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Research Progress in Rare Earth Ion-doped Microcavity Lasers
Invited Paper | Updated：2022-12-08
|
Research Progress in Rare Earth Ion-doped Microcavity Lasers Enhanced Publication
- Chinese Journal of Luminescence Vol.43, Issue 11, (2022)
- Affiliations：Qingyuan CSG New Energy-saving Materials Co.， LTD.,Qingyuan,China,511650;State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices， School of Materials Science and Engineering， South China University of Technology,Guangzhou,China,510641
- Author bio：
- Funds：National Natural Science Foundation of China(52002128;62075063)
- DOI：10.37188/CJL.20220161 CLC： TN248.4
Published：05 November 2022，
Received：27 April 2022，
Revised：19 May 2022，
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Cite this article
刘红刚,陈健濠,肖子凡等.稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器研究进展[J].发光学报,2022,43(11):1663-1677.
LIU Hong-gang,CHEN Jian-hao,XIAO Zi-fan,et al.Research Progress in Rare Earth Ion-doped Microcavity Lasers[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2022,43(11):1663-1677.
刘红刚,陈健濠,肖子凡等.稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器研究进展[J].发光学报,2022,43(11):1663-1677. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20220161.
LIU Hong-gang,CHEN Jian-hao,XIAO Zi-fan,et al.Research Progress in Rare Earth Ion-doped Microcavity Lasers[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2022,43(11):1663-1677. DOI： 10.37188/CJL.20220161.
Research Progress in Rare Earth Ion-doped Microcavity Lasers Enhanced Publication
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},
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"data": "成功制备出世界上第一台红宝石固态激光器，从此激光技术得到了突飞猛进的发展，至今已于日常生活中无所不在。在高灵敏度传感"
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "、光纤通信"
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"name": "text",
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"name": "text",
"data": "、高密度信息储存"
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"name": "text",
"data": "、集成光路"
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"data": "等新兴行业对优质小型化光源的需求驱动下，微纳激光器因其小至微米甚至纳米级别的尺寸、较好的单色性及较高的光束输出质量等优点，得到了广泛关注。近二十年来，用于制备微纳激光器的增益材料多种多样，例如有无机半导体"
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"name": "text",
"data": "、有机高分子染料"
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"text": "12-13",
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{
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"data": "、有机/无机量子点"
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"data": "等。在众多的增益材料中，以稀土离子为激活离子的激光工作物质具有非常重要的地位。稀土离子具有未填满可屏蔽外界干扰的4f-4f电子组态，电子能级丰富、发光稳定，这种特殊的电子层结构使其可覆盖紫外到近中红外的发光波长，并且荧光寿命范围广（从纳秒到毫秒量级），满足多种模式的电子跃迁从而实现多种多样的辐射吸收和发射，较易实现粒子数反转，进而允许灵活多样的能量泵浦方式，是一种性能优异的增益离子。在涌现的稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器中，出现了许多设计巧妙的新型稀土离子掺杂激光增益材料，如“核壳结构”的上转换纳米颗粒（Up-conversion nanoparticles，UCNPs）"
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"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "18",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R18",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "18"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R16",
"R17",
"R18"
],
"text": "16-18",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、纳米晶复合玻璃"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "19",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R19",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "19"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "20",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R20",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "20"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R19",
"R20"
],
"text": "19-20",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、自组装材料（Self-assembling）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "21",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R21",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "21"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "22",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R22",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "22"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R21",
"R22"
],
"text": "21-22",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "等。与此同时，各种光学谐振腔也已运用到稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器的制备中，包括但不限于法布里-珀罗（Fabry-perot,F-P）微腔"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "23",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R23",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "23"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、回音壁模式（Whispering-gallery-mode,WGM）微腔"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "12",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R12",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "12"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "13",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R13",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "13"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R12",
"R13"
],
"text": "12-13",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "19",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R19",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "19"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "20",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R20",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "20"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R19",
"R20"
],
"text": "19-20",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ","
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "24",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R24",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "24"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、分布反馈式（Distributed feedback,DFB）微腔"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "25",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R25",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "25"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "27",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R27",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "27"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R25",
"R26",
"R27"
],
"text": "25-27",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、分布式布拉格反射镜（Distributed Bragg reflectors,DBR）微腔"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "25",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R25",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "25"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ", "
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "28",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R28",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "28"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、等离子激元微腔（Plasmonic microcavities）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "29",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R29",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "29"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "30",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R30",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "30"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R29",
"R30"
],
"text": "29-30",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "、随机激光器（Random lasers）"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "31",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R31",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "31"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "32",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R32",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "32"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R31",
"R32"
],
"text": "31-32",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。基于激光增益材料的发光特性及光学谐振腔的谐振参数，考虑光泵浦的策略及出射的激光波长，稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器大体可分为“长波泵、短波出”的上转换激光器及“短波泵、长波出”的下转换激光器。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "本文将从微纳激光器的基本组成出发，简要介绍新型稀土离子掺杂激光增益微纳材料的设计与制备，以及微纳光学谐振腔的基本原理；然后综述近期出现的具有代表性的稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器，讨论其制备工艺及激光性能。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2 稀土离子掺杂激光增益微纳材料"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s2"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "传统的稀土离子掺杂激光增益介质早已在激光行业应用广泛，如大块的稀土掺杂增益玻璃、单晶、陶瓷等，这些材料虽然能够满足正常激光器的使用需求，但当激光器往小型化发展，低增益系数、大工作尺寸的特征导致其无法很好地满足微纳激光器的使用要求。随着纳米科技的发展，近年来涌现出了众多设计巧妙的稀土离子掺杂激光增益微纳材料，其远超传统材料的增益系数使得激光器能在一个微米甚至纳米级别的工作区域内获得极高的光增益，这大大提高了激光效率，同时也促进了稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器的发展"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。以光泵浦策略分类，稀土离子掺杂激光增益介质可分为上转换增益材料及下转换增益材料。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "稀土离子的上转换发光是反斯托克斯（Anti-Stokes）过程，是指当采用波长较长的激发光照射掺杂稀土离子的样品时发射出波长小于激发光波长的光的现象。1959年，Bloembergen等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "34",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R34",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "34"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "提出的激发态吸收（Excited state absorption, ESA）是上转换发光的最基本过程，稀土发光中心从基态G能级通过连续的多光子吸收到达能量高、寿命短的激发态能级E"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，电子在该能级通过非辐射弛豫的方式到达能量较低但寿命更长的能级E"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，最终电子从E"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "跃迁到基态G，发生辐射跃迁，产生上转换发光。如果能级E"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "上的粒子数累积得足够多，形成粒子数反转，就可以实现上转换激光发射，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图1",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F1",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图1"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）所示。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F1",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "稀土离子掺杂激光增益介质上转换泵浦（a）和下转换泵浦（b）原理图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "［"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.1"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagrams of up-conversion pump（a） and down-conversion pump（b） for rare earth ion doped laser gain media"
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
"graphics": [
{
"print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37598676&type=",
"small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=37598688&type=",
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},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "稀土离子的下转换发光常常被应用于近红外或中红外的激光输出，其主要过程是位于基态G的电子经光源的泵浦跃迁至上能级E"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，因E"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "激发态寿命短，电子会快速地通过非辐射跃迁的方式到达稳定的能级E"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，使得电子在该能级集居形成粒子数反转，实现下转换的激光发射，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图1",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F1",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图1"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）所示。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.1 稀土离子掺杂纳米晶"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s2a"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "近年来，通过湿化学法即可批量合成出的全氟化物稀土离子掺杂纳米晶，因其对掺杂离子浓度的精准调控及优异的发光特性，得到了研究者们的广泛关注。2005年，Yan等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "35",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R35",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "35"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "制备出了Yb"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "共掺的YF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶，并成功实现了三光子激发的上转换蓝光。随后，Yi"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "36",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R36",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "36"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和Wang"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "37",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R37",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "37"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "等报道了核壳结构对稀土离子掺杂纳米晶发光效率的增强效应。Chen等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "合成出具有三层结构的NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "@NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Tm@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）），通过无源的内外两层NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "结构限制中间层的能量迁移，并控制中间层厚度调控中间层能量传递的路径（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）），成功实现了高效率的紫外上转换发光（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c））。2017年，Zhong等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "38",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R38",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "38"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "成功制备出具有核壳结构的NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er/Ce@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶并实现对上转换发光/下转换发光的调控。通过掺入Ce"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "调控Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Ce"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "间能量的传递，减少电子在"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "I"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11/2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "能级的集居，从而抑制了双光子吸收的过程，增加了电子从"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "I"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "13/2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "向"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "I"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "15/2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的跃迁，使下转换效率提高了约9倍，实现了高强度的1 550 nm发光，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图2",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F2",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（d）~（f）。稀土离子掺杂纳米晶通过上转换或者下转换的泵浦策略已经实现了紫外到中红外波段的高强度发光"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "39",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R39",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "39"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "40",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R40",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "40"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R39",
"R40"
],
"text": "39-40",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。虽然全氟化物稀土离子掺杂纳米晶的发光性能十分优异，但其在大气环境下的稳定性欠佳，长时间暴露在空气中会严重影响发光性能，限制了其进一步的应用。为增加纳米晶的稳定性，纳米晶一般会与其他化学稳定性较好的基质材料进行复合，利用基质材料隔绝大气，最大程度地保护纳米晶使其能够长时间的稳定工作。"
}
]
},
{
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"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "@NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Tm@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶的结构示意图（a）、层间能量传递示意图（b）及紫外上转换荧光光谱（c）；（d）NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er/Ce@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶的结构示意图、TEM、HRTEM照片；（e）1 550 nm下转换发光光谱；（f）Yb"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Ce"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "间能量传递示意图。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.2"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "structure diagram（a）， interlayer energy transfer diagram（b） and ultraviolet up-conversion fluorescence spectrum（c） of NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "@NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Tm@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " nanocrystals. （d）Structure diagram， TEM， HRTEM image of NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er/Ce@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " nanocrystalline. （e）Down-conversion luminescence spectra at 1 550 nm. （f）Energy transfer diagram between Yb"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Ce"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". "
}
]
}
],
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"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "2.2 稀土离子掺杂纳米晶复合玻璃"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s2b"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "湿化学法合成出的稀土离子掺杂纳米晶通常会选用高分子聚合物材料进行复合并制备成型"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "17",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R17",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "17"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R16",
"R17"
],
"text": "16-17",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，但高分子聚合物的热稳定性固有劣势使其难以工作在高功率环境下。受微晶玻璃的启发，化学稳定性良好、力学性能优异、耐高温的玻璃基质能够给予被包覆于内部的晶体材料充分的保护，通过合理的组分与热力学过程调控，纳米晶复合玻璃已经可以在很多玻璃体系中析出各种理想的纳米晶组分"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "4",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ", "
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "41",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R41",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "41"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "44",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R44",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "44"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R41",
"R42",
"R43",
"R44"
],
"text": "41-44",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，并实现高强度的发光。2016年，Xu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "32",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R32",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "32"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过热处理在玻璃中析出Yb/Er∶Ba"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "LaF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "7"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶，利用声子辅助的方法完成"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "H"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11/2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "S"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3/2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "能级粒子数的调控，成功实现了523 nm/540 nm的发光强度控制，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图3",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）~（d）。2018年，Li等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R45",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "45"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "通过调控玻璃中Na"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的浓度，实现了对析出NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "晶型的控制，成功地在透明微晶玻璃中析出纯Yb/Er∶β-NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶，相比常规析出的α-NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微晶玻璃样品，绿光上转换发光强度提高了近3倍，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图3",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F3",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（e）~（f）。"
}
]
},
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"data": {
"id": "F3",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Yb/Er∶Ba"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "LaF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "7"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微晶玻璃：（a）声子辅助发光调控示意图，（b）不同温度热处理后的XRD图谱，（c）HRTEM照片，（d）不同温度下声子辅助发光调控光谱；Yb/Er∶β-NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微晶玻璃：（e）自然光照射照片，（f）980 nm激光照射照片，（g）晶型转变XRD图谱，（h）980 nm激光激发的荧光光谱。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.3"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Phonon-assisted schematic diagram（a）， XRD patterns after heat treatment at different temperatures（b）， HRTEM images（c） and phonon-assisted luminescence control spectra at different temperatures（d） of Yb/Er∶Ba"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "LaF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "7"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " glass ceramics. Natural light photograph（e）， 980 nm laser irradiation photograph（f）， XRD pattern of crystal transition（g） and 980 nm laser excitation fluorescence spectra（h） of Yb/Er∶β-NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " glass ceramics."
}
]
}
],
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2.3 稀土离子掺杂无定形Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜"
}
],
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}
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Al"
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{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "被认为是稀土离子的优良载体和有源集成光学应用的前景材料。Al"
},
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "具有足够大的折射率，可以实现高度紧凑的集成光学器件，并具有高透明度，这是实现低损耗光波导的先决条件。通过射频反应溅射沉积稀土离子掺杂无定形Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在Si衬底上，可以形成不均匀度低及粗糙度低的微纳级别薄膜，使之与标准Si工艺兼容，过程如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）所示。2007年，Bradley等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "46",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R46",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "46"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "就已成功制备出低损耗的Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜波导，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）所示。并于三年后成功地在SiO"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "/Si基底上制备出Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜环形波导微纳激光器"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "47",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R47",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "47"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。随着高折射率Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "波导的发现，稀土离子掺杂的Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜可以不用在微纳激光器中直接作为波导结构，而是可以沉积在Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "波导表面成为增益介质，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 4",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F4",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 4"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c）所示"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "48",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R48",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "48"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，这使得制备工艺更加兼容芯片制造流程，大大促进了基于Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "波导结构的微纳激光器的发展。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F4",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）射频反应溅射沉积系统示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "［"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "48",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R48",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "48"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "；（b）Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜波导SEM照片；（c）基于Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "波导结构的表面沉积稀土离子掺杂Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜示意图。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.4"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）Schematic diagram of radio-frequency reactive sputtering deposition system. （b）SEM images of Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " thin film waveguide. （c）Schematic diagram of surface deposition of rare earth ion doped Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " film based on Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " waveguide structure."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
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},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3 微纳光学谐振腔"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s3"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "光学谐振腔是激光器的重要组成部分，它能够将光限制在腔体内循环传播，从而增强光与物质的相互作用，为光波提供正反馈。针对集成光路的需求，近年来越来越多的新型光学微腔被报道，实现了在微米甚至纳米级别尺度对光进行限制。与此同时，这些微腔也被研究者们用于稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器的制备，对其进行归纳可以主要分为以下几类：法布里-珀罗（Fabry-perot, F-P）微腔、回音壁模式（Whispering-gallery-mode, WGM）微腔、分布反馈式（Distributed feedback, DFB）微腔、分布式布拉格反射镜（Distributed Bragg reflectors, DBR）微腔、等离子激元微腔（Plasmonic microcavities）、随机激光器（Random lasers）等。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "F-P腔是最早被提出的激光谐振腔，它是由两块平行的高反射平面镜组成，光在两面平面镜间不断来回反射形成驻波从而达到对光的限制。当其应用于微纳激光器时，通常是利用纳米棒状结构两端的平面作为反射面，在轴向形成驻波完成谐振"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "49",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R49",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "49"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "50",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R50",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "50"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R49",
"R50"
],
"text": "49-50",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F5",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "光学微腔结构示意图"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "［"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.5"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Schematic diagram of optical microcavity structure"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "［"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "］"
}
]
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
"graphics": [
{
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}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "WGM微腔起源于声学的回音壁模式，人们发现声波可以在环形建筑表面进行低损耗的循环传播"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "51",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R51",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "51"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，随后Richtmyer"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "52",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R52",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "52"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的研究证明，回音壁模式可以支持光波的谐振。WGM微腔的基本原理是当入射光波所在截面的光程为光波的整数倍时，腔内会发生共振现象使光场强度增大，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）所示。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "DFB及DBR微腔的基本原理都是利用周期性变化的衍射结构对特定波长的光提供高效率的光学反馈。其中DFB微腔是通过制备出折射率周期性变化的衍射光栅来实现光反馈"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "53",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R53",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "53"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c）所示。而DBR微腔则是采用两面四分之一波长高/低折射率层交替叠加的分布式布拉格反射镜，将光波限制在两面衍射反射镜之间"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "54",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R54",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "54"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（d）所示。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "当光波与金属中自由电子耦合共振时，表面等离激元会使电磁波转化为沿金属与介质界面传播的电子密度波，其在传播方向上具有更短的波长，从而可以将光波束缚在几十纳米的空间内突破衍射极限"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "55",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R55",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "55"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（e）所示。基于金属纳米结构制备的等离激元微腔正是利用这一现象，极大地克服了衍射极限对于光路的影响，使其达到更高的集成度。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "不同于其他微腔激光，随机激光的产生不需要专门设计的光学谐振腔，而是利用介质中随机分布的散射体实现对光的限制，使光波在被散射的过程中形成局域的随机谐振回路，从而产生不相干、无方向性、高强度随机激光输出，如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图5",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F5",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图5"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（f）所示。"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4 稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s4"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "早在20世纪90年代，Sandoghdar等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "56",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R56",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "56"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "用石英玻璃制备出了直径约为50 μm的Nd"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂玻璃微球腔，实现了1 065～1 090 nm波段的多模回音壁模式微纳激光输出。随后，一系列不同稀土离子掺杂的微米级激光器被报道"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "59",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R59",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "59"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R57",
"R58",
"R59"
],
"text": "57-59",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。2001年，Lissillour等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "59",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R59",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "59"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "实现了Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂的氟化物玻璃微球WGM激光输出。当适当调整锥光纤直径使其传播常数与微球谐振模的传播常数相匹配时，在1.56 μm处观察到多模激光效应。2005年，Wu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "57",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R57",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "57"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " 通过单次激光抽运，在Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂的碲酸盐玻璃微球中利用Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "能量的交叉弛豫，同时实现了1.5 μm波段和1.9波段的连续激光。但受限于材料的性能，当时的稀土离子掺杂激光器普遍存在低输出功率及低泵浦效率的缺点。得益于各种设计巧妙的新型稀土离子掺杂激光增益介质的出现，及各式光学微腔的深入研究，稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器近些年来得到了迅猛的发展。下面将挑选近年来具有代表性的稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器进行简单的介绍。"
}
]
},
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{
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"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4.1 基于稀土掺杂纳米晶的微纳激光器"
}
],
"level": "2",
"id": "s4a"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2013年，Zhu等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "17",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R17",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "17"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用核壳结构的NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Yb/Er@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶作为增益介质，运用80 μm的WGM微瓶腔在980 nm纳秒激光的泵浦下首次实现了基于稀土离子掺杂纳米晶的多色上转换激光输出。核壳结构的设计减少了“活性核”的表面缺陷，从而降低了表面猝灭效应，大大提高了纳米晶的发光效率（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a））。他们使用硅树脂与纳米晶混合，并将混合物滴涂在裸光纤上，利用树脂的表面张力即可自发形成微瓶腔（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c）插图）。考虑到高强度泵浦下树脂及纳米晶容易受到光热损伤，他们还专门设计了三脉冲泵浦系统，将高能量的980 nm纳秒单脉冲分成三束具有一定时间延迟的纳秒脉冲对微瓶腔进行泵浦，在保证足够泵浦强度的同时最大程度地减轻对腔体及纳米晶的损伤（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " （b））。最终，在高光学增益的纳米晶及精巧的泵浦策略的结合下，该核壳结构NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Yb/Er@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶回音壁模式微瓶腔成功地在红绿蓝三个波段同时实现了上转换多模激光输出（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c））。该课题组随后采用相似的策略进行结构升级，采用具有三层结构的NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "@NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Tm/Gd@NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶制备出了微瓶腔，并优化 泵浦策略将三脉冲泵浦扩充到五脉冲泵浦（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图 6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图 6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（d）），最终在直径为20 μm的微瓶腔中实现了310 nm的单模激光输出，成功地将纳米晶的上转换发光扩展到紫外波段（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图6",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F6",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（e））"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "16",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R16",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "16"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。使用超快脉冲激光作为泵浦源才能实现激光输出的微纳激光器在实际应用方面会受到一定的限制，如果使用更为常见的连续激光作为泵浦源即可实现激光输出将拓展其应用范围。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F6",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图6"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）核壳结构NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Yb/Er @ NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶发光光谱及其结构示意图；（b）三脉冲泵浦系统示意图；（c）核壳结构NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Yb/Er @ NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶回音壁模式微瓶腔可见波段上转换激光光谱，插图为微瓶腔显微照片；（d）五脉冲泵浦系统示意图；（e）NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "@NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Tm/Gd @NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶回音壁模式微瓶腔紫外单模激光光谱。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.6"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）The luminescence spectra and structure of core-shell NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Yb/Er @ NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " nanocrystals. （b）Schematic diagram of the three-pulse pumping system. （c）Up-conversion laser spectra of core-shell NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Yb/Er @ NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " nanocrystals WGM microbottle cavity in visible band， illustrated with microbottle cavity microphotograph. （d）Schematic diagram of five-pulse pumping system. （e）UV single mode laser spectrum of NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "@NaYbF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Tm/Gd @NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " nanocrystals WGM microbottle cavity."
}
]
}
],
"subcaption": [],
"note": [],
"graphics": [
{
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{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2018年，Fernandez-Bravo等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "60",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R60",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "60"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用1 064 nm连续激光泵浦NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Gd/Tm@NaGdF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "涂覆的5 μm聚苯乙烯微球腔（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）），首次实现了连续光泵浦的基于稀土离子掺杂纳米晶的蓝光450 nm及近红外807 nm的上转换激光输出（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b））。他们利用Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "间的交叉弛豫特性设计出1 064 nm的能量回路泵浦策略，大大提高了泵浦效率，有效降低了激光阈值（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c））。同时选择位于生物透射第二红外窗口（光被生物组织吸收及散射最少）的1 064 nm激光作为泵浦源，使其在生物组织内的传感及照明成为可能。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "fig",
"data": {
"id": "F7",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
],
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{
"name": "text",
"data": "NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Gd/Tm@NaGdF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "涂覆聚苯乙烯微球腔结构示意图（a）及其模拟近红外光谱和实际近红外光谱（b）；（c）Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的能量回路泵浦策略示意图；（d）纳米晶可控聚集技术示意图及纳米晶涂覆微球后的SEM照片；（e）Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "交叉弛豫过程示意图；（f）随功率改变的上转换激光光谱；（g）单颗粒纳米晶附着在微球表面的宽视场图像；（h）随功率变化的单颗粒纳米晶附着微球的上转换激光光谱。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.7"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）Structure diagram of NaYF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Gd/Tm@NaGdF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " coated polystyrene microsphere cavity. （b）Its simulated and actual NIR spectra. （c）Schematic diagram of energy loop pumping strategy of Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ". （d）Schematic diagram of nanocrystalline controlled assembly technology and SEM image of nanocrystalline coated microspheres. （e）Schematic diagram of Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " cross relaxation process. （f）Up-conversion laser spectra with varying power. （g）Wide-field images of single particle nanocrystal attached to the surface of microspheres. （h）Up-conversion laser spectra of single-particle nanocrystalline attached microspheres with varying power."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "2020年，Liu等"
},
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"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
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"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "18",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R18",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "18"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "改进纳米晶涂覆工艺设计出可控聚集技术，利用聚苯乙烯在极性不同的溶液中的溶胀和收缩特性，将聚苯乙烯微球置于含有油酸改性纳米晶的丁醇氯仿混合溶液中使其溶胀，并因范德华力吸附纳米晶；然后将其转移至乙醇溶液中，此时微球将会收缩从而将纳米晶均匀且牢固地固定在表面（"
},
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"text": "图7",
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
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]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（d））。得益于改进的纳米晶涂覆工艺，大大降低了微球腔因表面粗糙度引起的散射损耗（涂覆效果如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（d）右下图），从而可以得到在连续光泵浦下低至（1.7±0.7）kW/cm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的激光阈值。随后，Shang等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "61",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R61",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "61"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用类似的纳米晶可控聚集技术，利用高浓度掺杂Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "基态与激发态的交叉弛豫过程使大量电子集居在中间能级"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "H"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "形成粒子数反转（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（e）），最终在980 nm连续激光泵浦下，于直径为5 μm的Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂纳米晶涂覆聚苯乙烯微球中实现了150 W/cm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "的极低阈值上转换激光输出（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图7",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图7"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（f））"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "33",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R33",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "33"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "。另外，他们甚至还成功地在单颗粒纳米晶附着的聚苯乙烯微球中实现了激光线宽0.45 nm的上转换激光输出（"
},
{
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"data": {
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"type": "fig",
"rid": "F7",
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{
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"data": "图7"
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]
}
},
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"data": "（g）~（h））。"
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"title": [
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"data": "4.2 基于稀土掺杂纳米晶复合玻璃的微纳激光器"
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"data": "稀土离子掺杂纳米晶复合玻璃是一种晶体与玻璃的复合材料，玻璃基质中镶嵌的纳米晶可以通过调控热处理温度、引入成核剂等技术手段控制其分布情况及颗粒大小。"
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"data": [
{
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"data": "玻璃中随机分布的纳米晶对光进行散射后可以形成随机的闭环光路，这与随机激光的设计理念不谋而合。2015年，Xu等"
},
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"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "31",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R31",
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"data": "31"
}
]
}
},
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"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "使用1 179 nm的飞秒激光作为泵浦源，在Ag纳米颗粒镶嵌的Eu"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "掺杂硼酸盐微晶玻璃薄片中首次发现了612 nm波段的随机激光输出（"
},
{
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"data": {
"text": "图8",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F8",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图8"
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]
}
},
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"data": "（a））。随后，他们更进一步利用热处理析晶的方法制备了Yb/Er∶Ba"
},
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"name": "sub",
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{
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"data": "2"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "LaF"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
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"data": "7"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶复合玻璃，仅通过玻璃内的纳米晶作为散射体形成随机的光回路而无需引入额外的散射体。最终在980 nm纳秒激光的泵浦下，通过纳米晶复合玻璃薄片上刻蚀出的脊形波导管集中能量，分别实现了523 nm和540 nm的随机激光输出"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "32",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R32",
"data": [
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"data": "32"
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]
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},
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}
]
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"data": "，如"
},
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"type": "fig",
"rid": "F8",
"data": [
{
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"data": "图8"
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]
}
},
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"data": "（b）。2018年，Li等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "45",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R45",
"data": [
{
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"data": "45"
}
]
}
},
{
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}
]
},
{
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"data": "鉴于Yb/Er掺杂的六方β-Na"
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"data": "Ln"
}
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{
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"data": "F"
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{
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"data": [
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"data": "Ln"
}
]
},
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"data": " = Gd, Y, Lu）是最高效的绿光上转换材料之一，探究了铝硅酸盐氟氧化物微晶玻璃中的Na"
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "+"
}
]
},
{
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"data": "含量及Al/Si比例对全系β-Na"
},
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"data": [
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}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "F"
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{
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"data": [
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"data": "Ln"
}
]
},
{
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"data": " = La~Lu ）析晶的影响，并成功地在玻璃中析出了纯相β-NaYF"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，最终在980 nm纳秒激光泵浦下实现了绿光上转换随机激光输出，如"
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"type": "fig",
"rid": "F8",
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"title": [
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"data": "（a）不同泵浦功率下的Ag纳米颗粒镶嵌Eu"
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{
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}
]
},
{
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"data": "掺杂硼酸盐微晶玻璃薄片随机激光光谱；（b）不同泵浦功率下的Yb/Er∶Ba"
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{
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"data": "LaF"
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{
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"data": "7"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶复合玻璃随机激光光谱，插图为脊形波导管结构示意图；（c）～（d）Yb/Er∶β-NaYF"
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"data": "4"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶复合玻璃不同泵浦功率下的随机激光光谱（绿色实线为低于阈值时的荧光光谱）及泵浦功率与输出随机激光强度的关系曲线。"
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"label": [
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"title": [
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"data": " doped borate glass ceramics with Ag nanoparticles embedded at different pumping powers. （b）Yb/Er∶Ba"
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"data": " glass ceramics random laser spectra at different pumping powers， the inset is the structure diagram of ridged waveguide. （c）-（d）Random laser spectra（the solid green line is the fluorescence spectrum below the threshold） and the relation curve between pump power and output random laser intensity of Yb/Er∶β-NaYF"
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"data": "与形成随机激光的构想相反，如果减少基于纳米晶复合玻璃谐振腔的散射损耗，以此最大程度地发挥玻璃内稀土离子掺杂纳米晶的优异发光性能，那么将能实现高质量的微纳激光输出。2019年，Ouyang等"
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"data": "首次报道了基于氟氧化物微晶玻璃体系的Er"
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"data": "纳米晶复合玻璃回音壁模式微球腔激光。根据瑞利散射模型的推导结果可得材料的透过率公式："
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"data": "（b））。然后他们基于块状样品的处理参数制备出回音壁模式微球腔，并使用锥形光纤进行耦合（"
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}
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"data": "（c）），在980 nm连续光泵浦下实现了阈值低至350 μW的激光输出（"
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"data": "（d））。随后，2020年，Kang等"
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"data": "["
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"data": {
"text": "19",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R19",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "19"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在更低声子能量的碲酸盐玻璃基质中析出了Tm"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Bi"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Te"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶，成功用其制备出微球腔，实现了~2 µm的激光输出，并使Tm"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Bi"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Te"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "11"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "纳米晶复合玻璃微球腔的激光斜率效率比前驱体玻璃微球腔提高了5倍以上（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图9",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F9",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图9"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " （e）~（f））。相对于稀土离子掺杂玻璃微球腔，纳米晶复合玻璃微球腔虽然会因为纳米晶的析出导致散射损耗增加，但也会因为纳米晶的析出大大增强其发光强度。在适当控制纳米晶复合玻璃透明度的情况下，纳米晶复合玻璃微球腔内的净增益会比稀土离子掺杂玻璃微球腔高出许多，从而使净增益比常见的稀土掺杂玻璃体系高出许多，有效降低了阈值。"
}
]
},
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"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）不同折射率差下纳米晶粒径尺寸与理论透过率的关系；（b）未掺杂的前驱体玻璃和不同温度热处理的纳米晶复合玻璃的透过光谱，插图为前驱体玻璃及纳米晶复合玻璃的照片；（c）纳米晶复合玻璃微球腔激光示意图；（d）前驱体及不同温度热处理后的微球腔输出激光的斜率效率，插图为激光阈值、斜率效率与微腔热处理温度关系图；（e）前驱体及不同温度热处理后的微球腔的激光输出；（f）不同热处理温度微球腔的泵浦功率与激光输出功率关系图。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.9"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）The relationship between the theoretical transmissibility and the size of nanocrystalline under different refractive index differences. （b）Transmittance spectra of undoped precursor glass and nanocrystals-in-glass composite（NGC） heat treated at 450-470 ℃ for 10 h. The inset shows the images of precursor glass and NGC. （c）Schematic demonstration of lasing in NGC microsphere cavities. （d）The slope efficiency of laser output from the precursor and microsphere cavity after heat treatment at different temperatures. The inset is the relation diagram of laser threshold， slope efficiency and microcavity heat treatment temperature. （e）Laser spectra of precursors and microsphere cavities treated at different temperatures. （f）The slope efficiency of laser output from the precursor and microsphere cavity after heat treatment at different temperatures."
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]
}
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"title": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "4.3 基于稀土掺杂无定形Al"
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
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]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜的微纳激光器"
}
],
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}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "随着高速、大带宽光通信对芯片器件应用需求的不断增加，集成在单片芯片上的微纳激光器由于具有高集成度、低成本、超窄线宽、多波长等性能而得到广泛的研究，其中与芯片制备最为匹配的硅基光源最具实用意义。然而，硅基光子激光器面临着间接带隙和低量子效率的挑战。近期出现的基于稀土掺杂无定形Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜与Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微结构的微纳激光器，较好地解决了硅基芯片微纳激光器效率低、阈值高、激光斜率效率小的缺点，在众多的稀土掺杂波导激光器中脱颖而出。"
}
]
},
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"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "在早期的设计中，稀土掺杂无定形Al"
},
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"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜与Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微结构的结合是在单个DFB或DBR微腔中实现的"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "26",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R26",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "26"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ", "
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "28",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R28",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "28"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，基本都是叠层结构（如"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a））。但基于该结构的微纳激光器由于较短的腔长及激光模式会严重泄露出腔层，所以阈值普遍较高。随着光刻技术的发展，腔长更长、结构更精细的DFB和DBR微腔已经可以实现，如四分之一波相位偏移（Quarter-wave phase shifted, QPS）或分布式相移（Distributed phase shift, DPS）结构"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "blockXref",
"data": {
"data": [
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "62",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R62",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "62"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "-"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "63",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R63",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "63"
}
]
}
}
],
"rid": [
"R62",
"R63"
],
"text": "62-63",
"type": "bibr"
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "，这些设计已被用于制备具有更窄线宽、更低激光阈值和更高激光斜率效率的高性能Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "RE"
}
]
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微纳激光器。2017年，Purnawirman等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "63",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R63",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "63"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "分别制备出基于Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜的不同相移的QPS-DFB微腔及DPS-DFB微腔（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（b）~（d））。在QPS-DFB微腔中，腔中心会形成一个离散的四分之一相移，并在布拉格波长处形成尖锐的频率共振，移相区周围集中的强电场会限制激光器的性能。而DPS-DFB微腔内的相移连续分布在更宽的区域，从而改善了场分布的均匀性，增加了有效增益段的长度。最终在QPS-DFB微腔中，获得了在Er增益光谱C波段和L波段（1 536,1 566，1 596 nm）的最大输出功率，分别为0.41，0.76，0.47 mW。而DPS-DFB微腔中，在发射波长为1 565 nm时，最大输出功率（5.43 mW）提高了一个数量级，侧模抑制比（SMSR）"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": ">"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " 59.4 dB（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（c）~（e））。"
}
]
},
{
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"data": {
"id": "F10",
"caption": [
{
"lang": "zh",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）叠层结构的横断面示意图；（b）DPS-DFB微腔结构示意图；（c）Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " DPS-DFB激光器的激光光谱；（d）QPS-DFB微腔结构示意图；（e）Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " QPS-DFB激光器的激光光谱；（f）结构示意图，包括DFB激光器级联Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微环；（g）～（h）在不同温度下，DFB输出和微环端口的光谱。"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "en",
"label": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Fig.10"
}
],
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（a）Cross-sectional diagram of the laminated structure. （b）Schematic diagram of DPS-DFB microcavity structure. （c）Laser spectrum of Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " DPS-DFB laser. （d）Schematic diagram of QPS-DFB microcavity structure. （e）Laser spectrum of Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " QPS-DFB laser. （f）Sketch of the system， including DFB laser cascaded with Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " microrings. （g）-（h）Optical spectra of the DFB output and microring port， at different temperatures."
}
]
}
],
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"note": [],
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"data": [
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"data": "经过巧妙的设计，功能化的Si"
},
{
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"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "基微元件已被用于新兴的微系统中，并与Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "波导微纳激光器共集成。Li等"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "["
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "64",
"type": "bibr",
"rid": "R64",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "64"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "]"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "报道了一种集成了功能化Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
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"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微环滤波器的热同步Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "∶Er"
},
{
"name": "sup",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3+"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜QPS-DFB微纳激光器（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（f））。由于Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "和Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "具有低热光学系数，同时激光和微环具有相近的有效折射率热偏移，激光和滤波器的共振波长能在较宽的温度范围内实现同步。该集成微纳器件可以在没有温度控制的情况下使微环滤波器对准QPS-DFB激光器输出，同步波长偏移为0.02 nm/℃（"
},
{
"name": "xref",
"data": {
"text": "图10",
"type": "fig",
"rid": "F10",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "图10"
}
]
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "（g）~（h））。"
}
]
}
]
}
]
},
{
"name": "sec",
"data": [
{
"name": "sectitle",
"data": {
"title": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "5 总结及展望"
}
],
"level": "1",
"id": "s5"
}
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "本文简要介绍了新型稀土离子掺杂激光增益微纳材料的设计与制备，以及微纳光学谐振腔的基本原理，并分析和讨论了近年来基于不同材料的具有代表性的稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器。得益于性能优异的新型稀土离子掺杂激光增益微纳材料以及各种微纳光学谐振腔的应用，稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器已经可以在不同的设计方案下实现高质量的激光输出，上转换或下转换的泵浦策略使得泵浦光源的选择更为灵活，稀土离子丰富的能级使得输出的激光波段可从紫外覆盖到红外。鉴于这些优点，可以预想，稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器在新一代微纳尺度的光子学和光电子学领域（包括光通信、光探测器、激光传感器、生物医学、非线性光学、全光集成芯片和逻辑门等）将发挥至关重要的作用。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器虽然具备许多优点使其拥有巨大的应用前景，但现阶段依然存在着一些瓶颈与挑战。对于稀土掺杂纳米晶而言，其光致发光效率依旧偏低，尤其是上转换发光效率普遍"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "<"
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "10%。因此未来还需通过调整组分、优化纳米结构等手段来提高纳米晶的发光效率，以求实现更低阈值的微纳激光器。对于基于稀土离子掺杂纳米晶复合玻璃的微纳激光器，其激光输出波长仍有拓宽的空间，对于紫外和中红外波段的研究数量较少。同时，处理好纳米晶与玻璃基质间的匹配问题，克服散射损耗，从而制备出高"
},
{
"name": "italic",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "Q"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "值的微腔也将会是未来的探索重点。基于稀土掺杂无定形Al"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "2"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "O"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "薄膜与Si"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "3"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "N"
},
{
"name": "sub",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "4"
}
]
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": "微结构的微纳激光器在实际的生产过程中仍受到一些限制，需要对其制备工艺进行进一步优化，从而可用于未来各种真正集成的超小型化激光器。相信通过对稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器更加深入的研究，将有望显著拓展稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器的应用范围。"
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址："
}
]
},
{
"name": "p",
"data": [
{
"name": "extlink",
"data": {
"text": [
{
"name": "text",
"data": "http://cjl.lightpublishing."
}
],
"href": "http://cjl.lightpublishing."
}
},
{
"name": "text",
"data": " cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20220161."
}
]
}
]
}
],
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"title": "Athermal synchronization of laser source with WDM filter in a silicon photonics platform"
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"data": "刘红刚,陈健濠,肖子凡等.稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器研究进展[J].发光学报,2022,43(11):1663-1677."
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"text": "刘红刚,陈健濠,肖子凡等.稀土离子掺杂微纳激光器研究进展[J].发光学报,2022,43(11):1663-1677."
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"text": "LIU Hong-gang,CHEN Jian-hao,XIAO Zi-fan,et al.Research Progress in Rare Earth Ion-doped Microcavity Lasers[J].Chinese Journal of Luminescence,2022,43(11):1663-1677."
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