Research Progress of Active Layer and Electrode Layer of Translucent Perovskite Solar Cells Enhanced Publication

{ "defaultlang": "zh", "titlegroup": { "articletitle": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池活性层与电极层研究进展" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Research Progress of Active Layer and Electrode Layer of Translucent Perovskite Solar Cells" } ] } ] }, "contribgroup": { "author": [ { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "李", "givenname": "鹏", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "LI", "givenname": "Peng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff1", "text": "1" } ], "role": [ "first-author" ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "李鹏(1982-)，男，吉林长春人，硕士，讲师，2016年于吉林建筑大学获得硕士学位，主要从事钙钛矿光伏器件方向的研究。E-mail: 178072591@qq.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657367&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657369&type=", "big": 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jiang_wl@163.com", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "*E-mail: jiang_wl@163.com" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "姜文龙(1963-)，男，吉林公主岭人，博士，教授，2005年于吉林大学获得博士学位，主要从事有机电致发光器件的研究。E-mail: jiang_wl@163.com" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657373&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657375&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657377&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "姜文龙" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1963-)，男，吉林公主岭人，博士，教授，2005年于吉林大学获得博士学位，主要从事有机电致发光器件的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "jiang_wl@163.com" } ] ] } ], "email": "jiang_wl@163.com", "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "王", "givenname": "鹏", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "WANG", "givenname": "Peng", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff3", "text": "3" } ], "role": [], "deceased": false }, { "name": [ { "lang": "zh", "surname": "段", "givenname": "羽", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" }, { "lang": "en", "surname": "DUAN", "givenname": "Yu", "namestyle": "eastern", "prefix": "" } ], "stringName": [], "aff": [ { "rid": "aff2", "text": "2" } ], "role": [ "corresp" ], "corresp": [ { "rid": "cor2", "lang": "en", "text": "duanyu@jlu.edu.cn", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "duanyu@jlu.edu.cn" } ] } ], "bio": [ { "lang": "zh", "text": [ "段羽(1978-)，男，吉林长春人，博士，教授，2006年于吉林大学获得博士学位，主要从事柔性透明导电电极、光电子器件薄膜封装、钙钛矿/有机电致发光器件、钙钛矿光伏及照明以及水汽透过测试系统等方面的研究。E-mail: duanyu@jlu.edu.cn" ], "graphic": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657379&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657381&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657383&type=" } ], "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "段羽" }, { "name": "text", "data": "(1978-)，男，吉林长春人，博士，教授，2006年于吉林大学获得博士学位，主要从事柔性透明导电电极、光电子器件薄膜封装、钙钛矿/有机电致发光器件、钙钛矿光伏及照明以及水汽透过测试系统等方面的研究。E-mail: " }, { "name": "text", "data": "duanyu@jlu.edu.cn" } ] ] } ], "email": "duanyu@jlu.edu.cn", "deceased": false } ], "aff": [ { "id": "aff1", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "1", "text": "长春电子科技学院　电子工程学院，吉林　长春　130114", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "长春电子科技学院　电子工程学院，吉林　长春　130114" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "1", "text": "School of Electronic Engineering, Changchun College of Eletronic Technology, Changchun 130114, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "School of Electronic Engineering, Changchun College of Eletronic Technology, Changchun 130114, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff2", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "2", "text": "吉林大学电子科学与工程学院　集成光电子学国家重点联合实验室，吉林　长春　130012", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "吉林大学电子科学与工程学院　集成光电子学国家重点联合实验室，吉林　长春　130012" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "2", "text": "State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aff3", "intro": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": "3", "text": "空军航空大学，吉林　长春　130012", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "空军航空大学，吉林　长春　130012" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": "3", "text": "Aviation University Air Force, Changchun 130012, China", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Aviation University Air Force, Changchun 130012, China" } ] } ] } ] }, "abstracts": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池具备集采光及发电于一身的优点，在新能源汽车、建筑集成光伏系统等领域具有巨大的应用前景。光伏系统主要位于车顶或屋顶或开放区域，以实现最大程度地暴露在阳光下，半透明太阳能电池可以集成到车体或建筑物的侧面，达到最大限度地提高空间容量，扩大能源产量。但是，半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池如何在保证光电转换效率的同时具备良好的透光率，一直是科学界面临的难题，设计新型器件结构、开发吸光层和透明电极材料等问题亟待解决。本文围绕高性能、半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池总结了器件结构设计、材料选择和制备工艺方面最新的研究进展，并讨论了目前研究中所面临的问题和未来的发展方向。" } ] } ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Translucent perovskite solar cells have the advantages of integrating lighting and power generation, and have huge applications in the fields of new energy vehicles and building integrated photovoltaic systems. Photovoltaic systems are mainly located on the top or roof or area of the car to achieve maximum light in the sun. The translucent solar cells are integrated into the car body or space at a height that can nutritionally increase the capacity and increase energy production. How-ever, how to ensure the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the translucent solar cells and have a good light transmittance has always been a defect in the light transmission of the scientific community. The design of new device structures, light-absorbing layers and transparent coatings have yet to be resolved. In terms of structure design, material selection and preparation technology, the latest research progress is summarized, and the development direction of the current research and the future development direction are discussed." } ] } ] } ], "keyword": [ { "lang": "zh", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "半透明" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "活性层" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "透明电极" } ] ] }, { "lang": "en", "data": [ [ { "name": "text", "data": "semi-transparent" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "perovskite" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "active layer" } ], [ { "name": "text", "data": "transparent electrodes" } ] ] } ], "highlights": [], "body": [ { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "引言" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s1" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "随着人口的增长和全球工业化进程的发展，可持续能源的发展面临着严峻的挑战。太阳能是一种清洁和可持续能源，正在逐渐成为电力生产及石化燃料的替代品" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "1", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "3", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R1", "R2", "R3" ], "text": "1-3", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。根据《2020年国家统计局公报》数据显示：我国2020年年末全国发电装机容量220 058万千瓦，比上年末增长9.5%。其中，火电装机容量124 517万千瓦，增长4.7%；并网太阳能发电装机容量25 343万千瓦，增长24.1%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "4", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。从以上数据不难看出，目前阶段光伏发电是我国能源转型的主要方向之一，光伏技术正在成为一种有前途的可再生能源技术，用于发电和可持续能源。目前，商用太阳能电池中，晶体硅因具有高稳定性和高功率转换效率，在市场中占据主导地位" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "5", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。但是，晶体硅的低吸收系数、高成本和不透明度限制了其在未来能源中的应用。近几年，钙钛矿太阳能电池因具备优良的光电性能及简单的制备工艺和低成本等特点，受到了研究人员的广泛关注。目前由美国国家能源实验室认证的最高能量转换效率(Power conversion efficiency,PCE)从2009年的3.5%提高到了25.5%，该记录是由韩国的Min等在2021年创造的" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "6", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "6" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。因此，钙钛矿太阳能电池被认为是普通硅基太阳能电池的替代技术。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿太阳能电池可以制作成半透明结构(Semitransparent perovskite solar cells,ST-PSCs)，允许部分可见光通过，在汽车玻璃、建筑窗户和温室屋顶上表现出巨大的潜力" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "7", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "7" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "10", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "10" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R7", "R8", "R9", "R10" ], "text": "7-10", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，为建筑提供遮阳和清洁能源，在智能光伏建筑领域有很好的应用前景" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "11", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R11", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "11" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "14", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R14", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "14" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R11", "R12", "R13", "R14" ], "text": "11-14", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。另外，ST-PSCs覆盖在硅电池的表面组成了串联太阳能电池，可以在不增加大量成本的情况下，提高商业规模化生产的光伏电池效率，该类叠层光伏电池目前效率已经超过29%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "15", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R15", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "15" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "18", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R18", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "18" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R15", "R16", "R17", "R18" ], "text": "15-18", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。对于ST-PSCs来说，其活性层和电极必须保证一定的透光率。其中，透明的活性层通常采用降低钙钛矿薄膜的厚度或者在基片上实现不完全覆盖钙钛矿，从而留下一部分透明区域保持一定光透射的方法来实现" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "19", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R19", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "19" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R19", "R20", "R21", "R22" ], "text": "19-22", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。除了透明的活性层之外，透明电极也是必不可少的，用于ST-PSCs的理想透明电极应满足以下要求：在可见光和近红外区域具有优异的光学透过率、低电阻率、良好的化学稳定性以及与相邻层的兼容性。透明电极选用超薄金属电极是一种最简单容易实现的方法，但单个金属膜容易形成不连续的岛膜，导致导电率不理想。为了解决这一问题，研究人员探索了各种各样的透明电极来寻找替代的方法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "20", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R20", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "20" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "22", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R22", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "22" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R20", "R21", "R22" ], "text": "20-22", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，如透明导电氧化物、金属纳米线、透明导电聚合物、碳纳米管和石墨烯等。其中，铟锡氧化物(Indium tin oxide,ITO)和掺氟氧化锡(Fluorinated tin oxide,FTO)因其良好的透明度和导电性而被广泛用于透明底电极。 ITO或FTO底电极通常采用高温蚀刻的方法涂覆在玻璃表面，这种制备方式对活性层会产生一定的影响。因此，目前对于导电氧化物电极的研究主要集中在如何采用温和的制备方法，如在低温下的原子层沉积、或者在活性层和电极之间应用缓冲层" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "23", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R23", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "23" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "26", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R26", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "26" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R23", "R24", "R25", "R26" ], "text": "23-26", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。本综述就以上内容进行分析及详细讨论，对比了各种器件结构、透明电极的光电性能及制备工艺的优缺点，并进行了分类比较，对目前阶段的研究做出了系统性总结。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ST-PSCs活性层" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s2" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "钙钛矿太阳能电池的钙钛矿层具有优异的吸光特性，光吸收层的表现不仅影响整个器件的PCE，同时也对提高器件的平均可见光透过率(Average visible transmittance,AVT)起着重要的作用。制备ST-PSCs可以通过调整光吸收层的结构、厚度来调整PCE与透光率AVT之间的平衡关系。本节将从超薄吸收层、微结构吸收层和纳米结构吸收层三个方面进行分析。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "超薄钙钛矿光吸收层" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "当光吸收层的厚度小于光的穿透深度时，可透射一定的可见光，通过减小吸收层的厚度使光通过是一种行之有效的方法。为了实现超薄的光吸收层，可以通过降低溶液的浓度、再利用反溶剂的方法实现快速结晶来获得致密且均匀的超薄钙钛矿层。制备具有均匀小晶粒尺寸的钙钛矿能够有效减少光的散射并提高可见光透过率。2021年，广东工业大学Zhang等提出了一种简便的方法，使用低毒甲基吡咯烷酮(N-methyl pyrrolidone,NMP)作为前驱体溶剂，乙酸乙酯(Ethyl acetate,EA)/异丙醇(Isopropanol,IPA)溶液作为反溶剂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过限制晶体尺寸的生长来平衡薄膜厚度和透过率之间的关系。在不明显牺牲其厚度((206±3) nm)的情况下，提高了薄膜透过率(AVT约为30.7%)。相比使用二甲基亚砜(Dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)∶甲苯为抗溶剂的γ-丁内酯(GBL)，所制备的ST-PSCs具有更好的稳定性，并且由于NMP溶液无毒性，对环境更加友好且适用于卷对卷加工。但是，由于晶体尺寸较小的钙钛矿结构存在很多的体缺陷，导致器件稳定性较差。为了解决这个问题，他们还引入了一种双功能添加剂1-丙基-［4,4'-联吡啶］-1-碘化锂(BiPy-I)，以钝化钙钛矿中的反位缺陷和带正电缺陷，同时进一步提高薄膜的AVT(约为32.2%@(208±2) nm)。随后，制备的ST-PSCs在达到23%的AVT的同时，PCE达到了11.74%。且在室温条件下储存240 h后，器件保持约91%的初始效率。" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图1", "type": "fig", "rid": "F1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "显示了分别由NMP和DMSO∶GBL制备的钙钛矿薄膜透射光谱比较。使用DMSO:GBL制备的钙钛矿薄膜当厚度保持在(176±2) nm时，在380~800 nm波长范围内其AVT为26.5%。相比之下，使用NMP制备的薄膜厚度为(206±3) nm，其AVT值为30.7%。由此可以看出NMP溶液在ST-PSCs的制备上有巨大潜力。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)钙钛矿薄膜的透射光谱；(b)BiPy-I修饰/未修饰的半透明钙钛矿薄膜" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Optical transmittance spectra of the NiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/perovskite films on the quartz substrates. (b)Graphs of the semi-transparent NMP processed perovskite films with/without BiPy-I modification" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "27", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R27", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "27" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657385&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657388&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657387&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "实际操作上，采用溶液法制备高质量的半透明钙钛矿薄膜是相当困难的，特别是对于较薄(" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "200 nm)的钙钛矿层，因为它会产生许多针孔，很难实现完全的表面覆盖，因此会产生电流分路和较低的PCE。硫脲蒸汽被认为是一种“分子胶水”，有助于实现均匀、无针孔的钙钛矿薄膜，通过这种方法可以制备超薄且高质量的CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜。2016年，美国空军实验室Bag等引入了一种基于硫脲蒸气处理的表面钝化方法" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过在密闭的手套箱内使用原位生成的硫脲蒸气对glass/ITO/PEDOT∶PSS衬底进行处理，然后再通过旋涂法沉积CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "活性层。该方法可以在聚(3,4-乙二氧噻吩)∶聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT∶PSS)表面有效地生成厚度达110 nm的高质量CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜。研究人员通过扫描电子显微镜(Scan electronic microscrope,SEM)在不同厚度下，对未经过硫脲蒸气钝化和经过硫脲蒸气钝化的钙钛矿薄膜进行比对。当钙钛矿薄膜厚度" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "300 nm时，薄膜形貌没有明显的差异，在这两种情况下，钙钛矿薄膜都是完全覆盖，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(a)、(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(a)、(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。当钙钛矿薄膜厚度" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "200 nm时，未经硫脲蒸气钝化的薄膜形成许多针孔导致了表面覆盖不完整，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。通过硫脲蒸气钝化处理的薄膜显著减少了针孔的形成，提高了薄膜的整体质量，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图2(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F2", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，Bag等采用蒸发法制备具有透明银电极(10 nm)的倒置p-i-n型平面半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池，在400~800 nm光谱范围内测得其PCE为8.2%,AVT为34%。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F2", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)未经硫脲蒸气钝化的钙钛矿薄膜(厚度" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "300 nm);(b)经硫脲蒸气钝化的钙钛矿薄膜(厚度" }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "300 nm);(c)未经硫脲蒸气钝化的钙钛矿薄膜(厚度" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "200 nm);(d)经硫脲蒸气钝化的钙钛矿薄膜(厚度" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "200 nm)" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)The thickness of the perovskite film is " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "300 nm without thiourea vapor. (b)The thickness of the perovskite film is " }, { "name": "text", "data": ">" }, { "name": "text", "data": "300 nm with thiourea vapor. (c)The thickness of the perovskite film is " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "200 nm with out thiourea vapor. (d)The thickness of the perovskite film is " }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "200 nm with thiourea vapor" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "28", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R28", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "28" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657390&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657398&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657393&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "微结构钙钛矿光吸收层" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "虽然通过降低厚度的方法可以制备半透明光吸收层，但是想要制备均匀的无孔洞的超薄吸收层依然存在很多难点。相比之下，微结构钙钛矿薄膜更适用于ST-PSCs的应用。微结构钙钛矿吸收层结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过不完全的覆盖，可以使活性层中没有被钙钛矿覆盖的区域完全透明，提供光通过的路径，从而实现半透明。同时具有选择波长透光的优势，也可以通过控制吸收层来制备显示中性色的半透明太阳能电池，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这种结构可以用去湿法或微尺度模板制备。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F3", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)微结构吸收层；(b)中性色半透明钙钛矿电池；(c)微结构钙钛矿薄膜的SEM图像；(d)表面覆盖率对AVT的影响。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)The structure of absorbed layer. (b)Neutral color perovskite solar cells. (c)SEM image of microstructured perovskite film. (d)Effect of SEM image surface coverage on AVT of microstructured perovskite films." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657401&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657405&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657403&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2014年，牛津大学Eperon等首次引入微结构和中性色钙钛矿基半透明太阳能电池的概念，并利用去湿法制备岛状结构的钙钛矿层，其PCE达到3.5%,AVT达到30%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "29", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R29", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "29" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。钙钛矿形成的“岛”的厚度足以吸收所有可见光，而“湿”区(没有钙钛矿)则表现为透明。因此，整个器件为半透明。并且，采用微结构制备的薄膜整体光学显色是中性色，消除了钙钛矿薄膜的棕色显色问题。通过改变脱湿的程度，可以控制薄膜的透明度，从而制备透光率可调的半透明太阳能电池，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "为电子显微镜(SEM)下的半透明钙钛矿薄膜图像。为了获得较大的AVT，通过SEM图像对表面覆盖率进行分析整合，发现AVT与覆盖率呈现很好的线性关系，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图3(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F3", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图3(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。因此可以得出结论，通过控制表面的覆盖率可以实现对AVT的有效控制。2015年，Eperon等在后续的研究中发现，如果使用HC(NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "代替钙钛矿材料CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，将会产生更大的碘化铅晶格，从而将带隙1.57 eV减小到1.48 eV，能够提高PCE，并增加稳定性" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。其PCE提高到5.2%,AVT为28%，同时开路电压" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和电流密度" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "sc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "也有所提升，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图4", "type": "fig", "rid": "F4", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。另外，除了随机形成的半透明钙钛矿微结构外，还可以使用有序微结构工艺。采用旋涂法在微孔氧化结构上制备微结构钙钛矿层，通过氧化物前驱体溶液填充微球的缝隙，随后通过烧结薄膜去除聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene,PS)。2013年，Zhang等使用这种方法制备了有序大孔钙钛矿膜基半透明太阳能电池，在填充钙钛矿后去除PS层，器件PCE达到11.7%，活性层AVT为36.5%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "31", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R31", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "31" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F4", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和FAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "太阳能电池特性" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线；(b)MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和FAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "太阳能电池的外量子效率(EQE)光谱" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " characteristics of MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "and FAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " solar cells, measured under simulated 100 mW·cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "-2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " AM 1.5 illumination. (b)External quantum efficiency(EQE) spectra for representative MA and FAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " solar cells" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "30", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R30", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "30" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657407&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657411&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657408&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "纳米结构ST-PSCs" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s2c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "为了提高ST-PSCs器件的性能，可以在保证一定的透光率的前提下最大化提高PCE。实现这一概念的方法之一是在纳米尺度上构造半透明钙钛矿吸收层，通过一维结构增加电荷传输/萃取率，或通过混合钙钛矿吸收体和电荷传输材料，以提高电荷收集效率。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通过在钙钛矿中掺杂苯基-c61-丁酸甲酯(PCBM),PCBM渗透到钙钛矿的晶粒边界，在晶界处形成了钙钛矿-PCBM杂化材料，能够促进电荷的萃取。2016年，中国香港科技大学Xiao等报道了一种分级双支架结构" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，该支架由介孔无机(TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")层和渗透PCBM组成贯穿钙钛矿层，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图5", "type": "fig", "rid": "F5", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。软质PCBM支架与钙钛矿晶体形成了紧密的界面，能有效地实现电荷分离，而介孔TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "支架既能提供连续的电子传输也有助于进一步增强电荷分离。因此，基于超薄钙钛矿层(~100 nm)的双支架ST-PSCs实现了接近100%的内量子效率。在实验中制备了FTO/dual scaffold/MAPbl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Sprio-OMeTAD/Ag结构的钙钛矿电池，其PCE达到12.32%；随后，采用PEDOT∶PSS透明电极代替不透明的银电极，制备的ST-PSCs的PCE达到8.21%,AVT为23%。此外，2018年，全北国立大学Wang团队还报道了一种由非连续岛状结构CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-NiO纳米颗粒(MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-NiO)形成的半透明钙钛矿电池" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在FTO/c-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/mp-TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Al" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/NiO/islands-structure-MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-NiO/spiro-OMeTAD/Au结构的器件中，通过在TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-NiO复合层之间插入Al" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/NiO进行复合和界面工程。除岛状结构-MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-NiO覆盖层外，形成了均匀、较厚、透明的TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Al" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/NiO/MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Cl" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "复合层，可有效降低光电流密度损失和界面复合。器件的PCE达到10.06%,AVT达到27%。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F5", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)传统平面结构；(b)钙钛矿层掺杂PCBMA；(c)双支架结构；(d)传统结构的电荷传输；(e)掺杂PCBM后的电荷传输；(f)双支架结构电荷分离" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "33", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R33", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "33" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Schematic illustration of structure(a) and charge separation(d) in conventional planar PSCs. Structure(b) and charge separation(e) in PSCs with organic(PCBM) scaffold. Structure(c) and charge separation(f) in PSCs with organic(PCBM)-inorganic (TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ") scaffolds. From left to right: the interface area in the perovskite layer becomes larger" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "32", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R32", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "32" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657412&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657418&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657415&type=" } ] } } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "ST-PSCs顶电极" } ], "level": "1", "id": "s3" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "透明电极在ST-PSCs器件中起着关键作用，它不仅关系到器件的PCE，还关系到了光学性能(如AVT)、机械性能、稳定性、颜色和成本等。作为透明钙钛矿光伏电池，其电极必须是透明且具有导电性的材料。常见的透明电极有超薄金属电极、透明导电氧化物、金属纳米线、透明导电聚合物、碳纳米管以及石墨烯透明电极。理想的透明电极应该具有高导电性、高透明度、较好的机械性能、稳定的化学性质。除此之外，它还应该与相邻层能级匹配，并且具有简单的制备工艺及较低的制造成本。" } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "透明导电聚合物电极" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3a" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "透明导电聚合物是一种很有前景的电极候选材料，也是在实际应用方面取得成功的电极之一。其中，最具代表性的PEDOT∶PSS具有可溶液制备以及较高的AVT等特点，作为电极或者空穴传输层在ST-PSCs中被广泛应用。PEDOT∶PSS化学结构如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，是由带正电荷的共轭PEDOT和带负电荷的绝缘PSS组成的聚合物电解质，氧化PEDOT具有高导电性，但不溶于水，PSS是一种聚合物表面活性剂，有助于PEDOT在水和其他溶剂中稳定分散。PEDOT∶PSS薄膜通常是均匀和光滑的(粗糙度" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "5 nm)。PEDOT∶PSS薄膜在可见光范围内是高度透明的，其功函数约为5.0 eV，在能级上有利于从Spiro-OMeTAD 层收集空穴，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图6(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F6", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F6", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(PEDOT∶PSS)化学结构；(b)PEDOT∶PSS 电极半透明钙钛矿太阳电池的能带图。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)The structure of PEDOT∶PSS. (b)Band diagram of semi-transparent perovskite solar cell with PEDOT∶PSS electrode." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657425&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657435&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657430&type=" } ] } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2015年，新加坡国立大学Sun等报道了使用PEDOT:PSS代替ITO作为ST-PSCs的透明电极。通过甲烷磺酸(Methanesulfonic acid,MSA)处理，在玻璃或柔性聚对苯二甲酸酯(Poly ethylene terephthalate,PET)衬底上的PEDOT∶PSS薄膜的电导率显著提高，并且对AVT几乎没有影响" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "34", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R34", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "34" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。对于用MSA处理的PEDOT∶PSS薄膜作为玻璃上透明电极的刚性钙钛矿太阳能电池(Perovskite solar cells,PSCs)，其最佳PCE接近11%；而对于用MSA处理的PEDOT∶PSS薄膜作为PET上透明电极的柔性PSCs，其最佳PCE超过8%。在弯曲测试中，器件表现出优异的机械柔性。2019年，韩国启明大学Lee等采用溶液法将单层PEDOT∶PSS同时作为顶电极和空穴传输层制备了倒置结构的透明太阳能电池" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "35", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R35", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "35" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过改变有机溶液的浓度来调节器件最终的的透过率。随着有机物溶液的浓度从1.5%增加到3.1%,AVT从53.9%下降到45.2%。在AM 1.5G 100 mW/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "太阳能模拟器下，测量了不同透射率下的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "I-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "特性，当AVT为53.9%、51.2%、45.2%时，PCE分别为1.2%、2.0%、1.3%。目前PEDOT∶PSS的主要缺陷是环境稳定性低、固有酸度和相对较低的电导率。同年，韩国材料科学研究所Park及其团队在研究中发现，如果将离子溶液加入到PEDOT∶PSS中，可以有效地提高其电导率，但在PSS和离子溶液之间的离子交换过程中产生化学反应离子对，导致底层有机半导体的氧化。因此，他们开发了一种利用原始PEDOT∶PSS和离子液体溶液延缓离子交换的顺序打印方法，从而防止有机半导体的氧化。最后通过全溶液制备了高效的ST-PSCs，其PCE为6.32%,AVT为35.4%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "36", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R36", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "36" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.2" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "透明导电氧化物" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3b" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "透明导电氧化物(Transparent conductive oxide,TCO)一种是具有良好透光率的氧化物薄膜，通过掺杂来获得一定的导电性。常见的透明导电氧化物有铟锡氧化物(ITO)、铟氧化锌(Indium zinc oxide,IZO)、铝掺杂氧化锌(Aluminum zinc oxide,AZO)和氢掺杂氧化铟(Hydrogen doped with indium oxide,IO∶H)，其中研究使用最为广泛的是ITO。它常被用做底电极，具有>3.0 eV的禁带宽度以及大量自由移动的载流子，具有优异的光电性能。但其制备方法的易损性、不稳定性和成本高等特点限制了其作为电极的应用。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "通常ITO的制备采用磁控溅射的方法，这可能会对钙钛矿层产生一定的破坏。因此，在溅射沉积之前引入钼氧化物MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Ag薄膜、ITO纳米颗粒和AZO纳米颗粒等具有兼容性的无机缓冲层，可以避免这种损害" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "37", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R37", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "37" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2015年，瑞士薄膜与光伏实验室Fu等在Sprio-OMeTAD上沉积了35 nm厚的MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "作为保护层，然后溅射170 nm的In" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶H作为透明电极。经过几组实验对比，器件的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "及填充因子随着MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "厚度的增加而均匀递增，当厚度超过35 nm 后，并没有明显的变化，因此得到最佳的缓冲层厚度为35 nm，最后测试该器件获得了14.2%的PCE以及近红外区72%的AVT" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "38", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R38", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "38" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。虽然MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以作为缓冲层，但是其本身具备的吸水性却容易将水分传递到下层，在几个小时后器件效率就会大大降低。为了解决这个问题，2019年南科大Ji等在制备MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "之前先旋涂一层金属氧化物纳米颗粒ZTO(Zn" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")作为缓冲层，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(a)、(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(a)、(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。经过测试比对，没有ZTO缓冲层的电池稳定性在24 h之内急剧衰减，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "；而添加了纳米粒子和MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "混合缓冲层的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池在室温25 ℃、湿度为25%的条件下表现出较好的稳定性，在900 h后仍保持了近70%的初始效率，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示，其" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图7(e)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F7", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7(e)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。除此之外，氧化铜(CuO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")也可以作为溅射缓冲层材料，在n-i-p型ST-PSCs中热蒸发是沉积氧化钼、氧化钨等溅射缓冲层的常用方法。2020年，韩国化学技术研究院Eom等通过脉冲化学气相沉积的方法(pulsed-CVD)在钙钛矿太阳能电池中将氧化铜(CuO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ")作为溅射缓冲层" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "40", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R40", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "40" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，这是首次在n-i-p型的ST-PSCs中使用脉冲化学气相沉积法生长CuO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "缓冲层。在沉积过程中通过将沉积速率从0.01 A/s增加到0.1 A/s，从而使空穴传输层在真空高温下暴露的时间缩短，制备了光滑均匀、无针孔覆盖的CuO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "薄膜，经实验测得最佳的CuO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "厚度为15 nm,PCE为15.6%，具有较好的器件稳定性。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F7", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)具有MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "缓冲层的半透明太阳能电池；(b)在HTL和ITO电极之间添加ZTO的半透明太阳能电池；(c)MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和金电极太阳能电池随时间变化的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线；(d)钙钛矿太阳能电池在室温条件下的效率稳定性测试；(e)具备AZO纳米颗粒缓冲层的太阳能电池" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 7" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Semi-transparent solar cell with Mo " }, { "name": "inlineformula", "data": [ { "name": "math", "data": { "graphicsData": { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657437&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657443&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657440&type=" } } } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " buffer layer. (b)Semi-transparent solar cell with ZTO nanoparticles between HTL and ITO electrode. (c)" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " characteristic of solar cell with molybdenum oxide and Au electrode over time. (d)Stability test of semi-transparent perovskite solar cell efficiencies in ambient room condition. (e)" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " characteristic of semi-transparent perovskite device with AZO" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "39", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R39", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "39" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657445&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657451&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657447&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.3" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "金属电极" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3c" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "当超薄金属薄膜的厚度" }, { "name": "text", "data": "<" }, { "name": "text", "data": "20 nm时，具有一定的透光率以及柔韧性，因此它是作为ST-PSCs透明电极的一种不错选择。通常金属电极是通过真空蒸发的工艺沉积在电荷传输层上，并且其厚度可以精确控制。其中，超薄金膜具有良好的稳定性、延展性和导电性，是ST-PSCs器件中ITO的一种替代材料。然而，金属Au的沉积遵循Volmer-Weber的岛状生长模式，当被沉积的物质与衬底之间的浸润性较弱时，到达衬底的被沉积物质的原子或分子就会更倾向于自己相互键合起来，而不容易与衬底原子相键合，于是被沉积物质的原子或分子首先在衬底表面上凝聚成无数个孤立的小核，进而形成三维的岛，成核阶段所产生的缺陷会显著降低Au薄膜的透过率、电导率。2019年，吉林大学Duan等针对这一问题报道了一种适用于Au电极沉积的诱导剂" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "41", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R41", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "41" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，通过分子层沉积法(Molecular layer depositon,MLD)制备了端甲基有机-无机薄膜作为Au成核诱导剂。MLD是一种基于表面基团反应的化学沉积，可以精确控制表面末端基团。与传统的自组装端官能团材料相比，MLD的真空沉积使表面端官能团具有较高的活性。通过用三甲基铝(Trimethylaluminum,TMA)和乙二醇(Ethylene glycol,EG)沉积氧化铝膜，从而改善了Au的成核质量。实验结果表明，沉积在氧化铝上的金膜避免了岛屿生长，表面粗糙度的均方根(RMS)在0.3 nm以下。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "如果将超薄金属薄膜夹在两个高折射率介质之间，由于介质层之间在可见光范围内会产生光的干涉，因此可以减少光的反射效应，从而可以在不损失其电学性质的情况下提高其光学透过率和保持电流密度。2015 年，澳大利亚莫纳什大学Gaspera等报道了一种基于MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-Au-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "结构的顶电极，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图8", "type": "fig", "rid": "F8", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。这种结构的电极，通过透明介电层间的干涉增加了光的透过率，并且MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "具有良好的空穴注入能力，同时为Au形成薄而均匀的膜提供了条件。选择Au作为金属电极是因为它对空气氧化的稳定性比Al高，对卤化物的反应性比Ag低。通过这种结构制备了吸收层为50 nm的钙钛矿太阳能电池，其PCE为5.3%~13.6%,AVT为7%~31%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后在2017年，Zhao等报道了一种以SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Ag/SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "结构作为顶电极的ST-PSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "43", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R43", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "43" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。AVT在近红外区域达到了70%,PCE为11.8%，其效率在可见光范围内为29%。SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "通过低温ALD沉积，Ag层下面的SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以保护Ag层不受卤化物的腐蚀，Ag层上面的SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以保护器件不受空气中水分的影响。使用这种电极制备的电池表现出优秀的稳定性，由于SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Ag/SnO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "具有非常好的水气阻隔性能，在环境空气(23 ℃和50%的相对湿度)中连续暴露4 500 h后，仍保持了81%的初始效率。除此之外，利用太阳光的近红外区域(Near infrared,NIR)和紫外光区域(Ultraviolet,UV)实现全光谱响应也是提高PCE的一个重要手段。通过在钙钛矿光活性层中引入光致发光转换层来实现把近红外或紫外光转化为可见光。2018年，吉林大学Li等报道了一种基于NiO/Ag/NiO的透明电极，通过脉冲激光沉积(Pulsed laser deposition,PLD)在太阳能电池器件的背光侧沉积了高效的等离子增强层：NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Er" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/NaYF" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "4" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "∶Yb" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "、Tm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3+" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Ag，该复合层能够捕获近红外光转换为可见光，使器件在1.5 W/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "的光照下，PCE从16.1%提升到19.2%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "44", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R44", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "44" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。此外，在入射光侧沉积了紫外光-可见光转换层：Eu(TTA)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(Phen)MAA，将PCE进一步提高到19.5%," }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "sc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "达到了27.1 mA/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。同时，作为一种高效的封装层，该结构也大大提高了器件在环境条件下的长期稳定性，在光谱扩展和稳定性方面具有巨大的应用潜力。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F8", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)ST-PSCs结构示意图；(b)截面SEM示意图；(c)多层电极放大图及其结构示意图；(d)模拟(阴影虚线)和实验数据(实线)显示了Au(黑色)、b-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au(红色)和b-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au/t-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(蓝色)的透射率；(e)Au膜的SEM图像；(f)b- MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au薄膜的SEM图像，插图显示了两个样本的照片" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 8" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Schematic illustration of the PSC architecture. (b)SEM image in cross section of a complete device. (c)Enlarged view of the multilayer top electrode and schematic of its structure. (d)Simulations(shaded dashed lines) and experimental data(solid lines) showing the transmittance of Au(black), b-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au(red) and b-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au/t-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(blue). (e)SEM image of Au film. (f)SEM image of b-MoO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au film. The insets show photos of the two samples" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "42", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R42", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "42" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657453&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657460&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657456&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.4" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "金属纳米线" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3d" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "银纳米线(Ag nanowires,AgNWs)作为最具代表性的金属纳米线，可以通过溶液、层压、喷墨打印以及喷涂的工艺制备。由于其高导电性、透明性(片电阻低于15 Ω/□，透光率达到90%)、柔韧性和易加工性，是一种很有潜力的电极材料。尽管AgNWs光电性能优异，但仍存在粗糙度高、附着力差的缺点，这也是其主要改进方向。喷涂是目前最常用的一种方法，该方法对光吸收层损伤小，易加工。在ST-PSCs中，由于钙钛矿层中的卤素离子会发生迁移，从而导致与AgNWs电极发生反应，进而会对器件的性能产生影响，所以需要将AgNWs与钙钛矿层隔离，阻止迁移的发生。2016年，清华大学Lin等报道了一种Au/AgNWs结构的双层电极，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。通过在AgNW电极下方蒸镀超薄透明Au层，从而形成复合透明金属电极，有效地阻止了由于卤素离子扩散而导致形成不可逆的卤化银化合物，显著提高了器件性能和稳定性，横截面SEM图如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "所示。从" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图9(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F9", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "可以看出，在没有沉积Au层的情况下，AgNWs直接沉积在钙钛矿/HTM 活性层表面，由于非理想的表面接触，会导致串联电阻增大，从而降低光伏性能，即使从FTO侧照射，PCE也小于2.5%,FF为0.23。在沉积Au层后，不仅改善了光活性层与AgNWs电极的欧姆接触，同时也避免了Ag氧化物的形成，无论照明方向如何，电池的FF 都显著增大。当从FTO 面入射时，半透明钙钛矿电池显示出超过11%的PCE" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F9", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)超薄Au复合AgNWS电极结构示意图；(b)器件横截面SEM图像；(c)从FTO侧/电极侧照明，不透明金电极、银纳米线、超薄金层银纳米线制作的PSC的" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 9" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Schematic illustration of devices with UTA Au layer + AgNWs composite metallic electrode. (b)SEM cross-sectional image of complete fabricated device. The colored area is marked to indicate different components. The inset shows the image of the full fabricated cell taken in front of background. (c)" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " curves of the PSCs fabricated with opaque Au electrode, AgNWs, ultrathin Au layer + AgNWs illuminated from FTO side and illuminated from transparent electrode side" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "45", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R45", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "45" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657464&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657473&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657468&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.5" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "碳纳米管(CNTs)" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3e" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "由于金属电极薄膜的生长一般采用真空蒸镀的方法，不但成本高而且也不适合大面积制备。从成本方面考虑，碳纳米管(Carbon nanotube,CNTs)也是作为透明电极的一种不错选择。从结构上讲，碳纳米管可以看作是由单层或多层石墨烯片卷起形成的空心圆柱体，主要有单壁碳纳米管、双壁碳纳米管和多壁碳纳米管三种类型。其中，单壁纳米管具有低光密度的独特优势，多壁纳米管具有更高的电导率和稳定性，双壁纳米管同时具有高透明度和导电性。碳纳米管在整个可见波长范围内具有均匀的透明度、高稳定性、高韧性和室温溶液制备的特点，是一种优秀的半透明钙钛矿电池材料，同时也适用于作为柔性钙钛矿电池的电极" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "blockXref", "data": { "data": [ { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "46", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R46", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "46" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "-" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "50", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R50", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "50" } ] } } ], "rid": [ "R46", "R47", "R48", "R49", "R50" ], "text": "46-50", "type": "bibr" } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。2014年，南洋理工大学Li等报道了一种无金属电极的层压碳纳米管电极钙钛矿电池，通过将CNTs直接层压在CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "层，在没有空穴传输层及金属电极的情况下，制备了PCE为6.87%的ST-PSCs" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。随后，在CNTs中加入spiro-OMeTAD形成了复合电极。由于spiro-OMeTAD的加入，在增加了空穴的萃取能力的同时也减少了电子空穴的复合，将PCE提高到了9.9%。实验中首先使用浮动化学催化气相沉积法制备CNTs薄膜。由于CNTs薄膜具有一定的机械强度和独立性，因此可以从衬底上剥离转移到其他器件中，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10(a)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10(a)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。之后在FTO上沉积致密TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "层以及CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "吸收层，最后在吸收层上放置CNTs膜，并添加甲苯溶液，通过溶液的蒸发引起表面张力的变化来提高其附着力，器件结构见" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10(b)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10(b)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在AM 1.5 100 mW/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "条件下测试，其" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为0.88 V," }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "sc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为15.46 mA/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，填充系数为0.51,PCE为6.87%。为了对实验数据进行比对，该课题组随后又制备了Au电极的CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "太阳能电池，发现CNTs电极的电池" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "sc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "要高于Au电极的电池，但是填充因子小于Au电极的电池，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10(c)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10(c)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。原因是CNTs薄膜的空穴萃取能力强，但是却具有较高的方阻。因此，通过去除CNTs表面的杂质来降低方块电阻从而提升效率是一种行之有效的方法。随后，为了进一步提高电池的性能，在CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/CNTs电池中加入空穴传输材料spiro-OMeTAD，从SEM图像中可以看出，spiro-OMeTAD不仅覆盖了碳纳米管网络，还包裹了碳纳米管束，穿过碳纳米管网络的孔隙，直接与钙钛矿层接触，如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10(d)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10(d)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。经测试，" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "增加到1.00 V," }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "sc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "增加到18.1 mA/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": ", 填充因子增加到0.55,PCE增加到9.9%，对比特征" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线如" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "图10(e)", "type": "fig", "rid": "F10", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10(e)" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "。与CNTs相比，CNTs/spiro-OMeTAD复合薄膜在钙钛矿表面具有更好的覆盖能力，因而最大化了钙钛矿的接触界面，对电荷的分离和收集都有积极的影响，因而提高了器件性能。此外，在2017年，Li等报道了一种利用(5-AVA)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.05" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "(MA)" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "0.95" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "-PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "渗透介孔TiO" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Al" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "O" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/carbon结构制备完全可打印的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的方法。采用碳网格作为上电极，系统研究了网格间距对器件性能的影响。随后在最小网间距下测试，虽然AVT较低，但PCE最高，达到11.31%。通过调整网格间距，AVT最高为26.4%，但PCE降至5.36%。随后通过喷涂的方式在顶部电极上引入一层薄薄的多壁碳纳米管，因其具有优良的透光率，所以对AVT产生的影响可以忽略不计；同时多壁碳纳米管的引入降低了碳栅格电阻，提高了电极的电导率，有利于电荷的收集和转移，提高了" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "V" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "oc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "和" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J" } ] }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "sc" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "，从而提升了器件的性能，在PCE达到8.21%的同时，AVT也保持在24.0%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "52", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R52", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "52" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "fig", "data": { "id": "F10", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "图10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)用镊子将独立的碳纳米管薄膜转移到其他基片；(b)碳纳米管薄膜电极的钙钛矿太阳能电池结构；(c)CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/CNTs和CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au太阳电池在AM 1.5 100 mW/cm" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": " 2" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "条件下的特征" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线，插图： CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/CNTs钙钛矿太阳电池的能带图；(d)spiro-OMeTAD渗透碳纳米管薄膜后的横截面扫描电镜图像；(e)是否掺杂spiro-OMeTAD的特征" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "曲线对比" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Fig. 10" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "(a)Photo of free-standing CNT film lifting by tweezers to transfer onto other substrates. (b)Schematic of CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " perovskite solar cell with CNT film electrode.(c)Characteristic " }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " curves of CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/CNTs and CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "/Au solar cells under AM 1.5 condition, inset: band diagram of CH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "NH" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "PbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "CNTs perovskite solar cell. (d)Cross section SEM image of CNT film after spiro-OMeTAD infiltration. (e)" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "J-V" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": " curves of solar cell with and without spiro-OMeTAD" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "51", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R51", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "51" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "." } ] } ], "subcaption": [], "note": [], "graphics": [ { "print": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657477&type=", "small": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657484&type=", "big": "http://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=25657480&type=" } ] } } ] }, { "name": "sec", "data": [ { "name": "sectitle", "data": { "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3.6" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "石墨烯透明电极" } ], "level": "2", "id": "s3f" } }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "石墨烯是一种良好的二维碳材料，在具有极其优良的化学以及热稳定性和机械性能之外，还具有优异的导电性和透光率，可以作为半透明钙钛矿电池的电极备选材料。然而，基于石墨烯电极的ST-PSCs研究相对较少，目前仍处于探索阶段。石墨烯的制备方法主要有氧化石墨烯还原、化学气相沉积、层压法等" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "53", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R53", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "53" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。在制备石墨烯的方法中，基于溶液的氧化石墨烯还原法操作简单，可以在简易的条件下进行，具有快速、低温和低成本的优点，适用于大面积石墨烯薄膜的制备。2018年，武汉理工大学Liu等使用肼水蒸汽还原氧化石墨烯，将氧化石墨烯与肼水蒸汽按照最佳的1∶1比例混合时，得到的还原氧化石墨烯薄膜的电导率最佳，最后得到的石墨烯薄膜AVT为75%，方阻为3.4 kΩ/□。然后将其作为透明电极，制备了以MAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为活性层的n-i-p型ST-PSCs器件，最终测得其PCE为3.38%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "54", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R54", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "54" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。导致该器件PCE较低的原因是与传统ITO和原始石墨烯电极相比，还原氧化石墨烯电极具有相对较高的片阻和较低的光学透明度。因此，如何提高石墨烯基材料的导电性以及提高其在可见光区的透光率，是还原氧化石墨烯的主要研究方向。在另一项研究中，高丽大学Heo等使用双(三氟甲磺酰)酰胺bis(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-amide(TFSA)掺杂石墨烯作为透明电极，制备了以FAPbI" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "3-" }, { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "Br" }, { "name": "sub", "data": [ { "name": "italic", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "x" } ] } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "为吸收层的p-i-n型ST-PSCS电池，其PCE为18.9%。而未掺杂TFSA的原始石墨烯器件PCE仅为13.8%。这主要是由于TFSA石墨烯电极具有较高的AVT和良好的电导率。此外，掺杂TFSA的电池器件在环境条件下存储1 000 h后仍保持了95%的初始效率，显示出良好的稳定性。此外，基于TFSA石墨烯电极的器件具有非常好的柔性，在弯曲半径为4,8,12 mm的情况下，在5 000次弯曲循环后，其初始PCE分别维持在35%、75%和85%" }, { "name": "sup", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "[" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "55", "type": "bibr", "rid": "R55", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "55" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "]" } ] }, { "name": "text", "data": "。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "综上所述，几种材料均可作为ST-PSCs的透明电极，同时具备良好的导电率和透光率，" }, { "name": "xref", "data": { "text": "表1", "type": "table", "rid": "T1", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ] } }, { "name": "text", "data": "对使用以上几种电极所制备的ST-PSCs器件光伏性能进行了汇总。" } ] }, { "name": "table", "data": { "id": "T1", "caption": [ { "lang": "zh", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "表1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "使用透明电极的ST-PSCs光伏性能汇总" } ] }, { "lang": "en", "label": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Tab. 1" } ], "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Summary of ST-PSCs with transparent electrodes" } ] } ], "note": [], "table": [ { "head": [ [ { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "Device structure" } ] }, { "colspan": "1", "rowspan": "1", "align": "center", "style": "border-top:1px solid #000;border-bottom:1px solid #000;", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": 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"透明电极(包括超薄金属电极、透明导电氧化物、金属纳米线、透明导电聚合物、碳纳米管和石墨烯)具有优异的光电性能，对透明电极的研究有助于加快ST-PSCs商业化的进程。在过去的十年中，半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究取得了快速的发展，被认为是未来光伏领域的一项重要技术。因为ST-PSCs具备一定的透光率，使其在建筑光伏集成、汽车玻璃和温室屋顶方面具有巨大的应用潜力。由于对电导率和透光率的要求，目前半透明电池的PCE远远低于不透明电池，所以对于ST-PSCs器件的研究还有很长的路要走。ST-PSCs的稳定性是其能否商业化的先决条件，也是科研工作者研究的方向。使用原子层沉积技术封装，或者在钙钛矿上层形成疏水涂层这样的方法值得考虑。另外，卤化物离子迁移引起的钙钛矿吸收层的降解是另一个需要解决的问题，可以通过制备高质量的钙钛矿晶粒或混合钙钛矿的阳离子或卤化物来改善，防止卤化物离子扩散。此外，为了降低制造成本，同时保持半透明太阳能电池的高性能，需要开发具有低成本材料和制造工艺的透明电极。另外，大规模的溶液制备生产钙钛矿电池的问题主要是需要大面积且均匀的成膜，并且要改善钙钛矿薄膜的复杂生长。同时，从提高钙钛矿层的光吸收范围来提高电池的PCE也是一个值得研究的方向，通过锡基材料的掺杂，将光子吸收范围从可见光扩展到近红外区域，也可以实现进一步的优化。我们相信，在科研人员的不断努力下，ST-PSCs将会在未来几年蓬勃发展，并可能成为未来光伏的主导技术。" } ] }, { "name": "p", "data": [ { "name": "text", "data": "本文专家审稿意见及作者回复内容的下载地址：http://cjl.lightpublishing.cn/thesisDetails#10.37188/CJL.20210400." } ] } ] } ], "footnote": [], "reflist": { "title": [ { "name": "text", "data": "参考文献：" } ], "data": [ { "id": "R1", "label": "[1]", "citation": [ { "lang": "en", "text": [ { "name": "text", "data": "WANG H R" }, { "name": 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