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Organic luminescent materials and devices
Organic luminescent materials and devices
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are light-emitting diodes based on organic semiconductors. Due to their self-luminous, adjustable molecular structure of luminescence wavelength, wide viewing angle, fast response speed, soft light, low cost and large area, With advantages such as flexibility and bendability, it is considered to be a new generation of display and lighting technology. Since Chinese-American Professor Deng Qingyun reported low-voltage, high-efficiency double-layer OLEDs in 1987, OLEDs have been extensively studied in terms of materials, devices, physics, theory, mechanism, and applications, which has greatly promoted the development of OLEDs. The development of the OLEDs industry has also promoted the establishment of the discipline of organic optoelectronics. At present, OLEDs have been well applied in smart phones, TVs, wearable electronic devices, automotive lighting and other fields. Among them, South Korea's Samsung and LG took the lead in achieving mass production in the world. In recent years, with the gradual development and growth of domestic display companies such as BOE, Visionox, China Star Optoelectronics and Hehui Optoelectronics, as well as domestic material companies such as Changchun Oled Material Tech Co.,Ltd, Beijing Aglaia Technology Development Co., Ltd, and Eternal Material Technology, it has also greatly promoted the development of China's OLEDs industry. In the process of OLEDs research, Chinese scientists and scientific researchers have played a very important role and made many original works, such as the principle of using phosphorescent materials to improve the efficiency of electroluminescent devices proposed by Academician Ma Yuguang, the new concept of design of luminescent materials such as "hybrid local charge transfer state" (HLCT) and "thermal exciton", and the new phenomenon and new materials of aggregation-induced luminescence proposed by Professor Tang Benzhong, The new principle and materials of free radical bilinear luminescence proposed by Professor Li Feng have promoted the development of new generation of OLEDs materials and devices, and laid a foundation for the development of OLEDs industry in China. However, there are still many key scientific and technical issues to be solved urgently in OLEDs, such as efficient and stable blue light-emitting materials and devices, high-efficiency narrow-band light-emitting materials and devices, low-cost large-area process technology, flexible technology, driving technology, exciton dynamics Research and decay mechanism, device aging mechanism, theoretical simulation and design of materials and devices, etc. Therefore, in order to better understand the development of the field of OLEDs and promote academic exchanges, Chinese Journal of Luminescence specially launched a special issue on "Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)", focusing on key issues, latest developments, and related aspects of OLEDs materials, devices and applications. The challenges and future development trends are summarized, hoping to provide reference for further research and industrialization of OLEDs.
Theme Keywords：   organic light-emitting diodeexcitonssinglet statestriplet statesexciplexthermally activated delayed fluorescenceinkjet printinghot excitonmetal phosphorescent complexesdegradation mechanism

Preface

     Sunshine is the starting point of natural energy, and the recognition and utilization of light is a sign of human civilization and progress. The discovery of light energy distribution (spectrum) and wave-particle duality of photons is the basis of modern physics. The use of fire was the first controllable light source of ancient humans, "It is the first time that human beings have dominated a natural force to separate human beings from animals." At the end of the 19th century, the invention of electric light source (electric lamp) changed the fire-based lighting mode that has lasted for millions of years, and human beings entered a new era. In the information era, in addition to the traditional lighting function, the light source is in the transmission of information (laser) And the terminal display application field of information has become an indispensable key element. At the same time, people also noticed that China's lighting accounts for 25% of the total electric energy, and the proportion will further increase with the use of light sources in information, display, etc. China is in short supply of energy. The government has put forward the "dual carbon" strategy. The development of efficient and green light-emitting materials and devices is an important way to save energy and reduce emissions.

     Organic light-emitting materials and devices (OLED) is a new generation of display and lighting technology. China has formed a large-scale industry. Since the 1990s, OLED research in China has achieved a number of important achievements in basic research and industrial technology after 30 years of development. This OLED album of the Chinese Journal of Luminescence focuses on the new progress of Chinese scholars in the field of organic luminescence, including materials, devices, new phenomena and principles, and also attracts contributions from the industry. It is an important phased summary of the OLED field in China.

     Mr. Xu Xurong is the pioneer and founder of Luminescence in China. He has devoted his life to the cause of China's luminescence industry and is determined to illuminate the whole of China. He is a shining example for our future generations. On behalf of OLED colleagues, I would like to express our memory and respect for Mr. Xu Xurong on this album.

 

Ma Yuguang

Member of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Guest Editor-in-chief

  • The Paper

  • YU Hongyu,ZHANG Baowen,CHEN Ping,ZHANG Yong

    Vol. 46, Issue 2, Pages: 315-325(2025) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240293
    Abstract：During the last ten years， near ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes （NUV-OLEDs） have been widely concerned by researchers due to their NUV photon-emitting capability. However， when the electroluminescence （EL） wavelength is extended below 400 nm， how to increase the radiance of devices has become a technical challenge. In this research， small molecules of BCPO and TAZ with wide bandgap were used as the luminescent material. Then， NUV-OLEDs based on BCPO and TAZ with single unit and tandem structure were fabricated， respectively. And their EL properties were compared. The measurement results show that the EL performance of double unit tandem NUV-OLEDs is significantly better than that of single unit NUV-OLEDs. Single unit BCPO-based NUV-OLEDs showed the maximum external quantum efficiency （EQEmax） of 2.91% and the maximum radiance （Rmax） of 34.2 mW/cm2. The peak wavelength （λEL） was 384 nm and the proportion of NUV light with wavelength below 400 nm （PNUV） was 56.9% in their EL spectra. In comparison， double unit BCPO-based tandem NUV-OLEDs showed EQEmax = 5.73%， Rmax = 52.8 mW/cm2， λEL = 384 nm， and PNUV = 60.5%. Single unit TAZ-based NUV-OLEDs showed EQEmax = 3.65%， Rmax = 15.7 mW/cm2， λEL = 377 nm， and PNUV = 79.1%. In comparison， double unit TAZ-based tandem NUV-OLEDs showed EQEmax = 7.21%， Rmax = 29.4 mW/cm2， λEL = 377 nm， and PNUV = 79.6%. In addition， tandem NUV-OLEDs exhibited better luminescence stability than that of single unit devices because of the significantly lower current density required for tandem NUV-OLEDs compared to single unit NUV-OLEDs.  
    Keywords：organic light-emitting diode;near ultraviolet light;tandem structure;charge generation layer   
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    Published：2025-03-17

  • CHENG Leqin,TAO Yunqi,ZHANG Yuewei,YU Xue

    Vol. 46, Issue 1, Pages: 126-139(2025) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240235
    Abstract：In recent years， advancements in the preparation and concealment of explosives have presented increasingly significant challenges for their detection. Organic small-molecule fluorescent probes with high sensitivity， high selectivity and low detection limit have become widely used in explosive identification. However， the identification of explosives by these fluorescent probes often needs to be carried out in solution， resulting in a significant limitation of their application. Electrospinning represents a highly effective technique for the fabrication of nanofibers characterized by controllable diameters and uniform morphologies. Fluorescent nanofiber membranes with the advantages of easy portability， good reproducibility and low detection limit were prepared by combining fluorescent probes with electrospinning technology， which effectively broadened the application of fluorescent probes in the detection of explosives. In this paper， the structure of fluorescence sensing units of organic small molecule materials is classified， and the effects of organic small molecule fluorescent nanofiber membrane sensors on common explosives such as trinitrotoluene （TNT）， trinitrophenol （TNP）， 2，4-dinitrotoluene （DNT） and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine （RDX）， triacetone triperoxide （TATP）， etc. are summarized， give guidance for the design of electrospun fluorescent nanofiber membranes in actual explosives detection， and provide new ideas for the practical application of fluorescent probes in complex environments.  
    Keywords：fluorescent probe;electrospinning;Explosive detection;Nano-thin film fibers   
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    Published：2025-02-20

  • LI Xiaoxia,TIAN Tiantian,YANG Ruihao,XU Huixia,MIAO Yanqin,WANG Hua

    Vol. 45, Issue 11, Pages: 1747-1757(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240226
    Abstract：Organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs） are attracting attention in recent years as a competitive technology in the field of lighting and display technology. To realize ultra-simple， efficient and low roll-off white OLEDs， the selection of organic emissive layer materials is crucial. The “hot exciton” channel of hybrid local and charge transfer （HLCT） materials ensure that high-lying triplet state excitons quickly transfer to singlet state by reverse intersystem crossing （RISC）， making that the exciton utilization rate reaches theoretical 100%. And the rapid RISC can effectively suppress triplet excitons quenching， further contribute to small efficiency roll-off. Herein， by charge balance strategy， we first prepared highly efficient blue OLEDs based on blue HLCT material of pCzAnN by optimizing device structure. On the basis of above， two-color and three-color white OLEDs were fabricated by incomplete energy transfer strategy based on pCzAnN as the sensitized host of traditional fluorescent material. The resulting white OLEDs achieve the high color rendering index of 90 and maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.76%， and such device also exhibits small efficiency roll-off and excellent spectra stability. This study provides a guidance for developing simple， highly efficient， small efficiency roll-off white OLEDs in the future.  
    Keywords：organic light emitting diode;white light;hybrid local and charge transfer;efficiency roll-off   
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    Published：2024-11-28

  • JI Yuhe,CHEN Qi,WANG Yumin,WANG Yaxing,LI Kai

    Vol. 45, Issue 10, Pages: 1622-1638(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240176
    Abstract：Halide perovskite materials have demonstrated significant potential in the field of photoelectric materials due to their excellent photoelectric properties. However， their inherent instability limits their practical application to some extent. In recent years， there has been increasing attention on the synthesis of new composites using metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） to encapsulate halide perovskites. By encapsulating halide perovskites within MOFs， stability can be significantly improved under conditions such as humidity， temperature， and light， leading to unique performance advantages. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest functions and applications of perovskite-metal organic framework composites （PeMOFs） in photoelectric conversion. The preparation strategy and research progress of PeMOF are described in detail， followed by an analysis of the unique role played by MOF in PeMOF. Finally， this paper summarizes the latest research progress on PeMOFs in the fields such as perovskite solar cells （PSCs）， photocatalysis， sensors， light-emitting diodes （LEDs）， fluorescent anti-counterfeiting and information encryption techniques， radiation protection， and detection， while also discussing future development directions and application prospects.  
    Keywords：halide perovskite;metal-organic frameworks;stability;photoelectric material   
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    Published：2024-10-31

  • LI Wen,ZENG Nuolan,ZHOU Jia,XING Xiaolin,ZHOU Liuran,SHI Wei,YI Mingdong

    Vol. 45, Issue 9, Pages: 1547-1559(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240150
    Abstract：Memristor-based neuromorphic computing showcases great potential for overcoming the von Neumann bottleneck and enabling energy-efficient data processing. Organic polymers， due to their excellent semiconductor and optoelectronic properties as well as solution processability， are ideal candidates for low-cost memristor and synaptic applications. However， the high operating voltage and random switching of resistive states in polymer memristors limit their performance in neuromorphic chips and increase the complexity of peripheral circuits. In this study， the polymer MEH-PPV doped with ionic liquid ［EMIM］［PF6］ was used as the active layer to construct a vertically structured memristor. This design provides a variety of short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity behaviors， which can be modulated by electrical and optical inputs， achieving a significant reduction in operating voltage and an expanded range of tunable conductance states. The memristor exhibited key features of optically modulated biological synapse and brain-inspired learning and memory characteristics at mV-level voltage while integrating photodetection， memory， and processing functions into a single compact device. Additionally， this organic synaptic array was applied to image recognition and memory tasks in the human visual neural system. The promising results provide important insights for the design of next-generation low-power and high-performance organic neuromorphic devices.  
    Keywords：memristor;organic polymer;ionic liquid;optoelectronic synapse;image recognition   
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    Published：2024-09-26

  • CIE-tunable OLED Based on Hot Exciton Single Emitter Enhanced Publication AI introduction

    CHEN Mengliang,SHEN Ke,ZHAO Yangkai,SONG Linyi,QIAN Yan

    Vol. 45, Issue 7, Pages: 1086-1094(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240091
    Abstract：High-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs） with adjustable gamut have brought new possibilities for display， lighting and optoelectronic applications due to their wide color range. In this work， a series of OLEDs featuring adjustable color coordinates have been fabricated simply by modulation of both host and guest concentrations， using the hot exciton material C3 as the single luminescent emitter. At a low doping concentration of 2.5%， the C3 molecule in OLEDs exhibits multiple emissions from all its three excited states. Devices L1 and L3， respectively employing single-host and double-host configurations， achieve warm white and cold white light emissions correspondingly. Their CIE coordinates are （0.298， 0.381） and （0.241， 0.329）， respectively， at an operating voltage of 17 V. At a higher doping concentration （10%）， the emission from the second singlet state predominates， resulting in yellow-green and green emitting light in single-（L2） and double-host （L4） devices， respectively. Notably， owing to better carrier balance， the dual-host device demonstrated a lower turn-on voltage， improved device efficiency， and reduced efficiency roll-off compared to its single-agent device. Due to the hot exciton mechanism which facilitates high-energy-level reverse intersystem crossing， device L4 presents a maximum EQE of 5.36%， surpassing the theoretical upper limit of traditional fluorescent EQE （5%）. This work provides a new approach for designing color-tunable and white OLEDs based on a single fluorescent emitter.  
    Keywords：Color gamut adjustable;organic light-emitting diodes;hot exciton materials   
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    Published：2024-08-06

  • SONG Haitao,WANG Yu,YANG Jiansheng,ZHANG Xiaoke,WANG Zhongqiang,WANG Hua,YANG Yongzhen,WEI Changting,YAN Lingpeng

    Vol. 45, Issue 7, Pages: 1145-1155(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240096
    Abstract：The interfacial layer materials situated between the active layer and electrodes are critical aspect of organic solar cells （OSCs）， as they directly affect device performance and stability during operation. Zinc oxide （ZnO） nanoparticles （NPs） are commonly functioned as electron transport layer （ETL） materials. However， their high surface defect states and susceptibility to adsorbing water and oxygen can significantly impact the efficiency and stability of OSCs. To tackle this issue， a synergistic approach was adopted in this study by employing polyethyleneimine （PEI）-coated ZnO NPs to passivate surface defects and regulate energy levels. The resulting ZnO@PEI NPs was successfully synthesized using a hydrothermal method and served as an ETL in PM6∶BO-4Cl∶PC61BM-based OSCs. The experimental results indicate that the photovoltaic devices prepared using ZnO@PEI NPs as the ETL exhibit a slight decrease in the power conversion efficiency （PCE）. However， due to the encapsulated PEI effectively passivating the surface defects of ZnO， the ZnO@PEI NPs devices demonstrate enhanced air and ultraviolet stability. In conclusion， this study proposes an effective strategy for developing multifunctional and highly stable ETL， presenting a new and practical approach to achieving highly stable OSCs.  
    Keywords：organic solar cells;electron transport layer;Zinc oxide nanoparticle;Polyethyleneimine;Air stability;Ultraviolet stability   
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    Published：2024-08-06

  • BIAN Haodong,LI Jiarui,ZHANG Chunfang,FENG Qi,HAO Yihong,CHEN Jinhui,XUE Rui,LI Dengfeng,LIU Yuan

    Vol. 45, Issue 7, Pages: 1163-1172(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240066
    Abstract：In organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs）， the balance of carriers in the light-emitting layer and the broadening of the exciton distribution region are crucial for improving device efficiency. In this study， low-efficiency roll-off blue light-emitting devices based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence （TADF） materials DMAC-DPS and TDBA-SAF were fabricated by using exciplex host material SiCzCz∶SiTrzCz2. With the same host material， three-emitting-layer structure was constructed by introducing red phosphorescent emitter RD071 and green phosphorescent emitter Ir（ppy）2（acac）， realizing a high color rendering index. The exciplex host material SiCzCz∶SiTrzCz2 not only broadens the exciton distribution region and improves the charge balance， but also constructs a cascaded exciton energy transfer route by aligning the triplet energies of TADF/phosphorescent emitter materials. Subsequently， the white OLEDs （WOLEDs） effectively improve the exciton utilization and reduce the efficiency roll-off. By optimizing the device structure， WOLEDs achieved the highest external quantum efficiency， current efficiency and power efficiency of 23.0%， 45.9 cd·A-1 and 33.9 lm·W-1， respectively. Also， the device has a high color rendering index of 87， good color stability and low efficiency roll-off. This study provides a new design scheme for hybrid white light-emitting devices with high color rendering index and low efficiency roll-off.  
    Keywords：organic light-emitting diodes;thermally activated delayed fluorescence;exciplex;charge balance;exciton transfer   
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    Published：2024-08-06

  • CHANG Mingru,SHI Linlin,HUA Yulu,JI Ting,LI Guohui,XU Bingshe,DONG Hailiang,CUI Yanxia

    Vol. 45, Issue 6, Pages: 986-995(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240056
    Abstract：Novel near-infrared organic photodetectors have wide application prospects in biosensing， medical imaging， and wearable electronics with the advantages of low cost， solution-spin coating， good biocompatibility， and flexible. Compared with diode organic photodetectors， high sensitive photomultiplication organic photodetectors have attracted enormous attention because of their higher external quantum efficiency （EQE>100%）. The mechanism of the photomultiplication involves a type of carrier being trapped near the electrode， which assists another opposite polarity carrier tunneling into the active layer from the extra circuit. However， the performances of the device are limited by the number of traps. In this work， inorganic ZnO nanoparticles （NPs） are added into the active layer to enhance the photocurrent of the device through increasing the number of electron traps， and fortunately the dark current density of the device is maintained. It is found that the photocurrent of the device is improved by 7.4 times with optimal 5% ZnO NPs， compared with control device without ZnO NPs， under the reverse bias of -15 V， 850 nm illumination. Besides， the Al2O3 interface modification layer is further inserted into the device to improve performance of the device. The results show that the Al2O3 based device has bi-direction response for both reverse and forward bias via changing the interface contact characteristics near anode. Ultimately， the device obtains high EQE and R up to 105% and 104 A/W at a broad wavelength range of 380-1 310 nm， applied with a forward bias of 15 V. This work provides a new idea and method for the development of high-sensitivity organic photodetectors.  
    Keywords：near-infrared;photomultiplication;organic photodetectors;inorganic nanoparticles;interface modification   
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    Published：2024-09-25

  • XU Zijie,WANG Wenjun,LI Shuhong,LIU Yunlong

    Vol. 45, Issue 6, Pages: 1005-1014(2024) DOI: 10.37188/CJL.20240050
    Abstract：White organic light-emitting diodes （WOLEDs） are widely used in display and lighting applications due to the advantages of surface light source， flexibility， thinness， and self-emission. Highly efficient solution-processed hybrid white light-emitting organic light-emitting diodes （WOLEDs） are seldom reported. In this paper， we chose the blue thermally delayed fluorescent material DMAC-DPS to be the sensitised host of the conventional orange phosphorescent material PO-01-TB， and prepared thermally activated sensitised hybrid single light-emitting layer organic light-emitting diode white-light devices， and analysed the mechanism of the energy transfer of the devices. The highest external quantum efficiency of 8.00%， current efficiency of 22.32 cd/A， corresponding to the CIE coordinates （0.405， 0.497） and a warm white OLED device with a color temperature of 4 059 K were achieved through the modulation of the doping concentration of the host and the guest. The addition of a hole-blocking layer， DPEPO， effectively improves the spectral stability of the device and achieves a smaller ΔCIE （0.017， 0.016）. This study inspires the development of efficient WOLEDs in the future.  
    Keywords：white organic light-emitting diodes;thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials;solution treatment;energy transfer   
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    Published：2024-09-25
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