Since its discovery over a century ago, X-ray technology has continuously pushed the boundaries of human cognition of the material world. From early film to today's digital imaging, it has always been indispensable in medicine, industry, and scientific research. Nowadays, with breakthroughs in materials science and information technology, X-ray detection and imaging are ushering in a new round of transformation - new materials and multi-scale structural control provide a new path for the realization of high-sensitivity, low-noise detectors; advancements in readout circuits and intelligent algorithms further propel imaging from "seeing clearly" to "measuring accurately and judging intelligently". In the future, this technology will develop towards higher resolution, lower dose, and stronger information fusion. This special issue brings together cutting-edge achievements from both domestic and international research, covering materials, devices, imaging methods, and application innovations. It aims to build a cross-disciplinary exchange platform, stimulate new ideas, and jointly promote the field of X-ray detection and imaging to radiate new vitality and brilliance.