了减弱有限尺寸效应对能量传递效率的影响以及如何设计和制备具有高效能量传递的纳米晶颗粒，作者还从溶剂的折射率和纳米晶颗粒大小两方面给出了指导性建议。由于发生能量传递的离子之间的相互作用范围通常较小（" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "2 nm），处于不同颗粒之间的离子几乎很难发生能量传递。但当颗粒减小到一定的尺寸时（如" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "5~10 nm），不同颗粒之间离子也可能发生能量传递" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "70", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R70", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "70" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。van de Haar等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "71", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R71", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "71" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出一种基于颗粒间的Föster共振能量传递策略，通过简单地湿法混合LaPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和LaPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "超细纳米颗粒（直径小于10 nm），即可观察到颗粒间的Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Eu" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递现象。在此基础上，作者进一步利用Monte Carlo方法模拟不同尺寸纳米颗粒之间发生能量传递的几率，为获得颗粒间的高效共振能量传递提供理论指导。随着纳米晶尺寸的不断减小，激发态能量也易于与表面的猝灭中心发生相互作用而耗散，导致小尺寸纳米颗粒的发光亮度和效率严重偏低。针对这一问题，Xu等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "72", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R72", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "72" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出了一种重构表面稀土离子的配位环境以增强超小纳米颗粒中的多光子上转换发光策略，通过有机小分子表面配位减小表面与内部稀土离子激发态能量间的差异，从而促进基于Yb亚晶格内的高效能量迁移，极大地利用原本限域在表面、且易于耗散的激发能量，甚至在5 nm的NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "颗粒中实现了11 000倍的四光子紫外光上转换发光增强。同时，作者也借助Monte Carlo方法模拟计算不同尺寸纳米颗粒中表面配体与内部掺杂离子的平均距离，发现小尺寸纳米颗粒中较短的平均距离产生的高效能量传递是上转换发光增强的重要原因。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）施主离子Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "最邻近、次邻近的离子分布；（b）位于纳米晶表面附近的施主离子Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "最邻近、次邻近的离子分布；（c）～（f）YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "块体材料中能量传递效率" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的分布；（g）~（j）YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "八面体状纳米晶中能量传递效率" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的分布；（k）八面体状纳米晶的横截面示意图；（l）~（o）在八面体状纳米晶的横截面内，能量传递效率相关分布图" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）A Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " donor ion（blue） is surrounded by shells of nearest neighbors， next-nearest neighbors， " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "etc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". （b）Donor ions situated in proximity of the nanocrystal surface have incomplete shells. （c）-（f）Distribution of energy-transfer efficiencies " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "η" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " in bulk YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " with doping contents of 25%， 50%， 75% and 99%. （g）-（j）Distribution of energy-transfer efficiencies in octahedral shape YPO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Tb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " nanocrystals. （k）A two-dimensional cross-cut of the octahedral nanocrystal. （l）-（o）The distribution-averaged energy-transfer efficiency is governed by the position of the donor within the nanocrystal" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "69", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R69", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "69" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822076&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822084&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822081&type=", "width": "149.09800720", "height": "123.27465820", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4.3　空间分布" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s4c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着纳米材料制备技术的兴起及快速发展，纳米核壳结构的设计和构建为掺杂离子在纳米晶中的空间分布提供了更多选择" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "73", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R73", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "73" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "74", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R74", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "74" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R73", "R74" ], "text": "73-74", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。Zuo等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "系统地研究了激发态能量迁移对能量传递上转换发光动力学的影响，通过巧妙构建具有多层核壳结构的纳米晶，将光吸收、能量迁移以及上转换发光等物理过程实现空间上的有效分离。一方面避免激发态能量迁移与能量传递上转换发光之间的相互干扰，另一方面还能够通过改变掺杂离子的种类和浓度来精细调控激发态能量迁移或能量传递上转换发光（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（a）、（b））。为验证激发态能量迁移对上转换发光行为的影响，作者引入了Monte Carlo方法进行微观模拟，利用随机行走模型，通过模拟纳米晶中离子间的微观相互作用，重构宏观的上转换发光行为（" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "（c）~（f））。基于核壳结构中掺杂离子的空间分离特性，作者从实验和模拟两方面揭示激发态能量迁移与上转换发光行为之间的密切联系，并构建纳米核壳结构中能量传递上转换的微观物理图像。由于Monte Carlo方法能够从离子-离子相互作用的微观层面模拟激发态能量在离子间的无规则迁移，Xue等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "76", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R76", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "76" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "在研究染料小分子敏化增强上转换发光现象时，也利用该方法系统地评估激发态能量经由迁移至表面猝灭中心的效应，并定量分析核壳结构中由能量迁移导致的能量损失。不同于上转换纳米晶表面猝灭效应的定量分析，Feng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "77", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R77", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "77" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "研究了稀土掺杂上转换纳米晶内部—OH基团导致的发光猝灭现象。通过考虑微观层面中所有离子之间可能的相互作用：Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量传递、Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量迁移、Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→OH" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量猝灭以及Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "→OH" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "能量猝灭，作者利用Monte Carlo模拟方法重构稳态和瞬态的上转换发光行为，对比模拟计算和实验结果，发现纳米晶内部—OH基团的猝灭几率与激发态能量的迁移路径有关，且上转换发光强度随—OH基团数量的增加呈指数级下降。由于Föster共振能量传递效率严格受限于施主离子与受主离子的临界距离（2~6 nm），所以大尺寸施主-受主复合体系中的长距离共振能量传递效率往往较低。针对这一问题，Deng等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "78", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R78", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "78" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "提出利用Gd亚晶格间的高效能量迁移与Föster共振能量传递过程相耦合来提高复合体系中能量传递效率的策略，通过构建具有核壳结构的NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "@NaGdF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "上转换纳米颗粒（30 nm），基于Gd亚晶格中的高效能量迁移，实现了表面有机小分子600倍发光增强。基于随机行走模型，作者也利用Monte Carlo方法研究了激发态能量在Gd亚晶格中的迁移现象，发现超过95%的激发态能量可通过能量迁移过程传递至纳米颗粒表面，辅助证实了复合体系中耦合能量迁移过程提高Föster共振能量传递效率的作用。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "（a）典型的上转换机理示意图；（b）掺杂离子空间分离（DISS）纳米结构中上转换发光示意图；（c）800 nm激发下，YbEr@Yb@Nd DISS纳米结构中的上转换机理图；（d）YbEr@Yb@Nd 纳米晶的TEM结果；（e）DISS纳米结构中不同厚度迁移层的540 nm荧光衰减曲线；（f）不同掺杂Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "浓度的540 nm荧光衰减曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic diagram of the typical upconversion（UC） mechanisms（a）， and the UC process in the dopant ions’ spatial separation（DISS） nanostructure（b）. （c）Schematic representation of the UC process in the YbEr@Yb@Nd DISS upon 800 nm excitation. （d）TEM image（left）， expanded area of TEM image（upper right） and Fourier-transform diffraction patterns（lower right） of the YbEr@Yb@Nd nanostructure. （e）Dependence of 540 nm UC emission traces on the energy migration distance. （f）The influence of Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " concentration in the middle layer（" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ca" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 2.5 nm） on the 540 nm UC emission traces" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "［" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "75", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R75", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "75" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "］" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822088&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822094&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=39822092&type=", "width": "148.37091064", "height": "135.99118042", "fontsize": "" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5　总结及展望" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s5" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文综述了Monte Carlo方法的基本原理及其应用于研究稀土发光材料中离子间能量传递机理的研究进展。Monte Carlo方法凭借抽样技术和概率观念的特点，在揭示稀土掺杂发光材料的能量传递机理方面是一个十分有价值的工具，不仅极大地促进人们对微观离子相互作用的认知，而且对能量传递物理图像的构建起到关键作用。纵观影响能量传递速率的众多因素，无论是改变离子种类、浓度还是调控基质的声子能量或晶体结构，通过构建合适的模型，Monte Carlo方法依然能够适用于研究离子间能量传递，展现出超强的统计模拟能力。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "但是，关于应用Monte Carlo方法模拟研究离子间能量传递仍存在着以下一些问题。（1）到目前为止，国际发光材料领域应用Monte Carlo方法进行离子间能量传递模拟的研究依然相对较少，只集中在少数课题组，因而有必要付出更多的努力去拓展该方法在发光材料中的应用，并完善相关的能量传递机制模型。（2）尽管研究的对象已从块体材料扩展至纳米材料，但是目前对于非晶态材料中离子间的能量传递还尚未见到相关报道，这对于认知和了解非晶态材料体系中掺杂离子的排列与分布规律具有十分重要的意义。（3）稀土掺杂钙钛矿量子点凭借超高的量子效率，特别是CsPbCl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" } ] }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "展现出的高效近红外量子发光（量子效率高于100%），作为光谱转换层在提高太阳能电池效率方面具有十分重要的应用价值。而其中的能量传递机理目前仍存在一定的争议，期望未来能够借助Monte Carlo方法为我们构建更为清晰的能量传递物理图像。（4）值得一提的是，发光材料服役环境的温度变化往往也会对发光中心的电子辐射跃迁、能量传递及多声子弛豫等过程产生重要影响。目前，在利用Monte Carlo方法构建能量传递微观模型时，温度对激发态动力学的影响还未被充分考虑。或许未来需要进一步扩展温度对能量传递的影响，特别是涉及能量迁移的上转换发光以及多个离子相互作用的二阶协作能量传递过程。相信经过更多科研人员的努力，利用Monte Carlo方法探究离子间的能量传递机理这一模拟手段会得到更大的发展，也必将被越来越普遍地应用到发光材料的基础研究中。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：" }, { "name": "extlink", "data": { "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } ], "href": "http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/" } } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "CJL.20220188." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "1", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "YU D C" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "YU T" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "LIN H" }, { "name": "text", "data": "， " }, { "name": "text", "data": "et al" }, { "name": "text", "data": ". 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